فصلنامه مطالعات تاریخ فرهنگی
پیاپی 40 (تابستان 1398)

Today, communities are constantly witnessing buildings being demolished. In this regard, for various reasons, including the advancement of technology and cultural disease, the tragedy of unbridled destruction and transportation of garbage has gripped Iranian society. It seems that the necessity of a long useful life of the building has been forgotten after the entry of Iran into the modern period. However, the permanence of architecture in the traditional Iranian society has always been considered and the patterns of this architecture have guaranteed the continuity of the building over time. There are monuments in the historical context of Iran that have a useful life of several hundred years. In this regard, the purpose of this study is to identify the effect of continuity of function on the survival of the historical context of the city of Zavareh. The results of this study show that the survival of the body depends on the continuous functional use of the building. In order for architecture to survive, it must meet the needs of todaychr('39')s society. Continuity of function is one of the principles of preservation of the historical context of the city of Zavareh and is guaranteed by the "presence" and "flexibility" of its traditional architecture.

The Relationship between Religion and Environment Protection Over the past few decades, especially after the publication of  Lyyn White᾿s article on the historical roots of the environmental crisis and its critique of the Jewish-Christian viewpoint, has entered into discussions with scientists, especially thinkers of humanities. During these decades, various views have been expressed about the benefits of religious (pre-modern) view and its capacity for environmental protection. These views in Iran, especially after publishing the book" Religion and the order of Nature" by Hossein Nasr, have unilaterally addressed defending the religious and pre-modern views on environmental protection, and while doing that, put the end on any criticism of pre-modern views. This has led to the blind admiration of pre-modern views and the neglect of their weaknesses in environmental protection. Therefore this article by using deconstruction approach is trying to show how MAZD YASNI (Zoroastrian) worldview divides all phenomena to holy and unholy categories and by doing that, while sacrificing what is in the good, provides some excuses for unbearable damages to other part of the environment which is in the bad.

The military historiography of Pahlavi the second was transformed by the emergence of historians such as Jahangir Ghaem Maghami. In addition to the history of military institutions and units, this type of historiography emphasized the discovery of military causes of historical events in solidarity with the awareness of the national spirit and the description of Iranchr('39')s military capacities. The present article, based on descriptive-analytical method and with the aim of recognizing the components of military historiography of this period, will evaluate the impact of Ghaem Maghami’s historiography on the transformation of military historiography of this period and try to answer this question that what are the principles and main components of Ghaem Maghamichr('39')s historiography? The findings of the present study indicate that Ghaem Maghami, influenced by his university education and long presence in the structure of the Iranian army, as one of the representatives of the military generation of this period, has been able to create important works on military developments, the role of military organizations and institutions in these events, and the evolution of their historiography. For this reason, in this article, we have begun this issue by examining the background of military historiography, the process of evolution and the relationship between these processes and the contemporary history of Iran.

Despite its great importance, the audio heritage of historical cities is the one that has not been studied much. According to worldwide studies, the auditory space in different historical periods, reflects the social, cultural and political context and structure of its time. The aim of the present study was to investigate the auditory space of the historical period from the beginning of Qajar to the Constitution in the city of Tabriz as a case study. Based on this goal, the necessary information was collected and analyzed by data mining and content analysis of historical documents, including travelogues and historical maps. The results showed that due to the presence of signs and signals and sound events caused by the dynamics of commercial activities, sound events in squares and alleys, religious and governmental sounds such as mosques and citadel reporters, movements and speeches, the sound composition of Tabriz during the Qajar period had a high level of auditory vitality, which was also enhanced by natural living and nonliving sounds. Tabriz of the Qajar period was a valuable collection of audio pieces; something that was rarely heard in similar cities at the time.

Reza Shahchr('39')s era may be considered a turning point in the situation of the Iranian Jews. With the advent of Reza Shah, the social life of the Jews changed. After the victory of the constitution, according to the principle of equality enshrined in the constitution, all Iranians, regardless of their religion, were equal before the law, and this was an important issue in bringing about change in the layers of Iranian society, especially minorities. With a descriptive-analytical method and based on documents, the present study seeks to answer the question that what effect did Reza Shahchr('39')s reforms and actions have on the social, economic and cultural situation of the Jews? The result of this study shows that Reza Shahchr('39')s actions had positive and negative consequences in the process of modernization for the Jews. Reza Shahchr('39')s actions made it possible to move the classes of the Jewish community from the urban lower to the middle class. During this period, with relative freedom, the economic, social and cultural situation of the Jews changed.

This study attempts to reproduce the principles of Protestant Christianity in the Victorian colonial period by imagining the character of the Prophet of Islam (PBUH) in the book “The Life of Muhammad” by William Muir. This article answers the question that as one of the earliest texts written in the nineteenth century in a form close to modern academic and methodological research, why Muir’s book still reflects the religious attitude of Protestant Christianity? And basically, how is this reflection recognizable? As an employee of the colonial government as well as a Protestant missionary, Muir is a good example of the intellectual atmosphere of his time. Despite the extensive use of Islamic sources in the processing of ideas about the Prophet of Islam, he still reproduced Protestant religious traditions. By comparing the Prophet of Islam (PBUH) with Jesus (PBUH), Muir reflected ideas that make Islam harsh, anti-civilized, and false. A study of such texts shows why, despite dramatic scientific developments in the Western world, until the middle of the twentieth century, religious attitude still had the strongest influence on the ideas developed about the Prophet.