Annals of Applied Sport Science
Volume:9 Issue: 1, Spring 2021

Attention is considered as a resource for storing and processing memory activities. Without attention, no perceptual processing takes place in the brain as the information (whether visual or auditory) cannot enter the brain.

The purpose of this study was to investigate and compare the attention of individuals to sports and non-sports advertising using brain activities.
Methods. It was a quasi-experimental study investigating two advertisements (sports and non-sports) of Apple Company on 30 volunteers (15 men and 15 women). The Neuroguide software was used to convert electroencephalographic data to quantitative data. Repeated measures ANOVA was used for testing hypotheses in SPSS software.

The results showed that there was a significant difference between watching sports and non-sports advertising on peoplechr('39')s attention; in other words, sports advertising was able to reduce alpha in the frontal and pre-frontal brain while this decrease did not occur when viewing non-sports advertising. There was no significant difference in attention between men and women.

Sport has the potential to attract peoplechr('39')s attention, which is one of the main goals of companies and industry owners and can attract more attention in people to the advertised product, resulting in better brand retention and recall, and thus increasing promotional product or brand purchases.

Nowadays, One of the factors affecting the social network advertising is the numbers or frequencies of sending an advertisement. 
Objectives. the objective of this study was to investigate the role of the Target Audience Rating Point factor in social network advertising in brand awareness and purchase intention of sport brands.

This quasi-experimental study was conducted on a sample of 225 sport science students at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. The subjects completed the standard purchase intention and brand awareness questionnaires and the obtained data were analyzed through ANOVA, Tukey and Dunnett T3 tests.

The results of one-way ANOVA showed that there was a significant difference among the mean scores of purchase intention and brand awareness in the three groups. In other words, the purchase intention and brand awareness were significantly higher in the group that viewed the advertisement at TARP standard level compared to two groups that viewed the advertisement more than or less than the standard TARP level. Also, the purchase intension and brand awareness levels were significantly higher in the group that viewed the advertisement more than the standard TARP level, compared to the group that viewed the advertisement less than the standard level.

The number of advertisements sending on social networks based on the TARP phenomenon is an effective factor in brand awareness and purchase intention of sport brands. Also, increasing and decreasing the number of advertisements compared to standard TARP reduces the effect of advertising on brand awareness and purchase intention.

Recent research has proposed that environmental factors affect the development of expertise.
Objectives. The present study aimed to compare the history of training activities amongst expert athletes of different sport disciplines regarding the level of risk.

Participants included 187 athletes from six sports disciplines, which were allocated to "low-risk," "medium risk," or "high-risk" groups based on the level of physical risk placed on the participating athletes. Participants completed a developmental history of athletes questionnaire.

Findings revealed a significant difference amongst groups in terms of the mean age of beginning the sport (p < 0.001). Additionally, there was no significant difference between the total hours of deliberate practice and physical preparation amongst the three groups (p > 0.05). However, the low-risk group had an enormous amount of deliberate practice (p < 0.001) and physical preparation activities (p = 0.002) in the 6 to 12-year age band, and the medium-risk and high-risk sports groups had an enormous amount of deliberate practice (p = 0.01) and physical preparation activities (p = 0.003) in the age band of above 16 years.

The present study provides useful information on the expertise acquisition process in different sport disciplines regarding the amount of practice relative to risk level.

The No Return Point hypothesis is one of the research areas that has been done in line with the motor program. In this hypothesis emphasized an inability to inhibition move after its start by the motor program. Several factors are affecting the mechanism of this inhibition.

In this study, we investigate the effects of audio and visual stimuli on blocking quick moves to test the No Return Point hypothesis. In the final part of the study, we explore the effects of the assignment based on tests conducted by Slater & Hammel, who first began to test this hypothesis.
Methods. In this study, 40 male participants (age 23-29) were selected and organized in four different groups, i.e., digital- visual stimulus, an auditory stimulus, visual and auditory stimuli, and visual stimulus with an analog pattern that simulated the Slater and Hamel’s experiment. Each of these groups practiced different stop-signal and did a retention test. We used RMSE for statistical analysis.

The results showed that the reaction speed of the audio group is considerably faster than other groups (sig = 0.00028, p < 0.05). It was also found that the motor program is active in a period before and after the target (stop) time, and it seems that this process is independent of the type of stimuli and assignment (p < 0.05). Besides, it was found that the reported time for Slater and Hamel test is 210 MS in this experiment. In other words, participants were not able to stop motion for the announced stop time for around 210 Ms.; however, it was not observed for all the groups.

Based on the result, participants were significantly dependent on the assignment (p < 0.05). Moreover, this dependency can affect the result. It seems in that study time providing achieved relying on the types of tasks used, and the type of the variable used to measure the statistical have been impressive on the results. Thus, the results of the Slater and Hamel experiments should be analyzed with caution. It seems that the announced time in that research (Slater and Hemel) is based on the employed assignment type, and the variable type for statistical analysis was influencing the results. Thus, not only the motion stop time in response to the stop stimuli is different, but also these times are significantly dependent on the stimuli and test condition.

Soccer is a popular sport with a large number of players all over the world. Besides, it has considerable economic and social effects. Thus, it is necessary to find out the factors which influence soccer players’ performance.

The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether there is a significant correlation between intellectual intelligence (I.Q) (Raven’s progressive matrices) and emotional intelligence (EI) (Bar-On emotional intelligence scale) with the performance (Charbonneau sports performance questionnaire), and assess the psychological characteristics of young male soccer players in different playing positions and the descriptive method with a correlation technique was used.

Pearson correlation coefficient was used for questions analysis and One-way ANOVA was used for testing the hypothesizes. 120 young Iranian male soccer players aged 17-19 from different soccer schools participated in the study. The players were divided into four playing positions: forwards, midfielders, defenders, and goalkeepers.

The obtained data revealed a positive linear correlation between soccer players’ IQ, EQ, and sports performance. Also, significant differences were observed between Bar-On subscale scores of the players in different playing positions.

The obtained outcomes reinforce the hypothesis that positional differences in terms of psychological characteristics exist. In addition, it might be concluded that young soccer players might be differentiated by their psychological skills and their playing positions.

Womenchr('39')s participation in sports has been improved in terms of number and types of sport. This improvement is realized due to culture change as an impact of direct dissemination of family of athletes. During the past 15 years, the change seems to be evident where on the 2005 Sea Games, Indonesian female athletes had the opportunity to participate in the event, even though their achievements were not as remarkable as the athletes of the other countries.

This study aims to investigate the opportunities of Indonesian young female athletes to have a career in masculine sports.

Two Indonesian young female athletes who excel in judo and weightlifting were selected to participate in this study. By employing feminist theory, the study explains how parents and schools preserve the culture and pass it on from generation to generation. However, if the same opportunities are provided to each child, even young female, could have significant achievement similar to the study participants.

From the interview, it was revealed that Indonesian female athletes’ predicaments in training were due to; a) changes in the body shape; b) hegemonic masculinity culture; c) family factors.

At the same time, this study was also considering the sports family as a social agent in providing the community with an understanding regarding the consequences of the extended training process and the matches that female athletes have to experience to achieve something remarkable.

Basketball is a dynamic sport where athletes are expected to observe the fast movements of team players and opponents in a performance. This condition requires a collective focus on the stipulated tasks, to achieve peak performance. Besides, training is frequently performed to improve concentration and athlete performance. This instigates the need for technology-based methods, including the NeuroTracker 3D MOT.

This study aims to examine differences in the effect of NeuroTracker 3D MOT and conventional training on the concentration and game performance of basketball athletes.

This experimental study involved a pre and post-training session design, and the treatments were provided to 21 university basketball athletes. Furthermore, a total of 12 NeuroTracker 3D MOT training were performed by the experimental group, while the control was provided with conventional training. Subsequently, Concentration Grid Test (CGT) was used to measure the concentration, and FIBA-LiveStats were collected to evaluate the game statistics and athlete performance.

The results showed that there was a significant difference in the effect of NeuroTracker training and conventional training on increasing concentration. Furthermore, there was no significant difference in the effect of NeuroTracker training and conventional training on improving game performance.

The practice of NeuroTracker 3D MOT training positively influenced concentration. However, there are no significant differences in contrast to conventional training on game performance.

The sudden rise of the coronavirus in the world had various effects on the sports industry. Nevertheless, sports organizations around the world adopted new and different methods to manage the crisis, which in turn, enriched global knowledge of sports management. Also, some industries changed their products and adapted their structure and performance according to the new situation. The new Experiences gained during the pandemic showed that sports organizations need crisis management programs to deal with crises in the future. So, it’s necessary to manage sports organizations with a different perspective and new plans to encounter future needs and problems. To do this, sports managers must learn from the experiences of the pandemic era and be prepared to predict the world in the future, and better manage their organizations.

Coronavirus-disease 19 (COVID-19) has rapidly become a global public health issue, and there is a desperate need for strategies of prevention, reduction, and treatment to halt the epidemic. The coronavirus affects the immune system, and individuals with a compromised immune system, such as those with diabetes, hypertension, obesity, are more susceptible to this virus. Lifestyle-related variables such as physical activity and nutritional supplements can decrease inflammatory markers, increase anti-inflammatory and antioxidant status, and improve the immune system. Lifestyle-related variables play preventive roles against various infectious diseases including COVID-19. This review highlights the effects of physical activity and nutrients supplements on the immune system and their possible benefits in combating the harms caused by infection with the COVID-19 virus.

There has been a continuous increase in the participation of female athletes in “masculine” sports competitions and this is in line with the amplifying debate of whether this activity is appropriate for women in Indonesia.

This study aims to determine womenchr('39')s athletic motives for participating in "masculine" sports and their relationship with the incidence of dysmenorrhea.

This research is a quantitative study with a cross-sectional approach. The sample of this research is 137 female athletes by purposive sampling. The questionnaire was distributed to obtain data on extrinsic and intrinsic motives as well as the incidence of dysmenorrhea. The analysis used multinomial regression.

The results showed that there was an influence between the athletechr('39')s motivation and the incidence of moderate dysmenorrhea (p=0.024; RRR=8.5), there was a relationship between athletechr('39')s motivation and the incidence of severe dysmenorrhea (p=0.024; RRR=21.5), besides there was an influence between early menarche and the incidence of moderate dysmenorrhea (p=0.005; RRR=0.3) and there was an effect of early menarche with the incidence of severe dysmenorrhea levels (p=0.022; RRR=0.02).

The extrinsic motivation variable is the most influential for the occurrence of dysmenorrhea, so it is necessary to increase the intrinsic motivation of athletes both by themselves and by the coach.