نشریه مدیریت ورزشی
سال سیزدهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 52، بهار 1400)

The aim of the present study was to analyze the content of sport newspapers with an approach to sport for all. 5 released sport newspapers were investigated based on their general specifications, titles, subjects, biasing, news, advertisements and photos. Content analysis method was used for data collecting and news and content analysis of newspapers. The statistical population consisted of sport newspapers released regularly and Iran Varzeshi, Khabar Varzeshi, Piroozi, Navad and Esteghlal Javan were selected as the sample. Using the systematic method, newspapers of the first and fourth weeks of each month from three months of spring 2010 were investigated. For data analysis, descriptive statistics and SPSS software were used. The results indicated no drastic differences in the performance of the studied newspapers regarding paying attention to different sport issues and 72% of their subjects were allocated to football. On the other hand, sport for all was emphasized in only 0.54% of all contents and Iran Varzeshi newspaper alone published half of contents in the subject of sport for all. According to the undeniable impact of newspapers on audiences, it is necessary for authors and publishers of sport newspapers to pay more attention to sport for all and for authorities to monitor their contents and performance comprehensively.

As sport becomes popular and pervasive, politicians and governments are more involved in sport. The aim of this study was to explain and analyze reasons and consequences of politicians’ entrance into Iran sport. The whole process of this study included two steps: the first step: qualitative research, grounded theory type (using interviews and a review of articles and documents); the second step: quantitative research, descriptive-analytical type (using Delphi and AHP methods). The statistical population included all managers who formerly worked at the boards of directors of the Ministry of Sport and Youth (formerly known as Physical Education Organization), National Olympic Committee, sport federations and academic elites who at least were general managers in Sport and Youth office of a province. In the qualitative phase, the viewpoints of 18 subjects were used in 22 interviews (some subjects were interviewed more than once) and when it reached theoretical saturation, the data collection process ended. After the end of the first step, 56 variables were identified. Results showed that fame and elective motivations were the most important reasons why the politicians entered into Iran sport from elites’ viewpoints. Also, the development of infrastructures and increasing chaos in sport were the most important positive and negative consequences of the politicians’ entrance into Iran sport arena.

This study aimed at investigating the relationship between quantum management and career empowerment in physical education teachers in Isfahan province. The research method was descriptive-correlation and the statistical population included all physical education teachers of Isfahan city in 2014 (N=559). The statistical sample size was calculated by Cohen sample size formula (2007) (n=226). Stratified random sampling method was used to select sample. The researcher-made questionnaire of quantum management and the questionnaire of professional empowerment (Spreitzer, 1995) with the reliability of α=0.84, α=0.89 respectively were used. Face and content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by experts. To analyze the data, descriptive and inferential statistics and structural equation modeling were applied. The results showed that according to the regression analysis, quantum thinking, quantum existence, quantum trust, quantum vision, quantum sense, quantum cognition and quantum action had the ability to predict career empowerment in physical education teachers and there was a linear relationship between them. So, if managers implement quantum management skills in education system, this fact can result in empowerment and maturation in physical education teachers.

The aim of this study was to investigate the psychometric indices of the Integrated Marketing Communications questionnaire in Iran football professional league clubs. The questionnaire was distributed among the CEOs and the marketing committee of the mentioned clubs, and finally 61 questionnaires were received. Psychometric indices were determined by appropriate statistical methods. In order to evaluate the psychometric indices of the questionnaire, firstly exploratory factor analysis was performed and then the measurement model (validity and reliability) was evaluated. The results obtained from factor analysis and Varimax rotation method showed three factors of integrated marketing communications. After rotation, 4 indices had a correlation with the first factor higher than 0.525. Totally, 13 items on the second factor had a factor loading more than 0.576 and 3 indices on the third factor had a factor loading higher than 0.637. In addition, the structure of the questionnaire had an acceptable fit with the data and all the goodness of fit indicators confirmed the model. The reliability coefficient was satisfactory: 0.76 for organization interactivity, 0.88 for mission marketing and 0.88 for cross-functional strategic planning, respectively, which indicated the desired values of reliability. According to the calculated psychometric indices, this questionnaire can be suitable to evaluate integrated marketing communications in Iran football professional league clubs and help to improve their performance.

The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of sport events on the value system of spectators. Therefore, 385 spectators of sport events of football, volleyball, wrestling and taekwondo premier leagues were randomly selected as the statistical sample. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect data. Face and content validity of this questionnaire was confirmed by 12 experts in this field. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was used to test the reliability of the questionnaire. Factor analysis test with a varimax rotation was used to analyze the data. The results showed that watching sport events had negative and positive effects on 10 values: benevolence, tradition, conformity, security, power, achievement, stimulation, hedonism, self-direction and universalism. In subjects’ viewpoints, the most important value expressions were pleasure and happiness experience (2.78 ± 1.36) and a sense of safe world was the least important value expression (2.43 ± 1.52). In general, the findings indicated that watching sport events had important strengthening and moderating effects on the value system of spectators.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of self-efficacy on job satisfaction in the staff of Iran successful sport federations. A standard questionnaire appropriate to theoretical foundations was used for data collection. The experts and professionals confirmed this questionnaire. Also, the standard general self-efficacy scale (17 items) by Sherer was used to evaluate general self-efficacy. The MSQ “short form” (20 items) by Weiss et al. was used to assess job satisfaction. This questionnaire included 3 dimensions: intrinsic, extrinsic and general satisfaction. Cronbach’s alpha was used to determine the reliability and the viewpoints of experts, advisors and supervisors were used to determine the validity. The results of the research hypotheses test showed that the general-efficacy had significant relationships with intrinsic and extrinsic dimensions of job satisfaction but it had no significant relationship with general satisfaction. Also, the components of self-efficacy could properly predict up to 26% of job satisfaction.

This study aimed to provide a measurement model to determine the purchasing decision styles of sportswear consumers. A descriptive- survey method was used. Data of 508 sportswear consumers in Tehran city were collected by a questionnaire developed by a qualitative study including 69 items to evaluate 19 purchasing decision styles. Data were analyzed by second order confirmatory factor analysis. The initial factor analysis model was tested. As the factor loading of some decision items and styles were not significant, the primary model was modified and retested.  The modified model confirmed by 16 styles and 56 items. Then, after composite reliability, convergent validity and discriminant validity, 15 styles and 53 items were confirmed in the model. These styles include convenient access, quality-oriented, enjoyment-oriented, price sensitivity (expensive-efficient), assurance seeking, diversity-oriented, respect-oriented, fashion-oriented, brand-oriented (brand loyalty and brand attention), sensuality, luxury-oriented, searcher, and effectiveness. In general, the results showed more variety and diversity of purchasing styles of sport consumers than consumers of other products.

The aim of this study was to develop the electronic marketing model of selected professional federations of team sport in Iran. This study was descriptive and applied in terms of objectives. A researcher-made questionnaire was developed; its validity was confirmed by professionals and university professors and its reliability was obtained by Cronbach α test. The statistical population involved professors of marketing management (N=20) and sport management (N=60). As the population was limited, the sample was equal to the population and census sampling method was used. Descriptive statistics were used to describe demographic features of respondents and their responses to research items and structural equation modeling and PLS were used in inferential statistics. MS-Excel, SPSS version 18 and PLS were used. Results showed that electronic marketing model designed for selected federations of team sport in Iran had a good fit.

Regarding the importance of responsiveness in sport organizations, this study aimed at identifying barriers and limitations of implementing the accountability system in sport organizations and providing a strategy in the form of a model. The research method was mixed and the viewpoints of 25 sport professors and experts were purposively collected in the qualitative phase and 9 factors were identified as barriers to the implementation of the accountability system in sport organizations: legal, functional, environmental, cultural, organizational, managerial, individual, behavioral and structural. In the quantitative phase, 211 managers and employees of the Ministry of Sport and Youth responded to the research questionnaire by convenient sampling method. The validity of the questionnaire was evaluated using the viewpoints of sport management professors and experts, and its reliability was calculated to be 0.88 by Cronbach's alpha. The exploratory factor analysis also confirmed the researcher-made questionnaire. Path analysis of the proposed research model suggested that except for environmental barriers, all the variables identified in the research had positive and significant effects on the accountability barriers of sport organizations. The highest amount of effect was related to functional barriers (47%). According to the findings of this study, it is recommended that officials and managers of sport organizations of Iran should try to obviate the identified barriers so that the effectiveness of the sport organizations can be enhanced.

This study aimed to identify and develop a model of those factors affecting the development of renewable energy use in Iran sport facilities. The research method was mixed and exploratory. Accordingly, this research was conducted in two qualitative and quantitative phases. In qualitative phase, the meta-synthesis method was used to identify the those factors affecting the development of renewable energy use and the grounded theory was used to present a theory for the development of using renewable energy in sport facilities with an emphasis on the elements found in meta-synthesis phase. In quantitative phase, the model validity was confirmed by experts’ viewpoints. In the meta-synthesis phase, the population contained books, research documents and articles with the subject of those factors affecting the development of using renewable energy. After screening for several times, 40 cases were entered into the meta-synthesis stage. In the stage of Glaser grounded theory, the viewpoints of 7 academic experts in the field of renewable energy were used. Using meta-synthesis, 30 concepts were identified as factors affecting the development of using renewable energy in sport facilities that were divided into 9 categories: international issues, national issues, natural abilities, technical abilities, economic abilities, managerial abilities, market properties, social and cultural issues and building properties. Then, the relationships of these categories were specified by selective and theoretical coding of Glaser grounded theory, and the model developed from the research was presented. The validity of the final model was obtained as 0.855 by experts’ viewpoints and counting sigma method. The government should lay the groundwork for accessing cheap renewable energy in the country by adopting appropriate international policies and energy policies and develop the use of renewable energy in sport facilities by education and culturalization and laying down the rules.

The aim of this study was to investigate the role of mass media on social behaviors formation in Iranian professional athletes. The research used a mixed exploratory sequence for data collection. In the qualitative stage, semi-structured interviews with 23 professional athletes, coaches, managers, psychologists and sport sociologists and sport media specialists were used to collect data. The research sample was selected by purposive sampling method and snowball technique. In the qualitative stage, the data were analyzed through coding method in three stages: open, axial and selective, and the findings included 81 tokens in open coding which were classified in the form of 11 concepts in axial coding. In the selective coding stage, mass media components which played an effective role in forming the social behaviors of professional athletes were modeled. In the quantitative stage, the sample consisted of 220 subjects who were selected by stratified random sampling method. A researcher-made questionnaire was used in the quantitative stage. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses by the SPSS20 and AMOS were used to evaluate the research model. The results of the research model test showed that according to the goodness fitness index (GFI)=0.924, the model of the role of sport mass media in forming the social behaviors of professional athletes in Iran had a good fit.

The aim of the current study was to prioritize those barriers to professional sport sponsorship in Alborz industrial city. This study was descriptive-survey in terms of data collection and applied in terms of objectives. A 2-sectional questionnaire (32 items) was used; the first part was devoted for demographic features of the subjects and the second part was related to the sponsorship factors. The face validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by 8 experts and its reliability was calculated by Cronbach alpha test (0.84). The statistical population consisted of the owners and senior managers of the industrial companies (especially big industries). Due to the limited number of the statistical population, census sampling method was used. To analyze the data, descriptive (frequency tables and charts) and inferential (confirmatory factor analysis) statistics were used. The results showed that the most important barriers were economic (T=7.21), management (T=6.93), law (T=6.31), social (T=5.47) and cultural (T=4.64). The senior managers in sport field are suggested to try their best to consider the results of this study in their macro decisions and to obviate the barriers in this arena and to provide long-term interaction with the owners of the industries.

Experience as the core product of tourism can create a competitive advantage for tourism destinations which is difficult to replace and imitate. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of tourism experience quality on perceived competitiveness and behavioral intentions of foreign sport tourists. The statistical population of the study consisted of all foreign sport tourists traveled to Iran adventure sport tourism destinations in past three years. 245 subjects participated in the study as the statistical sample. Data were collected by tourism experience quality (Meng. 2006), perceived destination competitiveness (Hallmann et al., 2014) and behavioral intentions (Sharma and Nayak, 2019) questionnaires. The structural equation modeling method was used for data analysis. The results showed that the tourism experience quality could affect Iran perceived competitiveness, and consequently, perceived competitiveness could affect the behavioral intentions of sport tourists. Based on these findings, it could be concluded that the perception of sport tourists from Iran competitiveness as a sport tourism destination can be enhanced by improving the tourism experience quality at all phases of travel from travel planning to post-travel and ultimately have a positive impact on their future behavioral intentions.

The aim of this study was to analyze the barriers to financing sport entrepreneurs by Q method. The methodology of the research was applied in terms of objectives, exploratory in nature and of mixed research (qualitative-quantitative). 30 sport entrepreneurs who had experience in sport businesses between 15 and 40 years were selected as the population. They were interviewed with Q method, and cards based on Q propositions were distributed among them. Based on the distributed cards, 38 final propositions were identified and subsequently prioritized by the participants. Finally, Q factor analysis findings and results revealed 9 mental patterns for the barriers to financing sport entrepreneurs. With regard to these nine patterns, it can be concluded that financial resources are the driving force of sport businesses and that if entrepreneurs face issues such as severe administrative bureaucracy, lack of entrepreneurial knowledge and communications in the community and high-profit banking services to grow and develop businesses, the boom will not return to the sport businesses.

The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of advertising through sport in social networks (case study: Instagram). The present study was descriptive-correlation. The statistical population of the study included Iranian users of Instagram sport pages, and users of these pages: posterfootball, posterfutball, chejazab, akhbare_perspolis, science.base.fit and faculty.of.sport.sciences were selected as the sample by convenience sampling method. 260 questionnaires were used for statistical analysis. To collect the data, Taylor, Levin and Strutton (2011) questionnaire was used. The content and content validity of the questionnaire were approved by 8 experts after a three-step process of translation. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to determine the construct validity of this questionnaire. The reliability of the questionnaire was obtained using Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability coefficient was favorable. The data were analyzed using Smart PLS software. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data. This study included eight independent factors: entertainment, informativeness, peer influence, self-brand congruity, invasiveness, privacy concern, quality of life, structured time. The results of the test showed that among these factors, the first 5 ones influenced the dependent factor (attitude towards social network ads). The self-brand congruity factor (0.350) had the most effect on the attitude toward advertising through sport. It is believed that sport has continued to attract the attention of various businesses as an influential medium.

The aim of this study was to analyze the dimensions of the synergy of management performance in the development and empowerment of sport federations. This study was applied and descriptive-correlation. The statistical population included 50 managers of sport federations who were selected by purposive sampling method. A researcher-made questionnaire was designed based on the Batman (2002) studies on team synergy, the studies of Evans and Jarvis’ group tendency (1986) and the studies of Locke and Crawford (2000) and Sung (2008) regarding organizational development. The face and content validity of this questionnaire was confirmed using the viewpoints of sport management experts. The construct validity was determined by confirmatory factor analysis. The reliability of the questionnaire was determined using Cronbach's alpha coefficient (0.93). Using structural equations and statistical techniques, the findings showed that interaction and cooperation (path coefficient=0.81), participation (0.76), network (0.76), trust (0.75), cognition (0.73) and facilitation (0.71) had positive, direct and effective roles in the development of sport federations. Therefore, the four main dimensions of the development of sport federations including strategies, the effective use of modern technologies, the reorganization of the organizational structure with the approach of federation agility and, finally, the reform of culture and norms with the aim of balancing the strategies and attitudes of the sport community will be more affordable, cheaper, and faster with synergy.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the methods of content and environment happiness of students' physical activities in Kurdistan province. The statistical population of this study consisted of all secondary school students and physical education teachers in Kurdistan province. 400 questionnaires were collected. A researcher-made questionnaire consisting of 40 items was used to collect data. It consisted of 6 components: teacher, student, school management, sport environment, parenting, and planning and content. Questionnaires were purposively distributed among physical education teachers and randomly among students. Descriptive statistics, exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, one-sample t test and Friedman test were used for data analysis. The reliability coefficient of the questionnaire was 0.96. The results of factor analysis of the items accounted for 68.312% of the total variance. Regarding the construct validity, based on the relationships and T-value, all items had significant relationships with the factors and could be good predictors of their own factors. The indices of X2 / df ratio (4.91), RMSEA = 0.099, NNFI = 0.96, CFI = 0.98 and GFI = 0.98 confirmed the model fit. The reliability coefficient of the questionnaire was 0.96. The research method was descriptive-correlation and the study was conducted as a field. Based on the results, the ‘parenting’ component ranked first among the four research groups. There were no differences among the research groups in the second, third and sixth ranks. In the ‘school management’ component, female teachers ranked fifth, and they ranked third in the ‘planning and content’ component. It is suggested that education managers lay the groundwork for students’ happiness and joy in physical education courses to increase their physical activity.

The aim of this study was to develop the model of sport development in Iran with an emphasis on the stakeholders, practices and processes. In the present research, qualitative method based on the grounded theory was used. For data collection, snowball sampling method and semi-structured interviews with 15 elites, who were aware of the subject, were used. The collected data were analyzed by coding the grounded theory with the constructivist approach by Charms (2006). Coding was conducted in two phases: initial coding and focused coding. Then, theoretical coding was used to form focused codes. The data and obtained codes were assessed periodically by the researcher to ascertain their accuracy. The Results showed that according to the systematic approach, the model of sport development in Iran had five parts: input which included stakeholders (macro, middle and micro) and practices (development of human system, management development, development of financial system, development of equipment and facilities, cultural development, institutional development, promotion, development of the competition system), process which included three processes of attraction, retention (retention of talent, retention of community sport participation) and nurturing, output which included sociocultural consequences, economic consequences and political consequences, feedback system (control and evaluation system), and ultimately, the environment which included sociocultural, economic and political-legal grounds. It seems that for effective development of sport in Iran, it is necessary for macro-stakeholders such as the government to adopt the right and necessary policies in this regard and for those organizations that directly and indirectly paly roles in developing sport to define and operate these policies in the form of related practices and processes so that the necessary opportunities, structure and contexts for the participation of sport consumers can be provided in the form of a system.