فصلنامه مطالعات بین المللی پلیس
پیاپی 46 (تابستان 1400)

The borders of Iran and Pakistan is one of the issues that has always affected the security of our country. The police force, as the main institution providing public order and security, has also played an important role in this regard. In this regard, the interaction and relations of the police force with the target institutions and organizations can provide the context for confronting the existing crimes and challenges. Therefore, in this study, with the aim of examining the signs of law enforcement diplomacy in the eastern borders, the author tries to explain the influential cases in it and, finally, to examine the role of law enforcement and law enforcement diplomacy.

The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. Phishing tools have also been used to collect data.
Findings and

The findings of the study indicate that law enforcement can play an important role in combating crime and extradition by activating law enforcement diplomacy with a hierarchy of power in Sistan and Baluchestan province as well as activating law enforcement diplomacy with Lewis and provincial police in Balochistan, Pakistan. And the fugitive defendants as well as the intelligence elite of the area.

One of the most important measures that play a significant role in reducing child victimization in virtual social networks is control and monitoring; This type of monitoring does not mean invading the privacy of people's lives and also interfering in it, but it means using measures that try to prevent crime against children and thus prevent child victimization in social networks.

In this article, the authors have analyzed the role and position of the two institutions of the Supreme Council of Cyberspace and the FATA Police in preventing child victimization in social networks.

If in the design of the cyberspace law system, a reference such as the Cyberspace High Council is embedded to unify the laws and monitor the numerous authorities and institutions that legislate on the Internet, the policy, legislation and coordination in the administration of this Space will be a more favorable situation, and also the FATA police, due to the growth of technology and in parallel, the uncontrolled increase of crime and its electronic commission in cyberspace, can benefit from the teachings of criminology. And the use of specialized police software to play an effective role.

Therefore, the Supreme Council of Cyberspace and the FATA Police are institutions that play a role in this regard and can do so by creating restrictions on access to social networks as well as monitoring and control in the field of cyberspace. They will play a key role in preventing child abuse on social media.

The criminal intervention of the government in individual rights and freedoms in the form of criminalization of certain actions and behaviors is associated with, of course, is very controversial. This criminal intervention is based on various principles, including expediency. Based on this, the question arises whether criminalization has been done in the Iranian penal system on the basis of expediency? Also, how can the application of this rule in the criminalization of transnational crimes be justified?

This article is written analytically-descriptively

In the realm of criminal law, the principle is based on the freedom of individuals in society and criminalization and restriction of the freedom of individuals is an exception and needs a reason. In this regard, the powers of legislators in the field of criminalization of various behaviors are not unlimited and without any reason, the freedom of individuals can not be violated.

In the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran, the principle of expediency is accepted as one of the principles restricting freedom, and in this system there is the possibility of criminalization or criminal intervention of the government based on the principle of expediency. But its rules and criteria are not clear. Sovereignty is definable. The application of this principle in the form of transnational crimes is justified on the basis of the protection of national interests.

The rule of caution is a jurisprudential rule, according to the narration of Imam Sadegh (AS) who said: This is significant in the use of the armed forces because any government needs the armed forces to maintain its independence, security and territorial integrity, but the use of military equipment to maintain this order and security is worthy of the framework and regulations that failure to do so leads to criminal liability. Becomes. In the meantime, the question is how the rule of caution can be effective in relieving the responsibility of the armed forces in the law of Iran and Lebanon?

This article is written analytically-descriptively. Findings and

This rule applies in the field of civil liability and criminal liability and is currently accepted in international law and Iranian law of some foreign countries, including Lebanon in various fields. In public criminal law, this rule is one of the justifiable causes or factors of the crime and is subject to the title of "rule of law and legal order", but the legislators of Iran and Lebanon have not addressed the responsibility of the armed forces under the rule of warning. 

The theory of globalization of criminal law in the world and consequently in Iran is a new theory whose challenges have not been studied. On the other hand, the study of the nature and criminological aspects of global crimes requires global thinking being run by police and transnational investigative approach, as the police of different countries need to obtain information and criminal statistics from each other's communities and cooperate in this field. Therefore, criminological findings should be accelerated with the help of international criminal justice to consciously deal with global crimes, i.e. the definition of a strategy based on the criminological studies of perpetrators and victims of transnational crimes.  This study has been done with the purpose "new policy making by police in the fight against transnational crimes."

Due to the nature of the subject, the present study has been done in terms of collecting information based upon the documentary method and by studying domestic laws, international documents and validated sources and the obtained information has been analyzed descriptively-analytically.

Due to the globalization of crimes and future challenges, staff architecture, organizational structure, planning, policy-making and culture of the police organization should be designed and implemented in a way that guide police officers constantly to the applied practice of the fight against transnational crime.

Considering the importance of property registration in regulating social security and its platform for stabilizing transactions and the obsolescence of Iranian registration laws in comparison with countries such as the United Kingdom that are pioneers in terms of registration system, study and compare the UK registration system can To be effective in providing solutions and improving the performance system and eliminating legal gaps in our country. For this purpose and considering the importance of the research, the purpose of the present study is a comparative study to examine the competence of the Supervisory Board and the High Council of Registration in the system of registration law of Iran with the United Kingdom.

In this research, the library method has been used and reference has been made to laws, regulations, special rules, registration letters and books, articles, registration dissertations in both countries.

The Supervisory Board in Iran consists of two judges and the Director General of the Provincial Registry or his deputy who is the deputy or acting registrar of the region. And has the authority to investigate and comment on registration errors and disputes in the High Registration Council. The organizational structure is similar to the Iranian Property and Deeds Registration Organization in the United Kingdom, the Real Estate Registration Office. The general outline of their registration and custodian affairs in the United Kingdom shows that similar to Iran, the above organization supervises the registration of documents, real estate and intellectual property. Pay. Also, if the supervisory board does not have the authority to investigate the matter, the High Council of Registration, by entering into the nature of the matter, makes its substantive decision.

Civil liability A person's legal obligation to repair the damage he has caused to another, whether this damage is due to his own fault or as a result of his activity. Accordingly, in any case where a person is obliged to compensate another, he has civil liability against him. Due to the increasing use of cars, we are witnessing traffic accidents and damage from this perspective. What are the bases and pillars of civil liability in accidents? And what is the position of the traffic police in this regard? In the Iranian legal system, several principles lead to the formation of civil liability, including fault, danger and guarantee of rights. Also, in examining the legal aspects of civil liability resulting from traffic accidents in Iranian law, he mentioned the elements of the formation of this liability, which include the existence of damages, the occurrence of an accident and the causal relationship. Regarding the changes in the law of civil liability due to traffic accidents, two cases should be mentioned in the insurance law, one is the obligation to the insurance or the obligation to compensate the damages in the new law and the other is the basis of the liability of the vehicle owner. In the manifestations of civil liability, the role of the traffic police is important from two aspects. First, when the police are present as experts in the accident scene, and second, the role of the police in managing the accident scene can prevent other injuries.

The right to freedom of religious belief is one of the recognized rights approved by Islamic jurisprudence, the Iranian constitution and international documents. However, the departure of a Muslim from Islam and his entry into infidelity has been identified in the form of apostasy and punishment has been prescribed for it in the Shari'a. So we are looking for answers to these questions: Is the existence of punishment for apostasy in conflict with the right to freedom of religion? Also, what is the approach of the Iranian penal system and international documents to apostasy? In addition, what is the approach to the extradition of apostate criminals in Iran's criminal policy and international documents? Research

This article is written in an analytical-descriptive manner.

In Islamic texts, there are verses and hadiths that specify the principle of freedom of belief, but after accepting Islam, he is deprived of the right to return along with promotion, propaganda and conspiracy.

Considering that apostasy is defined in international documents, especially the Refugee Convention and the European Convention on Human Rights, in the category of political crimes, which is an exception to the extradition of criminals, so it is not possible to extradite convicts to apostasy. In Iran's criminal policy, there is a possibility of being sentenced to the most severe punishment for apostasy. Also, Iran's political crime law confirms the non-extradition of a political offender, but is silent about apostasy and does not say how it is carried out.

The doctrine of intentional transference, which is the product of the British and American legal systems and in Iranian criminal law is related to concepts such as intentional error and identity in crimes, recognizes the intentional nature of the crime in assuming error in the victim. , Confuses judicial officers and judicial authorities. Given the salient challenge of the current doctrine in terms of its judicial and police implications, this article has been written with the aim of examining some of the most important limitations of this theory. This challenge reflects the doctrine's extreme insistence on the imaginary hypothesis. The transfer of intent and non-necessity of proving criminal malice in the event of a crime against the victim is accidental. The results of the study indicate that a single criminal intent that created multiple and sometimes "unintended" consequences can not lead to the unfair development of the scope of the psychological element of the crime and the resulting criminal liability. Face a variety of challenges that will result in violations of the principles and standards of fair trial.