International Journal of Behavioral Sciences
Volume:15 Issue: 1, Spring 2021

Women's happiness represents a vital role in the performance and health of the family. The present study aimed to investigate the mediating role of difficulties in cognitive emotion regulation in the relationship between interpersonal forgiveness and social intelligence with happiness in female-headed households.

The study was a cross-sectional study that included 261 female-headed households, which were selected by the convenience sampling method. The research instrument included the Oxford Happiness Inventory (OHI), Tromsø Social Intelligence Scale (TSIS), Interpersonal Forgiveness Measurement Questionnaire (IFMQ) and Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS). Analysis of the data involved both descriptive and inferential statistics including mean, standard deviation, Pearson's correlation, and path analysis.

A significant, direct, and positive relationship was observed between social intelligence and happiness. The relationship between difficulties in cognitive emotion regulation with happiness was significant, direct, and negative. There was no direct and significant relationship between interpersonal forgiveness and happiness. Difficulties in cognitive emotion regulation had a mediating role in the relationship between social intelligence and interpersonal forgiveness with happiness.

The results of this study indicated the importance of the mediating role of difficulties in cognitive emotion regulation in the relationship between social intelligence, interpersonal forgiveness, and happiness.

This study aimed to investigate the mediating role of parenting stress in the link between mothers' perfectionism and behavioral problems in preschool children.

In this study, all mothers of preschool children aged four to six years old in Tehran were considered as the statistical population with a sample size of 289 participants (M= 33.39, SD= 4.51), who were selected via multistage cluster sampling method from nurseries of the east, west, south, north and center of Tehran. In order to collect data, all participants were asked to complete Achenbach Child Behavior Check List (CBCL), Tehran Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (TMPS) and Abidin Parenting Stress Index (PSI).

The results showed that there was no significant relationship between mothers' perfectionism and behavioral problems in preschool children. The results of path analysis indicated that parenting stress played a mediating role in the relationship between mothers’ perfectionism and children’s behavioral problems.

Overall, the results of this study suggest that the relationship between mothers’ perfectionism and children’s behavioral problems is not a simple relationship and parenting stress may have a mediating role in this relationship.

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a disease possibly leading to increased interference and difficulty in verbal and visual working memory. The present research attempted to investigate whether Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) would affect interference as well as the verbal and visual working memory of MS patients.

This study was a quasi-experimental research with a pretest-posttest and a control group. The statistical population included all the MS patients referring to Ahvaz MS Society in 2019 A total of 30 patients were selected through purposive sampling and were randomly divided into experimental and control groups (each containing 15 individuals). The subjects were then examined using the Stroop Test and Wechsler Memory Scale-III. The data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance.

The results showed a significant difference between the two groups in terms of interference (F= 7.48, P≤ 0.01), verbal working memory (F= 24.69, P≤ 0.001), and visual working memory (F= 22.82, P≤ 0.001).

This study highlighted how effective ACT was on interference and working memory of MS patients. Thus, clinical MS specialists can use this treatment for their patients to optimize care.

Abstract

The present study aimed to investigate the role of affective family atmosphere, school atmosphere, and perceived social support on predicting aggressive behavior and addiction readiness in students.
The research method was descriptive-correlational with a structural equation modeling. The statistical population consisted of all second grade high school students in Tehran studying during the academic year 2017-2018. A total number of 485 samples were selected randomly by multi-stage cluster sampling method. The data analysis was conducted by EMOS software ver.24 and SPSS ver.25.
Full effect of affective family atmosphere on aggressive behavior was significant and this readiness had a direct and significant effect on addiction readiness. Investigations of school atmosphere on addiction readiness and aggressive behavior showed a complete and significant direct effect between these variables. Also, the direct effect of perceived social support on aggressive behavior showed to be complete and insignificant. There was no direct and complete direct effect of perceived social support on addiction readiness.

Based on the findings of this study, affective family atmosphere and school atmosphere can predict aggressive behavior and addiction readiness among students

Abstract

The current research was conducted to examine emotion dysregulation, distress tolerance, and self-compassion in people with and without borderline personality disorder symptoms.
A causal- comparative design was used to carry out this study.  The participants included 343 students from the Islamic Azad University of Rasht who were selected through a relative stratified sampling method. The research tools included the Schizotypal Trait Questionnaire-B Scale (STB), the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), the Self-Compassion Scale (SCS), and the Distress Tolerance Scale (DTS).   The MONOVA and an ANOVA test were used to analyze the data.
The results showed that people with borderline personality disorder symptoms had more difficulty regulating their emotions and tolerating distress compared to people without borderline personality disorder symptoms. As regards to the SCS, people with borderline personality disorder symptoms scored lower on components of self-compassion, sense of humanity and mindfulness, but they scored higher on the self-judgment component. There were no significant differences between the two groups on the isolation and the over-identification components.
According to the findings, it can be stated that people with borderline personality disorder symptoms have problems tolerating distress and regulating their emotions. They also do not show self-compassion, compared to people without borderline personality disorder symptoms.

Substance Abuse is a serious threat to societies which cannot be cured without considering the related factors.
This study was a structural modeling of stress and substance abuse with the mediating role of meaning in life and experiential avoidance. The statistical population was all studying students at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad in 2019. In this study, 387 students were chosen using multi-stage random cluster sampling. The participants filled out a demographic information form, Substance Abuse and Mental Illness Symptoms Screener (SAMISS), Student Stress Survey (SSS), Multidimensional Experiential Avoidance Questionnaire (MEAQ), and Meaning Life Questionnaire (MLQ). The collected data were analyzed by SPSS-23 and AMOS-23.
The total effect model analysis revealed that stress is directly and positively correlated with substance abuse. Also, the analysis of mediation effect model revealed that experiential avoidance positively and partially mediates the relationship between stress and substance abuse.  Meaning in life negatively and partially mediates the relationship between stress and substance abuse. The P-value was smaller than 0.05 in both analysis.
The current study supported theories that widen the scope with regard to the conceptualization of substance abuse, and identify the meaning in life and experiential avoidance as particularly relevant factors to consider when treating substance abuse.

Students face different challenges during their studies, among which dropping out of universities is one of the most complex of these challenges. The psychological status of students after leaving their university has received less attention in the field of educational psychology studies. The purpose of this study was to analyze the lived experiences of this group of students after leaving university.

In the present qualitative study, 15 students with a dropout experience were recruited throughout a purposive sampling. The experiences of participants were categorized into different groups based on the content of the interviews in thematic analysis. To gather the data, depth interviews was employed by using online video call, and the data was analyzed through a content analysis method.

The conventional content analysis revealed a main theme: helplessness. Accordingly, data analysis led to the formation of two categories: 1-unbelonging with three subcategories:( rejection by people in one's life, loneliness, lack of dignity among peers) and; 2-negative emotions with four subcategories: (shame and guilt, depression and sadness, inferiority feeling, hopelessness towards future).

It seems that the students in Iran with a dropout situation face unpleasant psychological experiences. The results could clarify emotional dimensions of facing with stressful situation in academic context. One practical implication of the present study is the necessity of constructing psychological ‎interventions for dropout student in the Iranian society in order to facilitate proper interventions to support these individuals and improve their psychological health

This study investigated the role of attachment, family cohesion, and adaptability in the formation of resilience in students.

In this study, 200 students (132 women) and (66 men) were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling. Research instruments included questionnaires of Attachment Styles (AAS), Resilience and Family Adaptability and Cohesion-Evaluating Scales (FACES-II  ). Data analysis was performed using Pearson correlation coefficients and simultaneous regression.

The results of the correlation matrix were demonstrative of a noteworthy positive relationship between the secure attachment style and resilience (ρ<0.001).There was a significant negative relationship between the ambivalent attachment style and resilience and there was a significant negative relationship between family union and resilience (ρ<0.01). The consequences of multiple regressions uncovered that perfect family union; family union and secure attachment style anticipated 22% of resilience difference. Secure connection and perfect family attachment were significant positive indicators (ρ<0.01), while family union was a noteworthy negative indicator (ρ < 0.01) for resilience.

Due to the importance of family cohesion and adaptability of family resilience, it is necessary to take steps to improve the quality of family relationships. On the other hand, given that resilience is very effective in improving mental health, so resiliency can be increased by holding training courses.

The delinquency of children and adolescents can be considered as one of the most complicated social issues that has engulfed the world today. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of life skills training on the level of hope in adolescent prisoners in the city of Basra, Iraq.

The statistical population of this study included all the delinquent adolescent boys of a prison in the Iraqi city of Basra. The research sample consisted of 40 of these adolescents who volunteered to participate in the research and were then randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups. The tool used in this research was the Snyder Hope Scale. The research design was a pre-test, post-test, and follow-up test. To analyze the research hypotheses, multivariate and single-variable covariance analysis methods were used.

The results showed that life skills training significantly increased the hope and its components (agency and pathway thinking) in the experimental group.

The results of this study showed that adolescent prisoners could be trained with life skills to have a better and improved life experience through increased levels of hope.

Inadvertent mistakes are often major problems in daily life. Cognitive failure is the nomenclature attributed to these defects and cognitive failures questionnaire measures the self-reported frequency of these mistakes. It is hypothesized that impulsivity and meta-cognition have underlying associations with cognitive failures. The present study aimed to explore the relationship between impulsivity and meta-cognition with cognitive failures.

A randomly selected sample of 125 university students (age range: 18-22)  administered the Cognitive Failures Questionnaire (CFQ), UPPS Impulsive Behavior Scale Questionnaire, and Meta-Cognition Questionnaire (MCQ). Data were analyzed using regression.

The results indicated that the component of meta-cognition, cognitive confidence had a positive significant relationship with cognitive failures (r=0.51, p<0.01). Furthermore, amongst components of impulsivity, urgency had a significant negative relationship with cognitive failures (r=-0.44, p<0.01). A regression analysis revealed that cognitive confidence and urgency could predict cognitive failure variance. According to Beta coefficients, relative potion of cognitive confidence to predict CF was 51% at first step and 40% in the second. Relative potion of urgency in the second step was 27%.

The effect of little urgency and inefficient cognitive confidence is noticeable in distraction, memory problems, blunders and lack of names remembering.

This study investigated the features of mind wandering in patients with major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder in comparison with the healthy control group.

The number and duration of internally- and externally-oriented thoughts during MW in 90 healthy control, major depressive disorder, and depressed bipolar disorder subjects were measured by a novel method of experience sampling experiment in the laboratory at the Royal Mental Health Centre of the University of Ottawa, Canada using the MATLAB software. Subjects also filled out BDI-II to evaluate current depressive symptoms. The methods used to analyze data included Chi-square, ANOVA, LSD Post Hoc Test, Pearson and Spearman correlation.

1) an increased number of internally-oriented thought contents in MDD and BD; 2) the duration of time MDD and BD groups engage with the internal thoughts is almost twice the time the HC spend on it; 3) the relationship between the direction of thoughts during MW and depressive symptoms.

Our results show depressed patients with MDD and BD spend a longer time on internal thoughts during MW which is related to the severity of their depressive symptoms, which carries clinical implications for both diagnosis and therapy.

Childlessness is defined as the inability to achieve pregnancy after one year of unprotected sexual intercourse. It is linked not only with psychological problems like low self-esteem, depression, and anxiety but also affects a couple's marital adjustment.  The aim of this study was to compare emotional competence and marital adjustment among childless women and women with children and to find out the correlation between emotional competence and marital adjustment of childless women and women with children.

This was a descriptive and correlational study. Its sample consisted of two groups including childless women (n = 100) and women with children (n = 100) selected through purposive sampling technique from three districts (Ganderbal, Srinagar and Baramulla) of Kashmir Valley. Standardized tools were used for data collection. The collected data were analyzed through SPSS software.

Findings revealed that women with children were higher on emotional competence than childless women. Similarly, women with children were much better in marital adjustment as compared to childless women. Results also indicated a positive correlation between emotional competence and marital adjustment.

Accordingly it can be stated that emotional competence can be considered effective in the better adjustment of women.