پژوهشنامه فیزیولوژی ورزشی کاربردی
پیاپی 32 (پاییز و زمستان 1399)

There is a little information about the synergic effects of exercise training and curcumin supplementations on arsenic exposure in the brain. We investigated the effects of six weeks of aerobic training and curcumin supplementation on hippocampal caspase 3, total antioxidant capacity and GRP78 level in rats exposed to arsenic.

Eighty five male rats were randomized in six groups including training, curcumin, training+curcumin, arsenic, ethanol control and normal control. Arsenic and curcumin were administered orally for entire the study period. HIIT were conducted for six weeks (5 d/w, 60 min/session (with 4 min running at 85-90% of Vo2max and 2 min recovery at 50-60% of Vo2max intervals).

 Exposure to arsenic through drinking water caused a significant increase in the amount of caspase 3 (P=0.001) and GRP78 (P=0.001) and a non-significant decrease in the total antioxidant capacity level (P=0.95) of the hippocampus. HIIT also significantly elevated hippocampal caspase 3 level (P=0.001), however only curcumin supplementation could attenuate caspase 3 (P=0.001) and TAC alterations (P=0.001) induced by arsenic exposure.

Arsenic exposure renders the hippocampus to oxidative stress and risk of apoptosis. In spite of a remarkable protective effects by curcumin supplementation, HIIT fails to overcome arsenic toxicity in the brain.

Adipose tissue is known as an endocrine tissue that secretes a large number of adipokines. In addition to regulating fat metabolism, these adipokines play an important role in pathological and physiological processes The aim of this study was to determine the effect of 12 weeks of Concurrent training with caffeine supplementation on C1q/TNF-Related Protein3, C1q/TNF-related protein 9، Adipoline, Mayonctin and insulin resistance in postmenopausal women.

In this quasi-experimental study 44 postmenopausal women (46-58 years) were selected and divided in to Four groups (Control, Caffeine, training, training + Caffeine.Twelve weeks training, 3 sessions per week included continuous aerobic exercises (20 min, 65-75% of HRR), and circular resistance training (10 stations with 70% 1RM). The aerobic training included 20 min duration with 65-75% HRR per session and the resistance training program included 10 stationary exercise as did circular with 70% 1RM.6 milligrams of caffeine per kilogram of body weight (2 to 3 mg) was given orally to supplemental groups.

The results showed a significant increase in CTRP-12, CTRP-15 and significantly reduced insulin resistance in obese postmenopausal women. CTRP-3 and CTRP-9 not change significantly.

12 weeks of Concurrent training with caffeine consumption can be an effective factor for optimal changes in CTRP-12, CTRP-15 and insulin resistance in obese postmenopausal women.

The results of several studies suggest that suggest that physical activity causes changes in immune system indicators and affects viral infections of the respiratory tract. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of aerobic exercise on blood lymphocytes, salivary immunoglobulin A and neutrophils as a systematic and meta-analysis.

The databases including MEDLINE/PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane and Scopus were searched with keywords from 1900 to 2020 AD. After the initial screening, the full text of the articles was evaluated and the articles that were included in the research criteria were analyzed. 260 articles were found, and among the articles reviewed, 11 articles were the criteria for systematic and meta-analysis. Accordingly, 812 people were divided into two control groups and 401 and 411 experimental groups, respectively.

The results showed that between the two groups of aerobic activity and control group in salivary immunoglobulin A levels (P = 0.71, SE = 0.23, V = 0.06, CI = -0.37 0.55 Z = 0.38), blood lymphocytes (P = 0.33, SE = 0.11, V = 0.01, CI = -0.11 0.32 Z = 0.98), neutrophils (P = 0.11, SE = 0.15, V = 0.02, CI = -0.55 0.05 Z = -1.61) and the number of days infected with the virus (P = 0.33, SE = 0.21, V = 0.04, CI = -0.61 0.21 Z = -0.96) There was no difference between physical activity group and control group.

The results of the present meta-analysis showed that there was no significant difference between the control group and the aerobic training group on blood lymphocytes, salivary immunoglobulin A and neutrophils. Given that, the number of studies and participants was very small and the quality of studies was relatively poor. It appears to be necessary to determine the association between blood lymphocytes, salivary immunoglobulin A, and neutrophils with aerobic activity, higher quality studies, and larger sample size.

Liver hepatokines are one of the contributing factors in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. One of the most effective treatments for this condition is exercise. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the response of some liver hepatokines to a period of high intensity interval training in women with fatty liver.

twenty Five women with non-alcoholic fatty liverwere randomly divided into two groups: exercise or control. The high intensity interval training protocol was performed for 8 weeks and four sessions per week for 60 minutes each session. Blood samples were taken from the arm vein to 5 cc pre- and post-test conditions. Plasma levels of Leukocyte-derived chemotaxin 2 (LECT2), angiopoietin-dependent growth factor (AGF), sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), and insulin were measured. Independent paired T-test was used to determine the intra-group changes of pre-test with post-test of dependent variables, and independent t-test was used to determine the significant difference between the groups.

The present study showed that after eight weeks of intense interval training LECT2 and AGF in the training group compared to the control had a significant decrease and SHBG significantly increased (p <0.05). Also, insulin resistance, body fat percentage, body mass index and waist to pelvic hip ratio have been significantly reduced in the exercise group compared to the control group (p <0.05).

High intensity interval training in women seems to be a non-pharmacological solution to improve insulin resistance and improve fatty liver-related hepatokines.

Migraine as a one of the most common types of high frequency headaches has a significant impact on people's living conditions. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 8-weeks of yoga exercises on migraine headache induces serum levels of serotonin and nitric oxide in women with migraine.

In this quasi-experimental study, 30 female (age: 36±3.2 years) with migraine were randomly divided into experimental (n=15) and control groups (n=15). The experimental group performed yoga training for 8 weeks (5 days/60 min session). Indicators included frequency of headache, duration of migraine, pain intensity (by questionnaire) and quality of life (HIT-6) were measured at pretest and posttest and blood samples were taken 48 hours before and 4 days after the last secession of exercise program in fasting state. The ANCOVA test used to examine changes in between groups.

Yoga exercise significantly reduced headache severity (P=0.002), number of headaches (P=0.006), headache duration (P=0.041) and increased quality of life (P=0.001) and nitric oxide levels in the experimental group compared to the control group significantly, but there was no significant change in serotonin levels (P≥0.05).

Eight weeks Vinyasa yoga exercises as a complementary method of life style appear to have a positive effect on improving migraine symptoms and enhancing quality of life in people with migraine.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system. The animal model of MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), is commonly used for studies of human inflammatory demyelinating diseases. The present study was conducted to determine the impact of forced swimming and voluntary wheel running exercises before the induction of EAE on expression of occludin and cloudin5 genes in the brain tissue.

48 C57BL / 6 mice randomly divided into four groups (n=12): Forced Swimming + EAE, voluntary wheel running + EAE, NoEX-EAE, and control group. Animals performed either swimming exercise for 30 min per day or wheel running for one hour per day, five days per week for four weeks. Data were analyzed using SPSS16 software. One-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post-hoc test were applied. P-values of ≤0.05 were considered statistically significant.

Evans Blue's staining showed that the permeability of the blood-brain barrier in wheel running was significantly lower than in EAE without exercise. Clinical scores on both EAE + exercise groups decreased compared to the EAE group, and exercise prevented body weight loss, and the expression of the Alocudine and Claudine 5 protein genes in both EAE exercise groups increased compared to the EAE group.

The forced and voluntary exercises appear to increase the gene expression of the two proteins occludin and cloudin5, thereby improving the integrity of the blood-brain barrier in the brain tissue of mice.

In the last decade, ACTN3 gene has been introduced as a suitable representative for muscle strength and power that can be effective in guiding adolescents to related sports. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between ACTN3 gene polymorphism and strength and power indices of adolescent weightlifters in Ardabil.

The subjects of the study were 16 adolescent weightlifters from Ardabil. Measured athletic performance included explosive strength and power. ACTN3 gene polymorphism was examined by Tetra-ARMs PCR.

The results showed a significant difference in the genotypic frequency of ACTN3 gene polymorphism in the subjects, which had the highest frequency in the genotypes RX=63%, RR=31% and XX=6%, respectively. The results showed no significant difference in strength and power performance index between all three genotypes.

The results showed the superiority of genotype RX=63% in ACTN3 gene of Ardabil weightlifters, Due to the superiority of the RX genotype and the RR genotype in strength and power tests, respectively, in the region, people with the ACTN3 gene R allele are probably more successful in strength and power sports, which of course requires more research in this area.

Intensity and energy expenditure of exercise are most effective factors on substrate oxidation. Involved muscle mass in exercise is an effective factor on substrate oxidation. The aim of the present study was to compare the acute effect of two type of high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) with same energy expenditure and different involved muscle mass on substrate oxidation, appetite and exercise enjoyment in overweight or obese men.

Ten overweight or obese young men (body mass index: 29.95±2.97 kg.m-2) completed three conditions including Tabata exercise (20 min at approximately 75% VO2max) (TE), ergometer exercise (23 min at approximately 66% VO2max) (EE), and control. The subjects' breathing gases were analyzed by gas analyzer in baseline, during exercise, and during three hours after exercise. The appetite was measured in before, immediately and three hours after exercise. The exercise enjoyment was measured, immediately after exercise.

Fat oxidation during three hours after the TE was significantly higher compared to EE and control (P=0.01) and carbohydrate oxidation during three hours after the TE was significantly lower compared with control condition (P=0.04). There was no significant difference between the two HIIE during three hours after exercise in excess post-exercise oxygen consumption and energy expenditure. However, the respiratory exchange ratio was higher in 0-30, 120-150, 150-180 min, and total of three hours after the TE compared with EE (P values, 0.02, 0.02, 0.02, and 0.05, respectively). Finally, appetite increased regardless of the presence and type of intervention, in three hours after exercise (P=0.01). There was no significant difference between the perceived enjoyment of TE and EE (P = 0.41).

It seems that Tabata exercise, which involves more muscle mass, causes more oxidation of fat after exercise compared to exercise with the same energy expenditure on ergometer in overweight or obese men, despite no difference in appetite and exercise enjoyment.

The increasing process of overreaching in the development or decline of the athlete's performance acts as a moving that stops in the axis timely will improve the athlete's performance and achieve the goal. Therefore, the aim of the present study was investigated the effects of concurrent exercise physical and brain endurance on overreaching factors in active people.

Subjects included 20 active male and female physical education students (Mean ±SD; age: 22.3 ± 4.4 years, height: 177.56 ± 6.12 cm, BMI: 22± 4.5 kg/m2). Participants were divided into two groups of concurrent endurance and brain training (BET) and endurance training (ET), according to the results of the maximum oxygen consumption test. Physical exercise training was performed on cycle ergometer and brain training using computer with monitor on front of subjects during cycling. To analyze the results of the tests, Mix ANOVA. Significance level (P≤0.05) was considered.

The results showed that the maximum oxygen consumption after the training period, regardless of the type of activity, increased significantly (P = 0.00). Monitoring resting heart rate. POMS questionnaire indicators and resting cortisol levels did not show a significant increase indicating non-functional overreaching, respectively (P≤0/51). The rating of perceived exertion index was higher in the group that did physical endurance activity along with brain endurance training (P= 0/5).

These findings showed despite the increase stimulant to concurrent physical and brain endurance training did not cause non-functional overreaching and overtraining, but also based on the results of performance improvement, it can be said that the subject achieved functional overreaching and super compensation during the training period, which was able to experience progress.

This study aimed to investigate the correlation between playing time in the matches with maturity status, physical fitness, hormone levels and to explain how these factors affect playing time in the matches.

In the present study 30 elite football players under 15 years old were monitored during the season to evaluate the relationship between playing time in the matches and skeletal age, VO2max, fatigue index, Counter Movement Jump, growth hormone, and IGF-1 and after the end of the season, they were evaluated in anthropometric tests, maturity status, hormonal level and physical fitness in 4 days.

Growth hormone had a high correlation (P=0.05) with VO2max (r = 0.52) and Counter Movement Jump (r = 0.53). In addition, fatigue index (r = -0.44) and IGF-1 (R=0.39) had moderate correlation (P = 0.05) with playing time in the matches. In linear regression, it was found that fatigue index (R2 = 0.19) and IGF-1 (R2 = 0.15) significantly (P= 0.05) could predict the playing time in the matches. Multiple linear regression also explained 49% of the playing time in the matches.

Independent variables like fatigue index and IGF-1 were able to determine the game time, and when all variables were entered, the playing time model significantly was explained. Therefore, maturity, physical fitness, and hormonal levels seem to play a decisive role in explaining the time of participation in the matches in youth football players.

Aging and postmenopausal hormonal changes cause changes in the function of certain physiological systems of the body, and expose women to the risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in a unique manner. The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of aerobic-resistance exercise on serum concentration of retinol-bonded protein 4 (RBP4), abdominal obesity, and metabolic markers in postmenopausal women with non-alcoholic fatty liver.

Twenty-four 50-68 year-old sedentary postmenopausal women with fatty liver were randomly divided into exercise and control groups. Aerobic (at intensity of 50% to 75% of maximum heart rate) and resistance (at intensity of 50% to 75% of a maximum repetition) exercises were carried out over three sessions per week for ten weeks. The following indices were measured: liver fat by ultrasound, RBP4 by ELISA method, insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR), anthropometric indices, lipid profile, and liver enzymes. The data were analyzed using ANCOVA, paired t, Wilcoxon, Pearson and Spearman tests.

Aerobic-resistance exercise significantly reduced RBP4 level, insulin resistance index, fasting blood glucose, Anthropometric characteristics, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), triglyceride (TG), LDL, and fatty liver in the exercise group compared to those in the control group (p < 0.05). Moreover, RBP4 had significant relationships with fatty liver, triglyceride, abdominal obesity, and body weight (p < 0.05). No significant change was observed in alanine aminotransferase (ALT), fasting insulin, and HDL (P>0.05).

Aerobic-resistance exercise can reduce RBP4 level and insulin resistance, and improve NAFLD in postmenopausal women by reducing abdominal obesity and lipid profile.

The aim of the present study was to comparison of the effect of RSA (repeated sprint ability) and SSG (Small side games) on some of the physical fitness factors related to performance in futsal players.

twinty two male futsal players (average age of 18/04±2/04 years, weight 63/3±1/08 kg, height 176±0.05 cm, BMI 20/3±2/6) were selected and randomly divided into two experimental groups of RSA (n=10) and SSG (n=12). Initially, subjects were tested for anthropometric measurements, including height and weight, and then physical fitness tests related to performance in futsal, including: 10, 15, and 20 m sprints for speed measurement, LRUN and VCUT tests for agility, Sargent vertical jump test, RSA and RAST tests were performed to measure anaerobic power, FIET test was used to measure aerobic power and LSPT test was used to measure skill performance in futsal. Experimental groups participated in a 4-week training course. The RSA group exercises consisted of 3 sets of 6 sprints of 40 meters with 20 seconds of inactive rest between each sprint and 4 minutes of inactive rest between each set. All sprints was changed by three 180 degree changes every 10 meters. The SSG group exercises consisted of 3 sets of futsal games on a reduced pitch (20 meters long and 12 meters wide) for 4 minutes and active rest for three minutes between each set and with the number of people (3 vs. 3). In order to analyze the data, a covariance analysis test was used and a significance level of p.

In the mean section of the record in anaerobic power variable measured by RSA test and in the maximum power, average power and minimum power in the anaerobic power variable measured by RSAT test, a significant difference between SSG and RSA groups in post-test the test was observed. The average RSA test record in the RSA group was significantly lower than in the SSG group. And the minimum, maximum, and average RAST test power in the RSA group was significantly higher than the SSG group.

In comparing the effect between four weeks of RSA and SSG training, neither training improved sergeant jump, but both training models improved factors such as agility, speed, aerobic power, skill performance and anaerobic power (especially by RSA training). From these findings, it can be concluded that in comparison with RSA and SSG exercises in designing exercises for futsal players, it is better to use RSA exercises to improve anaerobic power.