فصلنامه نظریه های کاربردی اقتصاد
سال هشتم شماره 1 (پیاپی 28، بهار 1400)

This study summarizes the views of North and other cognitive economists in order to prove the claim that the existence of certain beliefs in the leaders and elites of society has an impact on the formation of efficient institutions and institutional change. First, by discussing the two groups of "ideological entrepreneurs" and "economic and political entrepreneurs", the impact of the individual on institutional change is discussed, and the next step is to discuss the beliefs that create this ability in an individual, so that in one or Several institutions, make changes, have been addressed. In this context, North mentions only generalities of the characteristics of such beliefs; therefore, by examining the opinions of other economists who have researched and theorized about the beliefs of these people, the belief in self-efficacy has been recognized as an effective belief in leaders and elites who can bring about positive institutional change. Finally, by the method of inductive qualitative content analysis, and based on the text of interviews with people who have been introduced by experts as effective people in the formation of successful economic institutions, a positive relationship has been observed between their impact on economic institutions and their self-efficacy

This paper aiming to accurately estimate the dynamic measures of trades stemming from information asymmetry and diverse opinions among investors. For this purpose, we estimated the daily measures of probability of informed trading (PIN) and symmetric-order flow shock (PSOS) 32 Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE) stocks belonging to 11 industries of TSE during the period from 2015 to 2018. PIN is an indicator of asymmetric information risk and PSOS indicating diverse opinions among investors whose variations and intensity play an important role in price formation and stock liquidity. Results indicate that the minimum and maximum values of PIN and PSOS indices are significantly different from their annual and four-year average. Accordingly, information risk varies remarkably along time and there is a substantial need to use dynamic models to study this risk. In most stocks that have higher market value experience less risks of asymmetric information and diverse opinions shocks than other stocks. Entirely, it appears that the average and the maximum of information risk and diverse opinions shocks at TSE are higher than in developed markets. Also, exchange rate shock in 2018 in Iran considerably increased diverse opinions on petrochemical and metal industries.

Banks play a very important role in the payment system, monetary policy, transaction cost reduction, risk management, as well as in the process of transition to a market economy. Given the importance of banks in the economy, it is essential to pay attention to their performance and improve their returns. One of the factors that affects the return of the banks is the decisions related to the diversification of the bank's services and activities. Diversifying banking services brings benefits on the one hand and costs on the other. Therefore, it is very important to study the effects of diversification on bank’s return. In this paper, in order to investigate the economies of diversification of bank loans on bank's return criterion, the nonlinear cost function related to selected Iranian banks and quasi-diversification economies of bank loans in the form of four different scenarios - including bank focus On civil partnership loans, Mudaraba loans, Jualah loans and other bank loans- it has been studied during the period 2006-2017. Also, using the censored regression model (Tobit model), the impact of quasi-diversification economies of loans on the bank's return criterion has been evaluated. The results show that in different scenarios, quasi-diversification economies in bank loans have a different effect on the bank's rate of return. If banks focus on loans based on civil participation, Mudaraba and other loans, diversification will increase the return of the banks. On the other hand, if the banks focus on Jualah loans, diversifying bank loans will reduce return.

In the present study, the aim is to investigate the effect of monetary and financial shocks on the real sector of Iran's economy under two different scenarios. For this purpose, in the framework of DSGE model, after optimizing and extracting the conditions of the first order, the linear-logarithmic shape of the equations has been obtained and the model has been simulated. The results indicate that the fluctuations of the variables under both simulated scenarios are consistent with the theoretical foundations of the economy, which shows the high accuracy of the model in fitting the Iranian economy. On the other hand, the instantaneous reaction functions of the variables show that the assumption of discussing the observance of bank resources and expenditures in the first scenario has significantly reduced the range of economic fluctuations (business cycles) and under this scenario the economy after facing shock. The outsiders are back in balance faster.

One of the issues raised about crises is dating them. If the date of crises are determined, future problems can be reduced by adopting appropriate policies. Banking crises are not an exception to this rule as one types of financial crises. Hence, in the present study, the dates of the banking crisis were determined by calculating the modified money market pressure index for low middle-income and high middle-income countries over the period of 1980-2019. Then, obtained dates were compared with dates of Laeven and Valencia (2020) by calculating the Kappa coefficient. The results of this comparison show a matching of about 10 percent for low middle-income countries and about 30 percent for high middle-income countries between crisis dates of the present study and the study of Laeven and Valencia (2020). Also, the investigation of inflation and real GDP growth for the studied countries showed that inflation is a suitable leading indicator for early warning of banking crisis. The decline in real GDP growth in the post-crisis years was also cited as one of the problems of the banking crisis.

Economic integration theories usually emphasize the interdependence of countries in the trade. However, due to the dependence of developing countries on economic relations with other regions, review the WTN system as a complex network seem necessary.Network analysis can show the status of countries in the international trade network.This paper exploits recently-developed indicators based on network analysis to investigatethe pattern of international trade pattern followed by Iran and its western Asian partner.The results of this study showed that west Asian countries, have had a greater increase in the number (and volume), of trade partners. Based on the centrality, it was found that only Emirates has been at the core of global trade network. Kuwait is in the inner-periphery and other countries andIran have also taken place outside of the global trade network.

This study uses an innovative questionnaire to investigate the effect of mental poverty on the performance of human resources in an Iranian sample. Evidence from behavioural economics shows that mental poverty defined as reduced cognitive capacity due to scarcity and financial worries affect individuals’ performance. The innovative questionnaire that has been distributed and completed among the same people at the beginning and end of a given month has made it possible to exogenously impose mental poverty through time. It is assumed that workers are more likely to suffer from mental poverty at the end of the month when most of their income is consumed. Therefore, they are expected to have lower cognitive performance at the end of a given month. Data on individuals' performance in IQ tests, Frederick cognitive test and simple math questions is collected through the questionnaire. The questionnaire is distributed among 161 selected government employees in two rounds; once at the beginning of a given month and once at the end of the same month. The findings indicate that there is a negative and significant relation between mental poverty and labour performance in IQ tests.

In the present study, a nonlinear analysis of the relationship between macroeconomic variables and monetary policy with the Menu Cost and Mankiw Model in the Iranian economy using the time-regression vector variable coefficient (TVP-VAR) based on the frequency of quarterly data during the period 1368- 1397 was paid. According to the estimation results; it was found that there was a non-linear correlation between macroeconomic variables such as inflation, oil prices and GDP with the monetary policy index. The results show that the impact of oil price shocks on GDP is positive, which can be attributed to the increase in capital goods due to increased oil revenues, which has led to an increase in production in the short run. The effect of oil price shock on inflation has a negative effect on the third period due to the reaction function, which can be attributed to the increase in imports of goods due to increased oil revenues, which disappears from the third period onwards. The effect of monetary shocks on GDP can also be considered positive in a very short period of time, but as the corresponding reaction function shows, it has no effect on production in the long run. The effect of monetary shocks on inflation is also positive, so the assumption of inflation monetary relationship is not rejected.

According to endogenous growth models, entrepreneurship plays a key role in determining the dynamics of economic growth and the level of welfare of countries. More specifically, these models notes that human capital and technological spillover will lead to economic growth. The aim of this paper is to examines the effect of entrepreneurial activity on economic in MENA countries. Following endogenous growth model and Barrow studies (2003), I use the logarithmic form of Cobb Douglas production function and self-employment data of the World Bank as an entrepreneurial variable of MENA countries in the time period 2018-1991.  The results of fixed effects panel regression show that the adjusted level of entrepreneurship of human capital, which includes the variable of product of self-employment and average years of education has a positive and significant effect on economic growth. Employment also has a negative effect and forces people to be self-employed, Thus the economic growth will lead to policies to encourage entrepreneurship and support new technologies by increasing the level of education of entrepreneurs.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of increasing government current and development expenditures on output and inflation in the Iranian economy, taking into account the financing of each of these expenditures. To achieve this goal, a DSGE model was designed and calibrated based on seasonal data over the period 1990-2018. Examining the dynamics of the model shows that the increase in current expenditures causes inflation and decreases production, but as the share of bonds in financing these expenditures increases, the severity of its inflationary recession decreases. Moreover, an increase in development expenditures generate inflation and boost production, but as the share of borrowing from central bank increases, inflationary pressures will increase and production will decrease.. Overall, the results confirm that, compared to the government consumption spending, government development expenditures have lower inflationary effects, along with production growth. Also, increasing the share of bonds in financing government spending will reduce fluctuations in inflation and improve production conditions, or in other words, will lead to non-inflationary growth in the real sector of the economy.