نشریه اکوبیولوژی تالاب
سال سیزدهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 47، بهار 1400)

The objective of this paper was determining population and species diversity of water birds and waders in Gandoman wetland during one year from mid-September 2017 to mid-September 2018 using SDR-IV software. Result showed from 70 identified birds, 28 species were waterfowl and 42 species were waders. The largest population was belong to Fulica atra. Anatidae with 33.19 percent frequency was the largest family and Burhinidae with 0.003 percent was the smallest family. Winter had largest bird counting (14413 birds) and summer had the lowest bird counting (4039). Results obtained using biodiversity index showed that spring had the biggest diversity in terms of Shanon-Winer (2.97), Simpson (10.71) and Margalf (6.69) diversity and biggest evenness (0.92) in terms of Smith & Wilson. The largest species richness was found in spring (60 species) and the lowest one was found in summer (40 species). The largest bird frequency (bird number) was belong to waterfowl (81.57 %) and the lowest frequency was belong to waders (18.43). In contrast, the largest number of species (60 percent) was belong to waders and the lowest one was belong to waterfowl (40 percent). The results showed that Gandoman wetland had the highest numerical values of richness and evenness of water birds and waders in spring, and this indicated the quality and desirability of the wetland in spring compared to other seasons.

Phytoplankton is one of the main components of wetlands, which plays a vital role in providing nutrients, oxygen for other organisms, stabilizing nitrogen and carbon dioxide. In the meantime, the current status of Lake Urmia highlights the need to conserve and protect wetlands related to these ecosystems and their living and non-living components. Therefore, this study was conducted to assist in the restoration of Lake Urmia by monitoring the hydrobiological status of Solduz wetland. Field surveys and sampling of Solduz Wetland were carried out from 6 stations in summer and winter of 2016. Sampling was performed using a vertical rotor with a diameter of 10 cm. The effects of physicochemical factors and temporal variations on the diversity, abundance and biological characteristics of phytoplankton in the ecosystem were investigated. In total, 49 phytoplankton species were identified from the Solduz wetland: 17 species belonging to green algae, 16 species belonging to diatoms and 9 species belonging to cyanobacteria and some others species. The results of this study showed the presence/absence of the mentioned algae may be caused by changes in the physicochemical especially temperature, nitrate, phosphate, pH and electrical conductivity which occur naturally in different seasons. So that the population density index and biodiversity indices such as species richness, species diversity and dominance was observed in the warm season more than the cold season. The results of this study can assist executive managers in Urmia Lake monitoring plans for better management and utilization of related wetlands of Lake Urmia.

Wetlands ecosystem is regarded as one of nature and tourism aspects. These ecosystems are of special ecological properties and unique biodiversity due to specific climate and ground conditions. Gandoman wetland is one of important wetlands and rich ecosystems in Chahar-mahal and Bakhtiari. Not considering the wetland environmental conditions has caused some problems and challenges. One of problems can be mentioned as entering the agricultural wastewater into the wetland leading to the heavy metal contamination. Sediments are important as the most basic absorbent of contaminants. Thus, the current study has been conducted to measure such heavy metals as lead, cadmium, copper and zinc within sediments of wetland entrance and exit. 24 sediment samples have been taken from the entrance of Gavkosh and Ghale-Armani and exit of Ashkoft-Zoleikha in summer and fall in 2018. After specifying the amounts of elements in the sediments, in order to determine the contamination intensity, Muller Geoaccumulation Index was used and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Interim Sediment Quality Guidelines (ISQGs) and Ontario Ministry of Environment Screening Level Guidelines (Canada environment standard) were applied to assess the limit of element contamination. Results of Muller Geoaccumulation Index indicated that the wetland sediments are in the moderate-high range of Cadmium but lead, copper and zinc are in the non-contaminated level. Results of sediment elements’ mean comparisons indicated two indices of ISQGs and Canada environment standard showed the amount of Cadmium higher than the specified limit but other elements are not contaminated. Results of t-test confirmed the results of sediment quality standards indices.

Wetland ecotourism is one of the main branches of the tourism industry that can play an important role in revitalizing villages, creating jobs and increasing income for villagers, protecting natural, historical and cultural heritage. Accordingly, the present study was conducted from 2018 to 2019 to identify the components affecting the local communities’ participation to develop the ecotourism in International Kani Barazan Wetland of Mahabad. The statistical population was the local communities of the villages around Kani Barazan wetland in Mahabad. They were 130 people that 97 of them were selected randomly with probability proportionate using the table of Krejcie and Morgan. The required data were collected via questionnaire. The face validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by a panel of experts. The Cronbachchr('39')s alpha coefficient was used to determine its reliability. The Cronbachchr('39')s alpha value for each section of the questionnaire was higher than 7.7. SPSS software was used to analyze the data. Data analysis was performed in both descriptive and inferential sections. In the descriptive section, the demographic characteristics of the studied individuals such as age, gender, education, etc. were studied. In the analytical section, mean comparison methods, t-test and multiple regression analysis were used. Based on the obtained results there was a significant difference (0.1) between men and women in terms of participation in tourism activities. Also, Findings from multiple regression analysis showed that variables such as local norms and culture, access to capital and efficient management, the most important components affecting the participation of local communities in the tourism industry development in international Kani Barazan wetland. Therefore, in formulating comprehensive plans for wetland management, such as the comprehensive tourism plan, these components should always have a special priority.

The study of body length and weight, maturity age, sex ratio, egg diameter, fecundity and spawning season of common carp has been done and the main aim was help to its population rebuilding. 1023 specimens were caught in Anzali wetland monthly from October 2015 until March 2017. There was used sexual maturity stages 3-7 for determining adults and, Gonado-somatic index and sexual maturity stages for determining spapwning season. The results showed body weight 54.3-2264 (687.6±337.3) g in adult males (n=333) and 226.1-5483 (856.7±543.2) g in adult females (n=367) with significant difference between them (U=49999, P<0.01).Total length was measured 161-571 (369.3±63.1) mm in adult males and 260-761 (391.3±72.2) mm in adult females with significant difference between them (U=52040, P<0.01). Length maturity in 50% females was calculated 352 mm (TL). Adult males and females had 3-10 and 3-12 years old respectively, thus maturity in both sexes took place in 3 years old. Adult males number was 1.58 times than adult females in running ripe to newly fully spent individuals in spawning season (spring and summer) and it differed from standard value (X^2=10.8, P<0.01). There were 3 different batches of eggs (large, medium and small) in adult female ovaries, at least. The averages of absolute and relative batch fecundity (only large eggs) were estimated 170977.6±176651.3 eggs and 132400±62400 eggs per one kilogram of female body weight, respectively. Common carps spawned from late March until October in Anzali wetland in a water temperature of 13-27 °c. This study showed common carp individuals select only multiple batch spawning model per a spawning period, which according with more spawning months and fecundity than other southern Caspian Sea basin.

Phenolic compounds, such as phenol, are found to be significant in agricultural and industrial wastewater, especially in petroleum and petrochemical industries. Since these industries make up a large share of foreign exchange earnings, we have ignored from the huge contamination of them. we produces a large amount of wastewater from these industries and dispossessed them without proper purification processes into rivers, ponds and seas. and cause Infect the environment. for example, the disposal of agricultural wastewater in Shadegan pond, such as the sugar cane development effluent, which it contains a wide range from phenolic compounds, including phenol, that it caused increase in phenol concentration up to 0.01-0.05μg/lit. due to the adverse effects on animals reproduction, it has reduced the populations of animal’s species in this pond. These contaminants enter to the human body through entering in the food cycle of aquatics. These compounds are highly resistant and cannot be purified through conventional processes, and they are causing severe pollution in surface waters and underground waters. According to the shortage of these resources in our country, preservation of these resources is the great importance. Therefore, it is important to study of the new Purification methods that can remove these pollutants from wastewater. Among the new methods, photocatalytic removal by the semiconductors sensitized with natural pigments has been considered due to high economic efficiency. In this study which began in 1395, the first investigated the sensitization of titanium dioxide with natural pigments, and then we described how to deposition layers of them on aluminum substrates that prevent from wasting of them, which they are models for future filters. After that, the optimal values for the four parameters that have the greatest effect on the reaction in the aqueous medium are calculated: the optimal concentration of pollutant is 20 ppm, the optimal concentration of adsorbent is 0.02 ppm, the optimal time is 120 min and the optimal pH is 3. and finally, we investigate the removal efficiency of phenol by the thin layer from nanoparticles of titanium dioxide sensitized with natural pigments in optimal conditions. These filters can remove other organic compounds such as hydrazine, Carbon Tetrachloride, ….

Lake of the Martyrs of the Persian Gulf (also known as the Chitgar Lake) is located in the north-western of Tehran. The construction of this artificial lake was done by Tehran Municipality was filled water of the Kan River in 2012. TN, TP, SD and Chl-a was used to determine trophic levels. Water sampling was performed by Rotner sampler and the water quality was investigated on 5 stations site during 2013-2019. Standard methods were used for Analysis of water parameters. To determine the difference between mean of the studied parameters, the One-way ANOVA variance analysis test and Duncan mean pair test was used, and the confidence level was 95%. Based on the study, the results indicated that during 2013-2019 the mean yearly EC was 432±65 µs/cm, pH was 7.79±0.45 and SD was 3.7±0.9 meter. The mean yearly of dissolve oxygen, total phosphorous, total nitrogen, respectively, were 8.3±1.4, 0.041±0.015, 2.828±1.342 as mg/l and chlorophyll-α was 5.2±2.7 µg/l. During the months under study, the water temperature varied between 5.8±0.4 to 28.9±0.2 as °C. The ratio of total nitrogen to total phosphorus was more than 30 which indicated phosphorus is limiting factor in the lake Eutrophication. Based on multivariate evaluation method, during 2013-2019 mean of TSI was 40.6±6.3 with range of 29-50. In the early years, TSI was oltraoligotrogh and during 2016-2017 the eutrophication state close to the mesotrophic state and then it has almost returned to its original level during the downward trend after the summer of 2018. Introducing fishes and refinery performance are two main factors that have contributed to the declining level of eutrophication in the lake.

Periphyton communities serve as vital component of stream ecosystems and they are the principal primary producers of the aquatic river ecosystems. Periphyton is useful as biological indicator of water pollution. Taxonomic diversity and abundance of periphyton depends on a range of factors like; temperature, disolved oxygen and nutrient availability. Yet, no study has been conducted on physicochemical parameters and periphyton composition of the headwater of the Beheshtabad River. Therefore, the present study aims to determine the influence of physicochemical parameters on periphyton composition of the Beheshtabad headwater stream ecosystem, which is prone to anthropogenic pressures. Sampling will be conducted monthly from seven stations along the reservoir. A monthly investigation was carrird out at seven sites over the period October 2015 to September 2016. Accordingly, density of periphyton communities was lowest in winter, with highest production was in summer. Considering the density of periphyton communities along with the dominance of the genus diatoms, the genus Naviculla showed the highest distribution, so that it was present at all stations and in all stages of sampling and constituted the dominant density.