Journal of Advanced Sport Technology
Volume:5 Issue: 1, Winter-Spring 2021

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is one of the most privileged neurodegenerative, which has had an upward trend in recent decades. The most important complications of PD are tremor, rigidity, and slow movement. A surgery method namely Deep brain stimulation (DBS) plays a vital role in the treatment of advanced Parkinson’s patients. In the past decades, stimulating one nucleus of basal ganglia including Globus pallidus internal (GPi) or Subthalamic nucleus (STN) without any feedback (open-loop manner) has had a common strategy, which leads to several different side-effects like muscle tonic and forgetfulness. In the present paper, two nuclei of BG are stimulated in a closed-loop structure (feedback signal) to reduce the entrance electric field intensity to the brain, and in addition to shrinking hand tremor in Parkinson’s patients. For this purpose, an ultra-local model (ULM) control based on a deep deterministic policy gradient (DDPG) is designed to stimulate the STN and a conventional feedback controller is considered for stimulating GPi. In this method, the coefficients of the ULM are adaptively assumed as the control objective parameters, which are designed by the critic and actor neural networks (NNs) of DDPG. To demonstrate the effectiveness and suitability of the suggested approach is compared to state-of-the-art strategies such as ULM, SMC, and PI controllers.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of trunk and foot positions on electromyographic activity and co-contraction of selected lower extremity muscles during leg-press resistance training. 12 male powerlifters performed leg-press movement while the backrest of leg-press machine was adjusted at 15°, 20°, 25°, and 30° angles relative to the horizon. The feet were placed in three different positions namely, top, middle, and bottom of the foot-plate. Electromyography activity of the rectus femoris (RF), vastus medialis (VM), vastus lateralis (VL), biceps femoris (BF), and semitendinosus (ST) muscles were recorded while performing leg-press task at different trunk-feet conditions. The muscle co-contraction at the knee joint was also calculated. When the feet were placed on top of the foot-plate, RF had greater activity at 15°, 20°, and 25° compared to 30° backrest position. VM showed greater activity at 20° and 25° compared to 30°. VL showed greater activity at 20° and 25° compared to 30°. It was also more active at 20° than at 25° of backrest position. The ST and BF were more active at 20° compared to other positions. There was a slight co-contraction ratio difference at 20°-tap degrees condition compared to other conditions. According to the results, it is recommended that, for the recruitment of more motor units when using the 45-degree leg-press machine, the backrest of the machine be adjusted at a 20° angle with the feet placed at the top of the foot-plate.

There are controversies among the researchers with respect to relationship between rate of force development (RFD) and temporal variables. So the aim of this research was to determine relationship between temporal variables and RFD during block jump skill in junior volleyball players. Twenty one junior male volleyball players of national team participated in this study. Block jump, consisting of an eccentric phase following by an immediate concentric action was performed by participants. The temporal and RFD variables data for the best of three Block jumps were exported and analyzed with the force platform system (Kistler® force platform, 1000 Hz). Pearson product moment correlation coefficient (r) was employed for the analysis of the relationship between RFD and temporal parameters of block jump using SPSS software ver. 21 (p <0.05). The results showed that none of the variables have significant correlation with initiation phase and peak RFD of concentric phase. Eccentric phase showed correlation with concentric phase, average RFD of eccentric phase, peak RFD of eccentric phase, and peak RFD of eccentric phase and average RFD of eccentric phases well as average RFD of concentric phase. Concentric phase showed correlation with average RFD of eccentric. Average RFD of eccentric phase also presented correlation with peak RFD of eccentric phase and average RFD of concentric phase. Findings of the present study would be useful for volleyball trainers and coaches who desire to monitor and enhance their athletes’ jump performance.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of textured insole and taping on job performance and work ethic in physical education teachers with non-specific chronic low back pain. The present study was a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design. The statistical population included physical education teachers with chronic nonspecific back pain in Tehran. The statistical sample included 36 patients with non-specific chronic low back pain who were divided into three groups: textured insole (n = 12), taping (n = 12) and control (n = 12). According to the coordination with physical education teachers, two questionnaires of Patterson (1990) and Gregory (1990) Job Performance Questionnaire were given to physical education teachers with non-specific chronic back pain and they were asked to answer the questions patiently and carefully. After collecting the questionnaires, the subjects of experimental groups were divided into two groups of taping and textured insoles. The subjects used textured insole and taping for 4 weeks and immediately the questionnaire of job performance and work ethic was given to the subjects again and after completing the questionnaires, it was collected by the researcher. Two-way analysis of variance was used for statistical analysis. The results showed that 4 weeks of taping and textured insole in physical education teachers with non-specific chronic back pain had a significant effect on work ethic and job performance (p <0.05). According to the research results, it can be concluded that taping and textured insoles have a positive effect on work ethic and job performance of physical education teachers with chronic non-specific low back pain.

Sports spaces are part of public spaces that have been considered as a need due to population growth and a high percentage of leisure time in society. The construction of sports spaces and places requires a lot of money and it is necessary to determine their optimal location in a way that all citizens can use them effectively and safely. By understanding this importance and getting to know more about passive defense and its factors and components, as well as its impact on the security of spaces, it is possible to identify ways to reduce damages, wastes, and losses. Therefore, the present study was conducted to study sports spaces with a passive defense approach with the case of Ardabil city. This study was a descriptive and field study. The statistical population of this study consists of 68 parcels with sports use in Ardabil, all of which were included in the study using the census method. In the framework of the discussion of optimal criteria in locating urban functions with the passive defense approach, 30 indexes in the form of 6 components of compatibility, comfort, desirability, efficiency, health, and safety and passive defense standards were prepared. The scattering pattern of sports spaces was evaluated using the nearest neighborhood average method. Also, the collected data were weighed in Super Decision software, then mapped in GIS, and finally, zoning was done using the TOPSIS technique. The results obtained from the studies show that the pattern of scattering of sports spaces in Ardabil is appropriate. In addition, six suitable locations for the establishment of sports centers with a passive defense approach in the city of Ardabil were identified that the location of sports facilities in urban areas can be analyzed in the scientific method and get good results. It is suggested that the managers of the General Department of Sports and Youth of Ardabil Province use the areas prioritized in this research to create a sports site in order to meet the goals of passive defense.

Considering the need of most sports skills to perform fast actions, change of direction at an appropriate time, and necessity utilization of suitable agility tests for assessment, the purpose of this study was to determine the validity and reliability of the “Chaboki Afza” researcher-made device. In thisexperimental research, the model of the study was validation and reliability, and classified in applied research type. Following the design and construction of the agility booster device, for its validity and reliability, 10 young healthy volunteering to participate in this study. All tests were executed in the same conditions on both T and Illinois tests instruments and reference tests, by two examiners. To evaluate the validity of the researcher-made device, independent t-test was applied on the data recorded from the device-related test and the recorded data from the functional tests. Furthermore, to evaluate the reliability of instrument, the Inter-Intra Class Correlations (ICC) were used. Research results showed a significant correlation coefficient between the device test in all three replicates of the device and the Illinois field test (r = 0.66). While there was no significant correlation between T-test and the proposed instrument’s tests (r = 0.23). The achieved results confirmed acceptable reliability of tests (within the examiner for consecutive repetitions of 0.93, 0.72 and 0.69, respectively and between the examiners 0.96) for Inter-Intra Class Correlation in these research measurements. Due to the results, Chaboki Afzacan be recommended as an alternative or complementarydevice for evaluating agility field tests.

Sport-specific test protocols to measure the ability of different sports athletes are of great importance. The present study aimed to develop an agility test in badminton and evaluate the developed test using the standardized agility tests in trained young men. To this end, 30 trained young men participated in this study with the mean age of 21.56±1.61 years, the mean height of 173.56 ±3.82 cm, BMI of 22.46 ± 2.78 kg/m2, and fat percentage of 7.30±2.70. The participants performed all of the agility tests in one session with the 10 min rest intervals, and their performance was recorded immediately after the test administrations. Descriptive statistics were used to classify the collected data. Shapiro-Wilk test was used to check the normality of the data, and the Pearson correlation coefficient test was run to analyze research hypotheses. The study's finding showed a significant correlation between the X agility test and tests of agility (Simo, two diagonal Illinois, 4*9m shuttle run, Compass Drill) T-test), indicating a high correlation coefficient. Therefore, this study indicated that the developed X agility test is valid and can be used as a measure to evaluate agility in badminton.

The cycling exercise provides quadriceps rehabilitation while controlling the stresses to the knee ligaments. With pedaling on the bicycle, forces are applied to the anterior cruciate ligament, the capsular ligaments, and the posterior structures of the knee joint. The knee muscles can modify their forces. In most cases, one of the knees is damaged and undergoes surgery and rehabilitation. In such cases, the injured leg must be rehabilitated the use of bicycle workloads is limited to the tolerance range of the injured leg and the healthy leg must be trained in low workload. In elite athletes who have to come back to competition as fast as possible, this situation causes a loss of strength and fitness for healthy foot. The Magnetic Stationary Bike with simultaneous different workloads for each footcan create a condition for each leg to be trained simultaneously in its own workloads.

The purpose of the present study is to express the practical strategies for using the technology of VAR and its positive results in the development of the Premier Football League by identifying the intervening factors. Theresearch method is qualitative and it is based on Grounded theory in terms of essence of the subject and objectives of the research. The Participants in Research consisted of 25 football experts and sampling continues until theoretical saturation is achieved. In the final model, which its form is based on coding and data analysis; causal conditions (refereeing weaknesses, growth and development of quality of holding events, opportunities to create productivity in football) attract attention to the axial phenomenon (application of VAR in the development of premier league) and strategies for its use (educational development, cultural development, managerial development, structural development, Advertising development, financial development, executive development, supportive development) in terms of interfering factors (economic factors, management factors, legal factors, structural factors, cognitive factors, organizational factors, executive factors, media factors, social factors) and existing contexts  (specialized human power, supports and interactions, modeling ,motivation, football fringes) in research have positive consequences (development of refereeing, development of events quality, Improve the productivity of the football federation).Therefore, according to the contextual conditions and the impact of the intervening factors identified; The proposed strategies for the use of VAR technology in this research should be applied in developing the quality of football Premier League competitions.

The impact of cooperative and observational training on learning motor skills has been studied separately. Investigating the impact of dyad training is a new approach that combined observational and cooperative training that has not yet been fully studied. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of dyad training on basketball lay-up performance. Twenty-two female students volunteered in this study. After the initial instruction, participants completed six attempts for the pre-test and were divided into two groups (control and experimental) based on pre-test scores. Lay-up shot was training in six sessions. The post-test and retention were implemented, immediately and three days after session training. For intergroup compression independent sample t-test was used, and for intragroup analysis of variance was performed, using SPSS software with p 0.05). These results showed that dyad training with 50% physical effort is more effective than individual training with 100% physical effort. Also, due to less physical effort, the risk of injury and fatigue was lower and also causes cognitive training in beginners.

Because the function of the lower limb joints and the role of the trunk muscles in bearing and lifting loads are important, this study aimed to investigate the intervention of the initial body position when controlling inertia and its effect on the strategy of kinetic patterns in the lower limb joints as well as trunk muscle activity during symmetric lifting. This experimental study included 10 healthy young man. They were asked to lift an 8.4 Kg box at 3 different knee angles (-10, 35, and 70 degree angle of the thigh to the horizon line) symmetrically and at a constant velocity. The extensor moment and power of lower limb joints were calculated using the 3D linked-segment model (LSM). To measure the muscular activity of abdominal muscles (rectus abdominus (RA) and external oblique (EO)) and lumbar muscles (iliocostalis lumborum (IL) and multifidus (MU)), an 8 channel electromyogram (EMG) were used. The results showed the similarity of extensor moment pattern of lower limb joints and lumbar joint (L5/S1) in accelerated lifting and constant velocity lifting with similar techniques. The results revealed that there was no significant effect of squat lifting while controlling inertia on lumbar extensor moment and back muscles activity. In all knee postures. There was also a significant effect of different knee postures on the extension power of lower limb joints. According to the findings, in the lifting without the effect of the inertial force of the lifted box, lumbar extension moment and back muscle activity was independent of different knee postures. However, the extensor power of the lower limb joints was affected by the knee postures. Moreover, the lumbar extensor moment and lumbar muscles activity in different knee postures had a similar behavior.

The growing demand to benefit from swimming and swimming pools highlights the need for automated monitoring and control of swimmers' hygiene. Because hygiene protocols noncompliance results in infection transmission and disease spread, as well as a threat to swimmers' health. This paper presents an intelligent system for monitoring, identifying, and announcing non-compliance of hygiene criteria by swimmers in the pool and preventing accessing the pool. Radio frequency identification (RFID) technology, which is based on the detection of electromagnetic signals and radio frequencies, has been applied for automatic recognition. The system monitors the information written on the MIkron FARE (MIFARE) intelligent tags by the ATMEGA32 microcontroller and the MFRC522 interface module as swimmers pass through the water shower and chlorine pond before entering the pool. Then the electrical gate is opened using a relay. Another technical highlight of this system is the ability to define the desired number of tags without the need for a computer, which will reduce costs. We investigated the performance and reliability of the system in an experimental environment.