نشریه پژوهش های روابط بین الملل
سال یازدهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 40، بهار 1400)

Perspectives and Challenges of Indian Soft Power in the Light of Democracy and Economic Development Khosrow Dehghani1, Mohammad Ali Basirii2 , Enayat Allah Yazdani3 1. Ph.D. Student, International Relations, University of Isfahan,Iran, Email: khosrodehghani@yahoo.com 2. Associate Professor of International Relations at Isfahan University, Iran, Email: basiri@ase.ui.ac.ir 3. Associate Professor of International Relations at Isfahan University,Iran, Email: eyazdan@ase.ui.ac.ir The importance of soft power as an inevitable complement to hard power has been the focus of attention in recent decades in all countries, especially the great and emerging powers. India stands out among emerging powers with unique political values such as Mahatma Gandhi's spiritual heritage, a relatively dynamic civil society, the title of the world's largest democracy, rapid economic development and enormous cultural diversity. Despite India's access to these resources, China is currently the most serious alternative to the Western development model, despite lacking a democratic system. Reviewing the above propositions, the question arises that what bottlenecks and problems has India faced in maximizing the use of its soft power resources? In answer to this question, the paper hypothesizes that India realized soft power more late than its rivals, and that challenges such as poor governance, relative inefficiency of public services, poverty, corruption, and lack of Primary infrastructure has prevented the maximization of India's soft power. The method used in this article is descriptive-analytical and library, documentary and internet resources tools have been used to collect data.

Europe has witnessed a brilliant era after the second World War; an era which is characterized with peace, development and changes in the state function. Today, Europe has reached to a level of peace and integration that other regions of the world see this region as a pattern and typical example, and try to benefit from the EU experiences. Hence, investigation of this experience can be an effective step in exploring the pattern of peace building in regional level with the promise that the world witness more peaceful regions around the world which can pave the way for living in a more peaceful world. This article using descriptive-analytic method discussed three issues: first: war, and its negative consequences, threat, the necessity of security, the role of peace in development and ideas are among the most important factors in the causes of the establishment of peace in EU region; second: the process of peace establishment in EU region has followed the following stages: the formation of peace idea; flourish of peace idea; intention to build peace and establishment of peace; flourish of settled peace and keep and dynamize peace; third: European peace is the result of regional integration which is caused new regional identity and regional security complex to be formed.

In one of the bloodiest events in the Middle East, Syria and the region have been embroiled in a severe crisis since 2011.In the meantime, each of the regional actors or supra-regional powers in accordance with their weight and position, as well as in proportion to their interests and considerations In this crisis, they have intervened, created a role, or at least declared a position, But Israel, as a regional actor and an occupying neighbor for Syria, has not reacted clearly in a dusty atmosphere And it has refused to play a direct role in this crisis. This article seeks to examine Israel's political and security strategy in the face of the Syrian crisis, Identify the reasons and factors influencing this policy and study the strategies and tactics adopted by this regime. To examine this issue, the theory of defensive realism has been considered as a theoretical framework And used explanatory-analytical method to test the hypothesis And Taking notes, library and Internet documents and resources, and existing correspondence, this hypothesis has been proven that By employing strategic rationality, Israel's strategy is a Expectations, good neighborly policies, changing land occupation tactics to expand buffer zones, Unwritten coalition against Iran, And a limited and local response to the violation of its red lines in order to maintain the security of its citizens and its national interests.

The term ‘special relationship’ is used to describe the United Kingdom–United States relations and their extensive economic, military, and diplomatic cooperation since World War II. The nationalization of the Iranian oil industry is one of the first, and the JCPOA nuclear deal is one of the most important issues Britain and the United States have faced since establishing the special relationship; events that can be studied for a deeper understanding of this phenomenon. In this regard, the central question of the present study was how the United Kingdom and the United States have sought to maintain and boost the special relationship, even in a situation of conflict of interest. In response to this question, and using the documentary method and studying the two strategic allies’ relations during the nationalization of Iranian oil and the JCPOA in the theoretical framework of the alliance theory, the main hypothesis was that the United States' support for British anti-Iranian policies during the nationalization of Iranian oil, and reciprocally, lack of serious British opposition to the United States’ withdrawal from the JCPOA, showed that there is nothing more special and important than a special relationship in both the British and American foreign policies.

Terrorism Is A Purposeful And Intentional Decision That Is Used By Some Of People And Government To Spread Of Especial Violence To Advance Their Political Goals. This Goals Includes Ideological, Religious, Socials, Economical and Nationalistic Goals. This study analysis the political and psychological roots of terrorists behavior and try to explain the Mental and spiritual process of people and groups in order to understand what made them to do violence. In this way, we study subjects such as terrorism psychology including Inclination to the fame, power, revenge, social situations and philosophical roots of committing terrorist behaviors. Method of this research descriptive and analytical method. Findings of research show that real environment is observable by cultural strainer, theories structure, past experiences and technics. Different cultures have environmental different perception. It is clear that in all cultures, environmental perception has fundamental role in personal decision. In this situation, when someone use religious spurious perception (understand), it erases any distinction among the civil and militaries, innocent or sinner in the minds of terrorists of religious motives. In the mind of many terrorists with religious spurious motives, anyone is not co-religious and co-believe to terrorists is supposed terrorist and deserve death.

Incentives in conclusion of International treaties in light of International Political Economy (From Westphalia to now) After the Thirty Years' War in Europe, International treaties were concluded mainly with economic approaches and with the aim of gaining economic benefits. Post-Westphalian treaties, including Treaty of Utrecht, French -US Amity &Trade Agreement, Treaties between Vienna Congress and World War I and Treaty of Versailles are economically motivated treaties those concluded with economic motives. After World War II, financial, monetary, economic, and trade treaties for economic purposes led to the establishment of powerful international organizations that are still present in the international community and become basis for other Treaties. This article, with a descriptive-analytical approach and with a historical perspective and considering the main schools of international political economy, seeks to prove the hypothesis that economic motivation has been the main basis for concluding international treaties in the past and present. 

The waves of the industrial revolution always influence the formation of world economy and politics. The changes of production and economic goods in the era of the third wave of the industrial revolution has led to the emergence of network society, virtual reality and information economy. The information economy has intensified the economic divide of Third World countries. The third wave of the technological revolution has caused the formation of new political and economic contradictions and the emergence of signs of abstract justice in the political world. In each era, a particular form of economic justice comes to the attention of actors and theorists. The second wave of the Industrial Revolution led to the emergence of socialist ideas in Europe. Whenever new waves of technological revolution arise, not only class divisions but also signs of strategic contradictions between countries emerge. The third wave has resulted in changes in status and how economic capabilities are distributed, leading to more inequality in countries and created new conflicts. The main question of the article is: "What effect has the third wave of the technological revolution had on the equation of justice and security in world politics?" The paper hypothesizes that "the third wave of the technological revolution has led to the spread of economic inequality, the emergence of neomercantilist security formations, and the idea of abstract justice." Manuel Castells' "Network Society and Information Economy Approach" is used to explain the article. The methodologies of "data analysis" and "content analysis" are also utilized.

Due to cultural, economic, political, and social development of international relationships between the countries around the world, and increased need of human societies for more and more enjoyment of natural resources in developing economic infrastructures, a new threat to the survival of human benefits has emerged which generated a need for a new approach to the promotion of national security concept from having a mere military dimension to have also an environmental dimension. For the same reason, first we need to explain the transition from national security concept to environmental security concept and through the process assess the realization of human security concept. Therefore, while studying human security concept, the present research which was carried out by inductive reasoning and library studies, reviewed the role of assessing environmental consequences of realization of a sustainable human security and, how to approach to climate changes. Also, it was determined that the recognition of precautionary principle in international environmental law could play a significant role in guaranteeing human security.

The existence of water crisis in our country is a fact and various domestic and foreign sources and authorities, while proving the problem, are trying to provide solutions to get out of this problem. Drying of lakes, rivers and wetlands, declining groundwater levels, land subsidence, water quality degradation, soil erosion, desertification and dust storms are objective manifestations of the water crisis in Iran. In the meantime, the attitude of the legislators to solve the water crisis has led to the adoption of laws such as the Law on Conservation and Protection of Groundwater Resources, the Law on Water and its Nationalization, the Law on Fair Distribution of Water; However, in general, they have not been able to reduce or eliminate the water crisis, and the situation is as in the past, but even more intense. In the meantime, the present study uses a descriptive method and library resources with a view to the perspective of political economy, with a simple approach to issues such as policy-making, institutionalism as a model for discovering the inefficiencies of laws. The past and the redefinition of the relationship between the institutions involved in water management through the enactment of a new law and the presentation of proposals in line with national interests will reduce the water crisis in Iran.

Iran-US relations, which before the Revolution of 1979 were considered strategic allies in the region, have always faced various challenges over the past four decades, and today they have become fierce enemies. Ideological conflicts, the question of Palestine, completely different rivalries and regional policies, and the escalation of these differences into proxy wars, have pitted the two countries against each other in a dangerous way. However, despite the deep differences, some of which were mentioned, at certain times, we have seen a reduction in tensions or limited cooperation between the two countries on some regional issues. The author believes that part of the reason for the fluctuations in reducing or increasing tensions in relations between the two countries should be sought in the process of perception and misperception of leaders and decision makers. A process whose place of study is in the field of political psychology. Based on Robert Jarvis' cognitive theory, this article seeks to answer the question of the different personalities and patterns of behavior of the heads of the above governments by assuming the radical and aggressive positions of the Ahmadinejad government and comparing it with the peaceful policies of the Khatami and Rouhani governments in foreign policy. To what extent has it led to perceptions and misperception in the relations between the two countries and what have been the effects and consequences?