فهرست مطالب
International Journal of Recycling of Organic Waste in Agriculture
Volume:10 Issue: 2, Spring 2021
- تاریخ انتشار: 1400/03/12
- تعداد عناوین: 8
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Pages 101-109Purpose
Passion fruit cultivation and utilization is fast emerging in Nigeria. Poultry farms are increasing with the corresponding increase in poultry manure production which is relatively affordable by farmers. Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of placement method and time of poultry manure (PM) application on early growth and dry matter partitioning of yellow passion fruit.
MethodPM placement methods were incorporation, top-dressing, bottom-dressing and split combination of top-and bottom-dressing while time of PM application comprised application at transplanting, 2, 4 and 6 weeks after transplanting (WAT). The experiments were laid out as completely randomized design, replicated five and six times, respectively for PM placement methods and time of PM application. Growth and dry matter yield were determined at two weeks' interval and 20 WAT, respectively.
ResultsLongest vines (78.5 cm) were significantly (p <0.05) produced by plants that were grown in PM incorporated medium. Thickest stems (6.75 mm), highest number of leaves (66.4) and dry matter accumulation were recorded in plants that received PM as top-dressing followed by PM incorporation. Application of PM at transplanting resulted in longest vines (95.8 cm), highest number of leaves (69.5) and dry matter partitioning to leaves, vines and roots.
ConclusionPM top placement performed best with respect to early growth parameters and dry matter accumulation followed by PM incorporation, hence PM top placement is recommended for production of vigorous passion fruit vines in container. Poultry manure should be applied at transplanting for vigorous vines and not delayed beyond 4 weeks after transplanting.
Keywords: Passiflora edulis, Organic manure, Method, Time, dry matter accumulation -
Pages 111-127Purpose
The deterioration of agricultural soil can be alleviated by maintaining an appropriate level of soil organic matter by using organic amendments such as compost and biochar. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of olive waste-based compost, wood-based biochar and their combination on the chemical and microbial properties of loamy clay soil and the agrophysiological traits of maize.
MethodZea mays was grown under greenhouse conditions for 3 months in pots filled with alkaline soil collected from 0-30 cm depth. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design with 5 replicates and 3 treatments: compost-soil [1:10 (v/v)], biochar-soil [1:20 (v/v)] and (1:2)-ratio biochar-compost combination (BCC).
ResultsBiochar addition singly or in BCC increased soil TOC, EC, and pH. Furthermore, adding biochar to compost increased the levels of macro- and micronutrients compared to those under single application of biochar. The soil fertility improved significantly with regard to available phosphorus and potassium, nitrogen, and micronutrients. Single application of biochar had a negative impact on mycorrhizal symbiosis and was statistically insignificant for soil viable cultivable microorganisms.
ConclusionOverall, single application of compost gave the best results in terms of plant growth and soil fertility improvement; thus, a synergistic effect of both amendments was not observed, which could be due to the quantity of the applied biochar and the duration of the experiment.
Keywords: compost, Biochar, Maize, Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, Nutrient availability -
Pages 129-143Purpose
Fish waste is a protein-rich source that can be used as a value-added product in the formulation of organic liquid fertilizers. This study carried out to investigate the utilizing potential of fruit wastes of Ananas comosus and Carica papaya that contain bromelain and papain as major proteases in order to hydrolyze fish waste proteins to fulfill plant nitrogen requirements.
MethodProteases were extracted from A. comosus (leaves, crown, unripe fruit pulp, ripe fruit peels and pulp) and C. papaya (leaves, ripe fruit peels and unripe fruit peels). The optimum temperature and pH for the enzymatic activities were determined. Four liquid organic fertilizers were produced with hydrolyzed fish waste that enriched by adding Gliricidia sepium, Chromolaena odorata, Tithonia diversifolia, Mikania scandens and coconut husk-ash. Fertilizers were tested on the growth of Basella alba comparing with a standard fertilizer.
ResultsAnanas comosus ripe fruit peels and the mixture of (A. comosus + C. papaya) showed the highest enzyme activities (0.33±0.02 and 0.36±0.01 U mL-1 enzyme respectively) at 55 oC and 70 oC. The optimum pH for all the studied extracts was 7.5 at 37 oC. The highest plant fresh and dry weights were recorded in the foliar-applied fertilizer produced by hydrolyzing the fish waste using A. comosus and C. papaya, showing no significant differences to the standard fertilizer.
ConclusionHydrolysis of fish waste using the fruit wastes of A. comosus and C. papaya could be effectively used as an organic fertilizer for the growth of B. alba that leads towards sustainable waste management.
Keywords: Ananas comosus, Carica papaya, Fish wastes, Plant-derived proteases, Organic liquid fertilizers -
Pages 145-155Purpose The main objective of the study was to evaluate the application of different doses of onion residue compost as mixtures with bovine manure as organic fertilizers for a round tomato crop planted in the field. Method The data were obtained experimentally in pilot fields. The experimental design was completely randomized, with 4 m2 plots with ten plants each as an experimental unit and with three replications per treatment (2 years). Five treatments were tested, namely one unfertilized control, three with organic fertilization and one mineral treatment. The variables measured were plant height (cm), stem base diameter (cm), fresh plant weight (g) and total dry matter (%). The parameters measured for the fruit were fresh fruit weight (g), fruit length (mm), fruit width (mm) and total soluble solids. Results The application of compost from the degradation of onion residues as mixtures with cow manure had positive effects on the growth of the plant and on the development of tomato fruit. Compost doses of 60 Mg ha–1 and 80 Mg ha–1 gave similar values to chemical treatment and the control without fertilization was significantly lower than those with doses of organic and chemical fertilizer. These results indicate that this compost contains the nutrients required by the tomato crop for growth and development. Conclusion It was concluded that the agricultural use of quality compost is an effective strategy to obtain high quality products in an economically viable and environmentally sustainable way.Keywords: Compost amendment, Organic manure, Ecological, Cow manure, Plant nutrition, Río Negro
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Pages 157-166Purpose
This study was carried out to assess the effect of integrating microbiological fortification with vermicomposting process on biofertilizing quality of vermicompost as well as improvement of the availability of nitrogen and phosphorus in the product.
MethodA mixture of cow dung and vegetable market waste (1:1) was used for vermicomposting with Eisenia foetida as the decomposer earthworm @ 10 no.of worm kg-1 substrate. Nitrogen fixing and phosphate solubilizing bacteria (NFB and PSB)Azotobacter chroococcum and Pseudomonas fluorescens were integrated with this composting process at varying doses viz. 0,5 and 10 g kg-1 substrate under different combinations. Changes in the population of these two bio-fertilizing microorganisms and the availability of relevant nutrients in the substrates were monitored periodically to assess the behaviors of these microorganisms and their effects on the produced vermicompost.
ResultsAll the inoculations resulted in substantial increments in population of both NFB and PSB over the control. However, the increments were more prominent for NFB than the PSB. Significant increments in the amount of mineralized nitrogen and solubilized phosphate over the control were observed in almost all the treatment combinations.
ConclusionIntegration of nitrogen fixing and phosphate solubilizing bacteria with vermicomposting process resulted in substantial enrichment of the product. This benefit was observed not only in terms of increased availability of the two major plant nutrients of concern viz. N and P, but also in significant improvement in the population of the inoculated microorganisms turning the product into a potential source of bio-fertilizers.
Keywords: Vermicomposting, Microbial fortification, Compost quality, Nutrient availability, Bio-fertilizer population -
Pages 167-174Purpose
To evaluate the development of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), variety of BRS Pontal, in protected environment, irrigated with different irrigation levels due to crop evapotranspiration (ETc) and concentrations of treated domestic wastewater.
MethodThe experiment was carried out in a protected environment using an experimental design arranged in randomized blocks with a 3 x 4 factorial scheme, in which the bean crop was submitted to different concentrations of 0, 50 and 100% of the treated domestic wastewater and four irrigation levels corresponding to 50%, 75%, 100% and 125% of crop evapotranspiration and four replications. The data to estimate crop evapotranspiration using the FAO 56 Penman-Monteith method were obtained from a meteorological station installed inside the protected environment.
ResultsThe irrigation levels and the interaction with the concentrations of treated domestic wastewater significantly influenced the stem diameter, height and number of bean leaves at a level of 1%, while the concentrations did not significantly influence the number of leaves.
ConclusionThe treated domestic wastewater contained enough nutrients to meet the nutritional needs of the bean crop in relation to the treatment that received only water from the supply system. The use of treated domestic wastewater may constitute an alternative to save quality water in the growing of bean.
Keywords: Crop evapotranspiration, Irrigation reuse, Phaseolus vulgaris L -
Pages 175-184Purpose
Using the effective approaches for modifying the recycled wood as a novel bulky agent improves the quality of soil amendment. This study aimed to compare the stability and maturity of the soil amendments produced by the compostation of forest industrial waste and sewage sludge on seed germination.
MethodThree materials, namely sawdust, sewage sludge, and chicken manure were mixed at different ratios (dry weight basis) to reach the initial bulk density of 0.40 Kg.L-1, the temperature of 30 °C, the C/N ratio of 25, and the moisture content of 60 %. A pilot-scale composting process was applied to monitor the aeration rate, temperature, and moisture contents during the process over time. The comparison of physico-chemical, phytotoxicity, and germination indices among the samples was performed in three repetitions.
ResultsThe results of this study indicated that the sustainable conditions (i.e., the temperature of 70 °C, aeration rate of 0.30 L.Kg-1DM.min-1, and moisture content of 50-60 %) can have a significant effect on the thermophilic stage for compost curing without any inhibitory repercussion. Increasing the germination index of cress (Lepidium sativum) up to 79 % proved that the toxicity of industrial sewage sludge was declined through the elimination of heavy metals.
ConclusionThis study revealed that the availability of bulky agents such as wood residue can reinforce the microbial activity by continuously decreasing the C/N ratio to the minimum value of 13.2.
Keywords: Wood residue, Industrial sewage sludge, Co-composting, phytotoxicity, germination index -
Pages 185-202Purpose
Compost production technology and use are known among Ghanaians farmers. However, the long composting period averaging three months has had adverse effect on adoption. The black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae (BSFL) feed voraciously and breaks down organic wastes fast. Addition of rice husk biochar (RHB) neutralises acidity and aerates the compost. Combined application of BSFL and RHB to feedstocks could therefore reduce composting period and improve compost quality.
MethodTwo studies were conducted with market crop waste (MCW) as feedstock. Firstly, feedstocks at two particle sizes (x < 5 mm and 5 mm < x >10 mm), with and without BSFL were evaluated to determine degradability, chemical content of the degraded residue and to select appropriate feedstock size ideal for composting. Secondly, the selected feedstocks size of between 5 mm and 10 mm were inoculated with or without BSFL and RHB of 0%, 5% 10% and 15% added. Composting trials were conducted in barrels inclined at 30o to facilitate drainage. Physicochemical and biological parameters of feedstock were monitored until maturity.
ResultsDegradability of MCW by BSFL was feedstock specific rather than feedstock size. Inoculation of BSFL and biochar addition reduced composting period from 76 to 45 days. Biochar addition at 15% increased P availability to 1882 mg kg-1 but reduced total N to 10.5 g kg-1. E coli levels decreased in the BSFL-biochar composts to acceptable limits.
ConclusionComposting MCW with BSFL and biochar reduced composting period and improved compost quality.
Keywords: Feedstock, Organic waste, Co-composting, Inoculation, Degradation