نشریه مطالعات بین المللی
سال هفدهم شماره 3 (پیاپی 67، زمستان 1399)

The main objective of this research is to examine the expansion and proximity of Saudi Arabia and Israel and their strategic alliance with the United States and efforts to strengthen Iranophobia in strengthening the anti-Iranian front in Western Asia. The main question is how the cooperation of Saudi Arabia and the Israeli regime and their alliance with the United States has affected the instability and disorder in the Middle East? The hypothesis to answer this fundamental question is that given the political, economic, religious influence, energy resources and geopolitical importance of Saudi Arabia in Western Asia chief among them (Arabs) and the military, security and intelligence capabilities of the Israel and the alliance of both regimes with the United States, the regional stability and order will changed in favor of the anti-Iranian front. Using the balance of power theory, this study shows that cooperation between Saudi Arabia and Israel has become more prominent, especially after the conclusion of JCPOA and they are considering strategic cooperation with the United States especially after Trump become the president of the U.S to change the balance of power in the Middle East to the detriment of Iran. They have acted. In this research, the descriptive-analytical method has been used to collect data from library and documentary sources and in order to refine and systematize the scientific observation and research findings, the theoretical approach of balance of power has been used.

This article deals with the impact of unilateral coercive measures (UCM) on human rights. The main argument is that the implementation of unilateralism by states with the aim of forcing them to change the policy of the target state can lead to systematic violations of international human rights. The deterioration and complexity of coercive measures in the transition from simple sanctions to comprehensive economic embargo have led to a paradigm shift in the misuse of economic tools for political gain. Unilateral coercive measures, regardless of fueling the economic downturn, have had irreparable effects on the fundamental rights of citizens, which are in fundamental conflict with internationally jus cogens. The main question is: Why some states do not consider human rights norms in the implementation of unilateral coercive measures? The research method in this essay is descriptive, analytical and data collection is from library resources and reports of special rapporteurs. The purpose of this article is to understand and ascertain the fundamental and hidden roots of systematic human rights violations by state actors. Findings show that coercive measures in light of intensifying and accumulating economic sanctions outside the legal permission and without the massive derogation of human rights have had detrimental effects on human rights and fundamental human freedoms.

The Israeli-Palestinian conflict, which roots dates back at least to a century, is one of the most complicated and controversial international crises that has gripped the Middle East for decades. Many efforts have been made by various individuals, institutions and countries to achieve a comprehensive peace between the parties, but so far no final result has been gained. Given that the Israeli-Palestinian conflict is considered to be one of the main drivers of the security threat as well as the rise of terrorism in the Middle East and the world, the research using the neorealist theory as well as descriptive-analytical approach and library resources tries to analyze this long-standing conflict. The study also explores the reasons behind the recent normalization of ties between Israel and a number of Arab states, which is an important turning point in relationship between the parties and has created new conditions in the region as far as the dawn of new Middle East is highlighted. Common security concerns of Israel and some Arab countries along with the promotion of national interests have improved Israeli-Arab relations. This article reflects the different viewpoints on security and also shed light on the role of the United States in the Palestinian/Arab-Israeli conflict.

Delinquency arises from structural and social factors that the prison has no effect on eliminating and as long as there are causes and grounds for delinquency in society, prisons will also face a crowded criminal population. Therefore, the main question is what caused the criminal population inflation of prisons and observation which strategies of international human rights documents can be effective in managing it? The present research has been written in a descriptive and analytical method and based on library documents and sources. According to the findings of this research, imprisonment-based laws, judges' widespread use of imprisonment and lack of facilities to use modern technologies, including bracelets and fasteners electronic, have been identified as important causes of criminal population inflation of prisons in Iran, which violate international regulations of human rights for prisoners. The main result is that a comprehensive and multidisciplinary strategy is needed to explain and counter it, in line with international standards. Therefore, this paper aims to review the factors affecting the criminal population inflation in Iran prisons from the perspective of experimental criminal sciences doctrines relying on international human rights law strategies in the management of the criminal population.

Nanotechnology plays an important role in reducing the consumption of raw materials, preventing and eliminating environmental pollutions, protection natural resources and the environment by inventing and applying solutions such as removing or purifying pollutants in water, soil, air and other natural elements. Of course, the potential dangers of a number of engineered nanomaterials on human health and the environment can also lead to environmental degradation or pollution. General international treaties and principles have implicit restrictions and regulations on the use of nanotechnology by countries. The subject of this research is the application of nanotechnology from the perspective of international environmental law, which has been done with the aim of explaining the international legal regulations in the use of this technology. The present article, which has been written in a descriptive-analytical manner, seeks to answer the question that according to the effects of the use of nanotechnology on the environment, what is the position of this issue from the perspective of international environmental law and what are the rules governing it. Therefore, while proving the great effects of nanotechnology on the development of environmental law, it has finally been concluded that despite the importance of nanotechnology and its effects on the development of international environmental law, there is no specific binding legal framework for it at the international level and in fact, existing international laws and treaties in the field of environmental law do not have sufficient executive guarantees.

Corruption as a disease exists in all countries, especially in developing countries and the international community in recent decades, while is aware of the harmful effects of corruption, is seeking to prevent and reduce its effects within this convergence which is created as the global anti-corruption movement. The countries while considering the bribery as a crime, they enforced anti-bribery laws, which have both positive and negative consequences, sometimes reduce the motivation of economic actors to enter corrupt host countries and make trade and investment flows so weak to the extent that if the government officials of the host country receive bribes in the executive actions of their country while participating with corrupt persons, if they are not identified and prosecuted, it will not have a fruitful effect on their domestic legal systems. The question of the present article is what effects the anti-bribery laws have on the foreign trade and investment of developing countries. This research has been carried out on the basis of descriptive-analytical method and legal-economic approach, and its result results show that these laws, in addition to deterrence, sometimes create benefits for the beneficiaries of corruption. In other words by taking an alternative measures, they change the type of investment and corruption, which may intensify inefficient methods in developing countries. On the other hand, the enforcement of anti-bribery laws in the home country of a trader can strengthen the general perception of bribery in developing countries and influence the movement of communities in a destructive cycle of corruption.

The environment is a public trust that should be preserved for future generations and countries and individuals have the right to use it and according to the human rights documents the third generation have obligations regarding the right to a healthy environment that they are obliged to do. The most important question that this article seeks to answer is what are the obligations of countries about the right to the environment and what are the mechanisms for implementing these commitments in the Document of the Iranian Islamic Model of Progress? The purpose of this study is to investigate the obligations of countries in implementing the right to the environment with an emphasis on its implementation in this document. Also, in the legal system of the Islamic Republic of Iran, which is derived from Islamic law, article 50 of the Constitution also raises the protection of the environment and in paragraphs 26-28-29, the measures of the model document indirectly refer to the protection of the environment.

JCPOA is a multilateral deal that was achieved with common efforts between the Islamic Republic of Iran and 5+1group. This deal, was an important achievement by pursuing intensive diplomacy for peace and international stability in international relations. JCPOA signers hoped that the deal can stabilize evolutions in the Middle East and be very useful for Islamic republic of Iran from political and economic perspectives. Although it seems that the implementation of the deal was useful for Iran and the International Community in a short time, with the United State withdrawal from JCPOA in president Trump administration and using maximum pressure policy against Iran, the positive effects of this deal was stopped. Therefore, the main question of this article is what are the political, economic and security consequences of the US withdrawal from JCPOA for the Islamic Republic of Iran? The purpose of this article is to focus only on the political and economic effects of this exit. The research method is descriptive and analytical, and the overall result shows that Trump's withdrawal from JCPOA and the application of maximum pressure policy, which has not been reduced until the beginning of the Biden era, has increased political economic and security threats against Iran in various domestic and foreign dimensions. With the escalation of the conflict between the countries of the Persian Gulf region, peace and stability in the region will be endangered, and Iran will look closer to the great powers of Russia and China in the east, and will distance itself from Europe.