نشریه مدیریت ورزشی
سال دوازدهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 51، زمستان 1399)

The aim of the present study was to model the relationship between environmental factors and ethical marketing and the effects of the latter on the performance of sportswear producers. This study is a descriptive-comparative research conducted through fieldwork and includes two populations. The first population is comprised of the entire domestic producers of sportswear as 200 firms, which all have been selected as research samples. The second population is comprised of the entire consumers of sportswear, however due to the vastness of the population, the Cochran's formula was applied and resultantly 200 individuals were selected as research samples through the availability random sampling method. Questionnaires have been used for the purpose of data collection. To this end, a researcher-made questionnaire comprising 34 questions and 4 dimensions was used for evaluation of environmental factors. In addition another researcher-made questionnaire comprising 18 questions and 4 dimensions was used for evaluation of ethical marketing. Nevertheless, a third researcher-made questionnaire comprising 28 questions and 4 dimensions was used for evaluation of corporate performance. The validities of the former questionnaires have been approved by authentic professors in sport management and marketing. The reliabilities of the former questionnaires were also evaluated using the Cronbach's alpha method. Descriptive and inferential statistics have been incorporated for analysis of data while the Smart-PLS software was used for inspection of causal relationships between the variables. Results show that there exists a positive and statistically significant relationship between organizational and personal factors and, ethical marketing. Results have also shown another positive and statistically significant relationship between ethical marketing and performance in sportswear producing corporations.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between family social support and social support from friends and self-efficacy with the participation of veterans and disabled athletes in Khorasan Razavi province in physical activities. This research is descriptive-correlational and the statistical population is veteran and disabled athletes in Khorasan Razavi province in 2017. The sample consisted of 244 veterans and disabled athletes who were selected randomly. To collect data, demographic characteristics questionnaire, Amount Sports Partnership Questionnaire, Self-efficacy questionnaire, Family Social Support Questionnaire and Social Support from friend Questionnaire (Lee, Peterson and Dixon, 2010) was used. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and regression analysis and Friedman test using by SPSS software version 21. Between self-efficacy and the athlete's participation rate (r =0/201) as well there is a positive and significant correlation between social support of the family and social support of the friends with the participation rate of athletes (r = 0/156) (r = 0/221). But self-efficacy, social support for the family and social support from friends are not significant predictors of the participation of veterans and disabled athletes in physical activity. There is a positive and significant relationship between the participation of veterans and disabled athletes in physical activities with self-efficacy, family social support and social support from friends, also veterans and disabled athletes receive the most support by providing conditions for travel to training and competition venues and encouraging and positive feedback from the family. and they also receive the least support from the family for showing how they are doing right and how to exercise.

This study aims to present a place branding model based on macro-approaches of recreation, sport, and tourism projects in Isfahan province. A qualitative method and a systematic Grounded theory are applied on the study. This theory is divided into three open, selective, and axial coding levels. The statistical society consists of all the specialists of this field, including outstanding professors of sport management in the field of tourism, managers and deputies of Sport and Youth Department, and knowledgeable experts. 14 people were selected with snowball sampling method. The study tools and materials are scientific sources, such as articles, authentic books, scientific websites, news websites, and open and in-depth interviews with the selected people. For validity measurement, the study results were presented to the participants. They suggested a model based on these results which was analyzed and applied on the study by the researchers. Finally, this study was read and reviewed by sport management professors who corrected or changed the final model. For reliability analysis, auditing procedures and inter-subjectivity agreement methods are used. 78% reliability was indicated between two coding methods which stands for coding reliability. Eventually, the final model was introduced, including the main framework, causal conditions, strategies, background conditions, interfering factors, and consequences.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the factors affecting the development of sports apparel brands. This research was conducted by exploratory mixed method in two parts: qualitative and quantitative. Collection instrument in qualitative were in-depth and semi-structured interviews with experts based on the results of which the questionnaires were prepared and used in the quantitative section. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by seven sports marketing experts. The reliability of the questionnaire was obtained by Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.96. The statistical population consisted of professors and faculty members of physical education colleges and physical education students (masters and PhDs). The sample size was determined based on unlimited community formula and by simple random sampling, questionnaires were distributed among 376 people electronically. Finally, the collected data were analyzed by SPSS 22 and PLS 2 software and the research model was extracted and validated. The results showed that diversity and innovation in production, strategic planning, target market selection, ranking of apparel and design tailored to market demand in vertical development and application of up-to-date technology in product development also have an impact on horizontal development of domestic sports apparel brand. According to the research model, it can be said that the internal factor of the company, the external factor of the company, the factors related to the governing bodies, the legal role and the state support role had the most influence on the development of domestic sports brands.

Due to the importance and role of sponsorship in football revenue sources of and spending huge sums on environmental advertising and advertising on Iranian premier league`s shirts by sponsors, the present study aims to determine how significant and effective the visual attention of the audience can be on brand visibility, based on neuroscience and eye tracking techniques. The present study has a practical purpose, and is semi-experimental in nature. The statistical population of the study consisted of 75 individuals selected from football spectators aged 18-60 years, all of whom were male and were tested with an eye tracking device according to the neuroscience protocol. For quantitative analysis, the obtained data were transformed into quantitative data using SPSS 25 software and data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The variance analysis was used to test the hypotheses. The results showed that the intensity of attitudinal and behavioral support and also interest in football influenced the visual attention to the shirt logo. It seems sponsors need to understand the thoughts and conscious and unconscious messages of the audience and align their ads with specific and desired messages of their audiences in order to achieve their goals, i.e., to be seen better, and thus to increase the sales and revenue of their products and services through advertising on the athletes' shirts.

The purpose of this study was to provide an appropriate model for developing the brand equity of the Iranian Football League. Given this purpose, the present research is an exploratory inquiry into the orientation of a fundamental research that uses the strategy of the grounded theory with a classical (emergent) approach. To collect data, 24 in-depth interviews with participants of research conducted. Participants were selected theoretically through a judicious and targeted sampling method. Analysis of data was conducted during three stages of open, selective and theoretical coding. Ultimately the final model of research formed as a triplex model, including institutions, prerequisites and the specialty of branding the league. According to the results of the research, as long as there are major and structural prerequisites, the branding of the Premier League will not be fruitful; The interaction and interaction between the sovereign institutions, the media and the football institutions will determine the extent to which these requirements are met, among which the role of sovereign institutions is very high. Therefore, the organization of the Iranian Football League has been looking to facilitate and fulfill these requirements, in addition to focusing on the branding activities of the league, along with other football institutions, especially the Football Federation. Also, it is imperative for the league organization to prioritize objectives and determine the desirable position for the brand, and to follow a principled and scientific process in branding activities in order to benefit from the desired outcomes of a credible brand.

The purpose of this study was to Testing a model of structural relations of information technology-commounication with Organizational Socialization and social capital management in sport organization, which was carried out by a descriptive field method. Whole of the employees of Sport and youth ministry were statistical population. Sample was n=174 of statistical population. In order to data collect information technology-commounication (ITC) questionnaire, organizational socialization questionnaire (OSQ) and social capital questionnaire (SCQ) were used. Descriptive methods were used to analyze the data and in order to determine the effects use of structural equation modeling (SEM) through software of LISREL 8.2. Data analysis of results showed that information technology-commounication was effect on organizational socialization (pc=0.38) also was effect on social capital management (pc=0.34). Organizational socialization was effect on social capital management (pc=0.59. n general, and considering the results of this research and previous studies, it seems that social capital in employees and especially in the present research in sport organizations can have a positive and constructive effect in preventing and even reducing job burnout, and managers of departments and organizations Sport and non-sports must pay particular attention to this, so that they can effectively use the functions of this social phenomenon in order to improve the mental functions of their employees. As a conclusion an optimum level of ITC in sport organization can improve Organizational Socialization and social capital. That is can reduce negative behaviors on sport organizations.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship of organizational envy and bullying with organizational cynicism in physical education teachers with the mediating role of career plateau. This study was quantitative in terms of the main strategy, survey in terms of administrative strategy and descriptive-correlation in terms of the analytical technique. The statistical population consisted of physical education teachers in the south region of West Azerbaijan province (n=420) and 201 subjects were selected by random (convenience) sampling method. The organizational envy questionnaire of Valizadeh, Azerbaijani (2010), organizational cynicism questionnaire of Dean et al. (1998), organizational bullying questionnaire of Inarsen et al. (2009) and Allen's career plateau questionnaire (2004) were used to collect data. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics with SPSS20 and Lisrel 8.50. Findings showed that the direct effects of organizational envy variable on career plateau variable, organizational envy variable on organizational cynicism, organizational bullying variable on career plateau, organizational bullying variable on organizational cynicism and career plateau variable on organizational cynicism were significant and positive. The indirect path coefficients of organizational envy variable through career plateau on organizational cynicism and organizational bullying variable through career plateau on organizational cynicism were also positive and significant. Therefore, it can be accepted that the spread of organizational bullying and organizational envy leads to career plateau and the outcome will be organizational cynicism. So, it is suggested that managers and policymakers should reduce the norms and behaviors of envy and observe organizational bullying when interacting with teachers in order to reduce their

The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between empowerment and agility in sports boards of Isfahan city. The present study is a descriptive study of the correlation type and according to the purpose of the research, it is a type of applied research. The participants of this study includes all sports boards' employees of Isfahan city (416 people) which 201 persons were chosen in order to simple random sampling method using Krejcie & Morgan table (1970). The instruments that used to collect data were two standard questionnaires that are Spreitzer Psychological Empowerment Questionnaire (1995) and Dyer and Shafer human resources agility questionnaire (1998). Content and face validity were considered using research tools based on the theoretical foundations of professors and specialists in this field. The reliability of psychological empowerment and human resources agility questionnaires were 0.83 and 0.93, respectively, using Cronbach's alpha formula. To analyze the data, descriptive statistics (tables, mean, and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Pearson correlation, and multiple regression) were used. The results showed that a significant relationship existed between the psychological empowerment and human resources agility. As well as all components of capacity (significantly, determination, competence and effectiveness) is a significant predictor of human resources agility. So we can say with increasing levels of psychological empowerment of sports boards members of Isfahan city can increase their agility level.

This study aimed to IT infrastructure futures research with emphasis on sports organizations and model presentation. The present study was conducted in a mixed method and in terms of data collection with phenomenological strategy and in-depth interview. The statistical population of the study was a familiar group of sports experts (technology and knowledge management activists, university professors, role-makers of technology and infrastructure of sports organizations) that reached a theoretical saturation point of view with the method of collecting snowball method with 15 experts. . The findings of in-depth, open-ended, core-selective interviewing approach to the technology infrastructure model in sports organizations that are key components of technology knowledge, network communication, data architecture and services, technology management, technology foundations, technology adaptation and speed. These infrastructures were considered, to ensure coding factors were maximized by two familiar coders using Max QDA version 12, and a coefficient of agreement of 81% was achieved. It seems that sports organizations should in the future Consider the identified variables to consider the optimal path of technology infrastructure, so the relevant model is likely to Can facilitate the infrastructure of technology startups in sports.

The soft power of the Islamic Republic of Iran, after fourteen years of glorious revolution, has been influenced by various macro and micro concepts that have been repeatedly challenged by Western countries, especially the United States; And US political decision-makers are developing and strengthening their soft power in the world, including the Islamic Republic of Iran, in light of recent years' successes in the international field of sports, including seventeenth among the 206 countries in the Olympics. 2012 can use this capacity to expand its interactions in the media arena The purpose of the present study was initially to explore the concepts of strengthening Iran's soft power through sport and to design a favorable paradigm for the development of diplomatic relations with Western countries, especially the United States. Then, SPSS and PLS software were used to investigate the correlation between variables based on Spearman test, exploratory factor analysis and finally structural and interpretive modeling of independent and dependent variables. The findings showed that seven factors of trade development, religious affairs, interactions, cultural affairs, national unity, diplomatic currents and friendship were in four levels influenced by Iran's international sporting environment.

The purpose of this research is to describe the performance of the heads of the Iranian Physical Education Organization from the beginning of the formation. The research method was of historical type And the Physical Education Organization is of great importance as the main organization responsible for sports in the country and how it manages its management; In this study, physical education managers, who have been involved in planning and drafting laws of the National Organization of Physical Education in Iran, Introduce and manage their performance. In fact, the performance of all the directors or heads of the National Nursing Organization of Iran from the beginning of the year to 1357 AH. (Pahlavi era). The tools used in this research were documents (first-class sources) prepared by the National Library and Archives of Iran, newspapers and old books related to the subject of research. The results show that some managers of Iran's physical education organization such as Alaa, Samii, Izadpanah, Batmanaghlich, Khosravani and Kashani have been more successful than others. The study and the results of this study indicate that one of the important functions that has been carried out in these years is the adoption of the charter of physical education and the establishment of the Sports Center of Iran (by Dr. Samii, 1315) The opening of the 30,000-strong Amjadiya Stadium (by Dr. Samiyi, 1317), the formation of the National Olympic Committee of Iran (by Dr. Samiy, 1325), Iran's Olympic Games, The hosting of the Asian Football Championship and the first wrestling championship in the ancient continent of Tehran in 1347 during the Khasravani administration and the dissolution of the Physical Education Organization by the order of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi to establish the Foundation for new sports for the country under the title of Ministry of Sports and Youth in 1355 Made.

This study aimed to develop a model of organizational identification based on organizational intelligence and mediated by an organizational development among Iranian staff working on some sport federations. A correlation experiment was conducted using a structural equation modeling. In this research, statistical sample included 372 subjects chosen randomly among all 703 Iranian managers and staff employed in sport federations. They were required to fill in three related questionnaires i.e. organizational identification (Cheny, 1983), organizational development (Lok Crawford, 2000), and organizational intelligence (Albrecht, 2002) qualified by face validity and reliability. The data were analyzed using Kolmogorov–Smirnov, Pearson correlation coefficient and structural equation modeling. The data were analyzed using SPSS24 and LISREL8.5. The results showed that organizational intelligence had a significant effect on organizational development with a coefficient of 0.84 and a coefficient of 0.25 on organizational identity (P <0.01).Organizational development with a coefficient of 0.65 has a significant effect on organizational identity of sports federations (P <0.01). Organizational intelligence with coefficient of 0.55 indirectly affected organizational identity (P <0.01). According to findings of this research, it is strongly recommended to consider the useful roles of organizational identification and organizational development in order to improve organizational identification of sport federations. Accordingly, the relevant authorities of sport federations shall make appropriate decisions over employing organizational intelligence in line with improving organizational development directly and organizational identification indirectly of staff employed in sport federations.

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of sport on the extent of decreasing the social deviations in Shahr e Kord’s high school students. This was a survey study and in order to carry out the investigation, the questionnaire of social anomalies (which was utilized by Shateriyan, 2010) was used for data collection procedure. The target statistical population consisted of the students who were studying in second high school in 2015-2016 semesters in 1 and 2 districts of Shahr e Kord. To put forward the study, according to Morgan’s table, the statistical sample size was considered to be 260 participants. At the proceeding phase of carrying out the investigation, the result of t-test showed that athlete students had fewer tendencies to social deviations in compare to the non-athlete students. Moreover, the results showed that although there are varieties of anomalies among them, there seem priorities in different social anomalies and some of which are more common in compare to the others. Finally with respected to the social role of sport in decreasing the deviations in most of societies and especially among the teenagers, it is strongly suggested to all school principals, sports teachers, and also parents who had undoubtedly important effects on the different spans of students' lives to try to use sport as a principal leisure option in students’ leisure time planning.

Coronavirus epidemics around the world have had many positive and negative effects on communities and their activities. The aim of this study was to identify the effects of coronavirus outbreak on the country's sports industry. The present study is an applied research in terms of purpose. The research approach is qualitative, which has been done by the systematic method of Grounded Theory; The statistical population of the present study includes university professors and experts, producers of sports' products, supervisors and secretaries of sports federations, managers of sports clubs of Premier League, managers, deputies and officials of the Ministry and sports and youth departments and managers of sports complexes. A total of 18 people were considered as snowballs and targeted as a research sample. The data collected in this study by in-depth and semi-structured interviews were from participants and they were asked to comment on the effects of the Coronavirus outbreak on the sports industry. Data analysis was performed using open, axial and selective coding to calculate the first and second level categories (axes) and their relationship. Based on the results of the analysis of the findings of the interviews, the final two dimensions of the effects of coronavirus outbreak on the dimensions of the sports industry were identified, which included direct and indirect effects. Accurate identification of the effects of coronavirus outbreak on the sports industry can help the process of adapting the activities of this industry to the current situation.