Agricultural Marketing and Commercialization Journal
Volume:5 Issue: 1, Winter and Spring 2021

Due to the appropriate geographical and historical conditions and has many tourist attractions in various historical, cultural, and natural fields, Ardabil province has not been able to transform its tourism industry in accordance with these capabilities and capacities of information and communication technology and provides a complete information base that can provide the information needed by each of the domestic and foreign tourists, such as physical infrastructure, climatic conditions of the region, suitable times for travel, etc. Therefore, using these perspectives in the development of the tourism industry in Ardabil province is of special importance and necessity. Accordingly, this study aims to evaluate the challenges, capabilities, and strategies for sustainable tourism development with an emphasis on the use of information and communication technology in Ardabil province. The type of applied research and its method is analytical and descriptive and the method of collecting information is library and documentary. The results of the SWOT model show that the historical, cultural, and natural background of Ardabil province with a final coefficient of 0.605 is the most important internal strength. The most important threat in the use of information and communication technology in the development of the tourism industry is related to the insufficient commitment of senior managers in the establishment of information and communication technology in the province. According to the respondents to the questionnaire, this threat point has the highest score among the threat points. This threat point with a final coefficient of 0.255 is ranked first in the threat points in the development of the tourism industry in Ardabil province based on information technology.

Interpretive structural modeling is a method for designing systems, especially accounting and management systems. This approach was first introduced by Warfield and has recently been frequently used by researchers in studies for modeling the relationships between variables. This approach makes it possible for the researcher to illustrate the complex relationships between the variables in a rather complex circumstance. It is now considered to be an important tool for organizing and directing the complexity of the relationships between variables. At first, this technique identifies the variables and then specifies the contextual relationships between the variables using the knowledge of experts and their experiences, and finally, it creates a multi-layered structural model. The present study is an applied research of the mixed type in terms of its purpose. In this study, the aforementioned technique was used to structure the factors explaining the causes of business failure (bankruptcy) of agricultural firms in the Tehran Stock Exchange. For this purpose, experts in this field (auditing-financial managers) in the agricultural firms accepted in Tehran Stock Exchange. In addition, 12 variables of audit report disclosures were identified as factors explaining the business failure. Then, the rate of effectiveness of these variables on one another in the model explaining business failure was coded using the initial access matrix. Finally, they were leveled using the final matrix. The results of interpretive structural modeling showed that the factors explaining business failure were modeled at six levels, with the type of auditing opinion at the highest level and had a greater impact on other factors. The highest degree of effectiveness was associated with other disclosures related to environmental-economic-regulatory factors which were at the lower levels. Therefore, it can be claimed that the disclosures associated with environmental-economic-regulatory factors explained the causes of business failure better than other audit variables.

Sustainable livelihood was introduced in the 1980s as a new approach to rural development to reduce and eradicate rural poverty. Achieving sustainable rural livelihoods is not possible without considering the rural livelihoods assets. Accordingly, the present study aimed to evaluate the impact of livelihood capital on the sustainable livelihood of members of cooperative companies in the rural cooperative project. The present study was an applied and survey research based on purpose and data collection method, respectively. The statistical population included 198 cooperatives managers covered by the cooperative rural project who were selected by proportional sampling. A structured and researcher-made questionnaire was used as a data collection tool. The content and face validity of the questionnaire were confirmed by a panel of experts. Research reliability was ensured using the pilot study and calculating the Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The regression analysis indicated that four social, natural, financial, and physical capitals had the most impact among the five livelihood capitals.

The present study aims to investigate and compare the status of knowledge management and intellectual capital in Islamic Azad and Payame Noor universities in Kerman province. The present study is based on descriptive assumptions and is a survey study in terms of method. The statistical population of the study includes all professors and faculty members of Payame Noor University and the Islamic Azad University of Kerman Branch. Sampling was by the stratified method. To analyze data, Statistical formulas of t and the mean difference of t and Levene's test were performed using SPSS software. To collect the required data, two researcher-made questionnaires were used. To determine the validity, the content validity method was used, so that the validity of the questionnaire of factors related to intellectual capital was 88% and the knowledge management questionnaire was 88% and to measure reliability using Cronbach's alpha, the reliability value for intellectual capital questionnaires was 96% and knowledge management was 95%. Findings from the t-test showed that there is no difference between knowledge management and intellectual capital in Islamic Azad and Payame Noor universities in Kerman province.

In the stock market, predicting the trend of price series is one of the most widely investigated and challenging problems for investors and researchers. Risk managers need to decide when to leave a portfolio unhedged to generate profit and when to hedge in order to control downside risk. There are multiple time scale features in financial time series due to different durations of impact factors and traders’ trading behaviors. While science and technology parks and towns and development centers have been established before 2002 in Iran and their number has been continually increased, there has been only a seminar presented by Tehran Securities and Exchange Organization, in Agricultural Bank, 2001, about venture capital in the country. Gradually, venture capital has been presented as a new mechanism for financing to entrepreneurs and a bill has been represented to the cabinet by Management and Planning Organization to define an annual definite budgetary in a general manner. The industry of venture capital has been under the attention of many organizations and science centers during recent years. The Institute of Elites’ technological development, on behalf of Centre for Innovation and Technology Cooperation, Presidency of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Management and Planning Organization of Iran, Industrial Development and Renovation Organization of Iran, Centre for New Industries of Iran. In this paper, we extend the field of expert systems, forecasting, and model by applying an Artificial Neural Network. ANN model is applied to forecast market volatility. The results show an overall improvement in forecasting using the neural network is compared to the linear regression method.

A group of activists and people claim that banks do not offer the bank interest rate approved by the Monetary and Credit Council in association with banking facilities. This has increased the complexity of the mechanism of providing facilities in the banks and has led to complaints. Such ambiguities are mainly rooted in how the interest rate of facilities is calculated in Iran's Islamic banking. Accordingly, the present study aimed to examine the determination of the interest rate of facilities in the country's Islamic banking. The present study was conducted using a descriptive method. Research findings showed that there were two different ways of determining the interest rate of banking facilities in Iran. One is the simple method and the other is the compound method. When the compound approach is taken, the return difference depends on the length of the contract, i.e. the maturity of installments. This means that unlike the simple method, in the compound method, when the contract period is longer, the return difference will be in favor of the bank.  

Dividend is one of the issues that has long been considered by financial researchers and continues to be one of the controversial issues in the field of financial management. The aim of this study was to model confirmatory factor analysis to investigate the effect of risk management on corporate dividends. For this reason, we have used some systematic risk components such as exchange rate risk, interest rate risk and financial risk to measure risk management. In order to investigate the dividend of companies, we have used the variables of earnings per share, dividends, earnings growth per share and dividend ratio. The research tool was a questionnaire whose reliability was confirmed based on the opinion of a group of faculty members and related experts and Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to determine the reliability of different departments (0.78-0.92). Data were analyzed using Lisrel8.8 software. To analyze the collected data, first, descriptive statistics describing the main variables and demographic characteristics are examined. Then inferential statistics are presented. In inferential statistics, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) with covariance-based approach was used by Lisrel8.8 software to assess the occasion of the measurement tool (questionnaire). Also, skolgi and elongation coefficients were used to investigate the type of data distribution. According to the type of questions raised in the questionnaire, an independent sample T-test was used to investigate the assumptions. The results of the hypothesis test indicate that risk management is directly related to corporate dividends.

This study generally aimed to study effective factors on lack of tendency of graduate students in the Pakdasht’s Shahid Bahonar College of Agriculture to employment and production in animal husbandry sector. This study was empirical from objective point of view and causal- correlative from data collection point of view and a survey study among descriptive studies. Population of the study includes all graduate students of Pakdasht’s Shahid Bahonar College of Agriculture (N=200). Given that sample size was small, census method was used and all population was selected as sample. To determine validity of the questionnaire recommendations of the experts and professionals, professors and consultant were used and validity of the study’s tool was determined as (86%) applying Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Questionnaire was used in this study to collect data. To access objectives and questions of the study descriptive statistics of frequency, mean, variance, standard deviation and inferential statistics of correlation coefficient test and multiple regression analysis were used. The results of this study indicated that the variables (lack of improvement in available job opportunities, lack of satisfaction from knowledge level during education, lack of supportive governmental policies in employment section, lack of specialized potentials of the students, lack of communication of the university with working centers and lack of interest to work in the jobs related to agriculture course) are significantly correlated with dependent variable of lack of tendency to work and produce in animal husbandry sector in graduate students. Lack of supportive governmental policies in employment and lack of specialized potentials of the students determines 41.6 %( coefficient of determination R2 = 0.416) fluctuations of dependent variable (lack of tendency of graduate to employment and production in animal husbandry sector) and other will be related to remaining variables.

The existence of various financial instruments in the securities market brings more motivation and participation of people in financing long-term economic activities. There are different ways to finance business activities that different organizations can use to finance them. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the role of sukuk and mortgage securities in financing Azad university projects. The statistical population is all employees in the field of headquarters, financial management, credit management, investment department, managers, and deputies of the Islamic Azad University, which in the time frame of the research in 2020 was conducted by a probabilistic method and was estimated at 145 people. In order to collect data, a questionnaire was used which confirmed the face validity of the case and 93.9% reliability, and was analyzed by SPSS and PLS software. According to the opinions of experts, the results of rank and importance about sukuk instruments and mortgages as well as the results of the structural model of sukuk have the highest direct effect and the futures contract has the lowest effect on the financing of Islamic Azad University development projects. The results of research hypotheses indicate the impact and significant role of Sukuk and mortgage instruments in the development projects of Islamic Azad University.

The paradigm shift in marketing science in recent years has highlighted the need for fundamental reform in this concept, these changes necessitate the need to rethink more about marketing. Therefore, one of the concepts proposed to achieve this important, is to provide a model for the concept of meaningful marketing. The purpose of this study is to identify the dimensions and components of meaningful marketing hierarchy. with a qualitative approach of several methods based on contextual-phenomenological theory and through in-depth interviews with researchers and professors in the fields of business management, sociology, psychology, ethics and philosophy, the dimensions and components of the meaningful marketing hierarchy are identified. Participants were selected through a purposive sampling process and the interviews were continued until theoretical saturation was reached and finally 27 interviews were conducted. For data analysis, principles related to contextual theory were used. The results of data coding led to the identification of three concepts that were classified into three categories. Accordingly, the dimensions of the meaningful marketing hierarchy are: achievement-oriented marketing, connection-oriented marketing, solution-oriented marketing. One of the four goals and responsibilities of marketing science is to improve the quality of life of individuals and because the dominant paradigms of this science do not meet the changing needs of today's human beings, attention to creating meaning in this concept can be examined. In this regard, the present study has identified the dimensions and components of the meaningful marketing hierarchy.

The study aims were to investigate the factors affecting the causes of the success of the social and economic performance of board members of rural cooperatives and production and agriculture in the Idmo city by the descriptive-correlation method. The statistical population of the study includes all rural cooperatives in this city (18 cooperatives with 86 CEOs). A questionnaire was used to collect information. The obtained results show that in four steps, the variables “economic factors, socio-cultural factors, managerial factors, personality factors” were entered into the equation, respectively. In total, the value of the multiple correlations coefficients (R) was equal to 0.708 and the coefficient of determination was equal to 0.501, which indicates that 50% of the changes of the dependent variable is explained by the changes of the named independent variables.

This study seeks to investigate all the direct and indirect effects of agricultural input subsidies on agricultural production using the computable general equilibrium method, the effect of agricultural input prices and subsidies on macroeconomic variables, food security, household welfare, and the environment. The results showed that the reform of subsidies in the agricultural sector by reducing agricultural production and rising prices, will reduce the final demand for agricultural products, especially basic products for households, and therefore will endanger food security. The findings also indicate that by applying the desired scenarios, the production of fisheries sectors decreases more than other production sectors. The reduction of subsidies paid to the agricultural sector also leads to a decrease in the welfare of urban and rural consumers Is. In addition, reducing subsidies in the agricultural sector in the future will lead to a reduction in environmental pollution. Due to the low income of farmers, if subsidies are reduced in this sector, producers will not be able to change technology, and therefore with increasing production costs, production in the agricultural sector has decreased more sharply than other sectors, and in this regard support the agricultural sector, is necessary. In addition, it is suggested that the subsidy be reduced gradually, along with the payment of cash subsidies to farmers, especially villagers.