مجله طب دریا
سال سوم شماره 1 (پیاپی 9، بهار 1400)

The importance of water and disease transmission has been known for a long time. One of the necessities of human life, both in times of peace and in times of crisis, is to drink "safe water". Drinking healthy, disease-free water plays an important role in preventing water-borne diseases such as acute and chronic diarrhea. Water-borne pathogens are abundant and include bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and parasitic worms.Adequate water supply and water purification in emergency situations and control and monitoring of water quality have particular importance. The United Nations recommends that each person needs 20-50 liters of healthy freshwater per day to meet basic human needs such as drinking, cooking, and cleaning, of which 2-4 liters per day is sufficient for drinking and should be provided from the best quality water sources. The minimum amount of drinking water consumption on the first day after the occurrence of a catastrophe to survive in a mild climate and mountain conditions is one liter per day and to survive in hot and dry conditions 3 liters per day.In the present review study, the practical and applied methods appropriate to the available technology for the drinking water supply of small communities have been presented.

Sailors are a unique occupational group in terms of access to medical facilities in times of crisis, such as the COVID-19 epidemic. On the large or small vessels, sailors may spend a long time away from standard medical services. In addition, job restrictions, closed living space, and long distance from family members during long-distance voyages make it difficult for sailors to prevent and treat diseases that occur at sea compared to landlocked individuals. Therefore, due to the nature of their work and travel to different countries through water, sailors are exposed to potential risks of disease.Given the risk of sailors and the importance of disease prevention education in this group, Tele Education is a good opportunity to improve the knowledge of sailors in the field of infectious diseases such as COVID-19 and its prevention. This training can be provided using communication tools. Tele Education for sailors can be done in two dimensions: self-care training for the prevention of COVID-19, and specific self-care training for the prevention of common diseases. In this way, the sailorschr('39') knowledge and awareness will increase and their insights and attitudes in the field of prevention of infectious diseases will be enhanced, and also their performance in this field will be improved that lead to the health and well-being.

It seems necessary to do any research on the new Coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, or its mutant version, which causes acute respiratory syndrome by inducing cytokine storm in individuals and has imposed a great burden on the world during the last year. Smoking is one of the most important known risk factors for severe respiratory diseases and even death. According to studies, about 1.4 to 18% of COVID-19-induced hospitalizations are related to smokers, so both the upper and lower respiratory tract in smokers are more prone to COVID-19 infection. They are also more likely than non-smokers to have more severe respiratory symptoms from COVID-19. Therefore, in recent year, the main goal of researchers is to recommend prevention and treatment strategies for vulnerable people with underlying diseases.This study aimed to investigate the mechanism of irreversible effects of smoking on the respiratory system and exacerbation of the emerging infectious disease COVID-19 and compare it with non-smokers.

One of the effective ways to reduce the negative consequences of mental health in soldiers is to identify positive psychological and spiritual structures and determine their role. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of physical activity and exercise on the dimensions of the spiritual intelligence of soldiers.

The present study is a descriptive correlational study. Two hundred soldiers were selected by available sampling method from a military base in the city of Shiraz in the fall of 2016. Based on the amount of physical activity per week, divided into two groups: active and inactive. They completed a spiritual intelligence questionnaire. For data analysis used of SPSS 16 software.

There was a significant difference between the two active and inactive groups in the subscales of critical thinking (p=0.016), production of personal meaning (p=0.045), transcendent awareness (p=0.022), expansion of consciousness (p=0.001), and the overall score of spiritual intelligence (p=0.001). The group of active soldiers had a better situation than the group of inactive soldiers. 

Based on the current findings, it can be said that physical activity and exercise are related to the Soldierschr('39') Spiritual Intelligence. So, soldiers can incorporate regular physical activity and exercise into the weekly program to improve their Spiritual Intelligence.

Providing data on the types, prevalence and causes of musculoskeletal injuries can be effective in designing preventive programs. The aim of this study was to determine the types, prevalence and causes of musculoskeletal injuries in Iranian sailors.

The present study is cross-sectional. The statistical population included 130 sailors from Bandar Abbas, south of Iran who was active in that area in 2020 and had at least 2 years of experience working on ships. Initially, demographic and anthropometric data (including age, height, weight, years of service and body mass index) were measured and recorded. The Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire was used to determine the location of musculoskeletal injury and pain in sailors and their causes were also recorded.

The prevalence of musculoskeletal injuries in Iranian sailors is 48.45% (63 people). The most common musculoskeletal injuries among sailors include low back pain 15.38%, neck pain 13.07%, knee pain 12.3% and wrist pain 7.7%. Also, the primary cause of musculoskeletal injuries in 40% of cases was accidental causes.

According to the present findings, musculoskeletal injuries have a relatively high prevalence among Iranian sailors. Therefore, it is suggested that with the identification of the causes of these injuries, medium and long-term planning for prevention and treatment should be provided.

Bloody diarrhea is an infectious disease of the gastrointestinal tract that is transmitted through direct or indirect contact with infected people and through fecal-oral. The aim of this study was to determine the epidemiology of cases of dysentery in the southern cities of Kerman province, south of Iran.

In this cross-sectional study, data of all patients with dysentery in the southern cities of Kerman province, south of Iran from 2016 to the end of 2019 (1,949 people) was collected using a checklist. This data was received from the bloody diarrhea registration software of Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran. Data were analyzed by SPSS 23 software and the geographical distribution of the disease was mapped by GIS software.

During 2016-2019, the frequency of patients in the age group of less than one year gradually decreased and in the group of 1 to 4 years, there was an increasing trend. The frequency of dysentery was decreasing in Faryab region and increasing in Ghale-Ganj region and no significant difference was observed in other regions. The findings showed that in 2016, 2017, 2018 and 2019, 6.1, 13.7, 16.9 and 23% of the patients were hospitalized and 0.2, 0.4, 1.5 and 0.5% of patients were died, respectively.

Cases of blood dysentery in the southern cities of Kerman province, south of Iran have unique epidemiological characteristics that are different from other studies and indicate the need for more detailed study to identify the causes of this difference and develop some specific preventive and treatment plans appropriate to this region of the country.

Resilience is a capacity to resist stress and disaster conditions. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between emotional adjustment and cognitive emotion regulation with resilience.

This descriptive study was conducted in 2020. A total of 185 military nurses from military hospitals and clinics in Shiraz, Iran were included in the study by simple random sampling. The instruments used were Rabio et al.chr('39')s questionnaire with 4 questions to measure emotional adjustment, Besharat questionnaire with 5 questions to measure cognitive emotion regulation and Connor and Davidson questionnaire with 6 questions to measure resilience. All three questionnaires were completed by all military nurses.

The mean scores of military nurses in emotional adjustment was 4.62±1.06 (out of 5), in cognitive emotion regulation was 4.38±1.11 and in resilience was 4.79±1.08. Spearman correlation coefficient and the effect of variables according to the output of artificial neural network were calculated between emotional adjustment with resilience 0.64 and 0.63, respectively, and between cognitive regulation of emotion with resilience 0.52 and 0.37, respectively. 

The effect of stress on medical personnel in military environments can cause many problems for them. Staff in these military units can increase resilience by increasing their skills and competencies in controlling and utilizing emotions and professional adjustment.

Over the past year, COVID-19 has been identified as a major health problem worldwide. The aim of this study was to determine the demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with COVID-19 in Iranshahr hospitals, southeastern Iran in 2020.

In the present cross-sectional study, patients admitted with a definitive diagnosis of COVID-19 in Iranshahr hospitals in April and May 2020 were evaluated (169 patients). The instruments used in this study included a demographic data questionnaire and a checklist to assess the patientchr('39')s clinical condition.

The mean age of patients with COVID-19 was 46 years. The incidence of COVID-19 was slightly higher in men than in women. In patients with COVID-19, a history of hypertension was reported in 24.3%, heart disease in 22.5% and diabetes in 12.4%. Shortness of breath with 71.6% and cough with 69.8% were the most common symptoms and chest pain with 7.7% were the lowest symptoms recorded in patients with COVID-19. 146 people (86.4%) recovered and 34 (13.6%) died.

People with a history of underlying diseases and old age are at high risk of developing COVID-19, so conservative measures and self-quarantine should be performed for these people. In this study, the findings showed that the most obvious symptoms of COVID-19 are shortness of breath and cough, which can be helpful in diagnosing this disease.