نشریه اندیشه مدیریت راهبردی
سال چهاردهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 27، بهار و تابستان 1399)

Divine traditions are God's rules of creation. Knowing these in various fields of science, especially in futures studies, are of great assistance. Tradition studies offer a modern approach to futurology by affording how to use traditions to estimate the future and its structure. This is an exploration of divine traditions, explanation of different circumstances and the way of their occurrence and recognition of how they interact for assisting us to understand future events. Sustenance is one of the traditions that God has decreed for His creation and through it He provides the needs of His servants. This article seeks to explain the tradition of sustenance in light of the verses of the Qur'an and the narrations of Ahl al-Bayt (Holy Prophet's Household). Moreover, based on the Holy Verses and Hadiths (Traditions), the sub-traditions that lead to providing sustenance are explained. In total, this article addresses twenty rules associated with sustenance.

Today, utilizing human capital has become a major concern due to our dealing with economic issues and finding solutions for people's livelihood difficulties. Iran's Supreme Leader has, therefore, time and again focused on employment and boosting production. This article has a quality approach to the issue and adopted content analytical method to identify effective factors on employing human resources in production from the viewpoint of the Supreme Leader. It has considered all the Supreme Leader's remarks concerning production and employment in the years 2008-2018, extracted from www.Khamenei.ir site, counted to be 414. The software used is MAX QDA12 and the validity of research was approved by the experts. After analyzing the speeches, the extracted components were titled as signs, concepts and categories. Here are some of them:  the importance of knowledge-based production, using knowledge-based human resources, workers' position and entrepreneurs' value, utilizing intellectual elites and the relationship between industry and university, using knowledge-based companies, utilizing educated young people, taking advantage of scientific management, solving the workers' problems, facilitating the employment, culture making, creating work interest, empowering the private sector, making small productive firms active, enriching national production, preventing the import and smuggling of the goods, supporting national production by the government, supporting the production by the people, developing the skills and encouraging the entrepreneurs, exploiting individuals' innovation, wealth creation, increasing non-oil exports and economic growth, increasing quality and quantity of production , preventing social damages and reducing unemployment . These concepts were then studied in three categories including the importance, approach, and outcomes of utilizing the human capital in production and employment.

One of the areas where marketing has entered is religious propaganda. Christian-centered church scientists have tried to use marketing tools and concepts to grow their audience. Nevertheless, the combination of the two terms of marketing and religion with negative and positive connotations respectively has always been controversial for some reasons like difference in the views about these two words. In this article, effort has been made to examine the views of the religious communities. For this purpose, a questionnaire was designed and validated by 15 professors of marketing and commerce familiar with religious affairs. The questionnaire was sent electronically to about 1,500 individuals on social networks with target audiences and 71 questionnaires were returned. This article has examined two hypotheses: The first hypothesis was that the religious communities agree to use the term "marketing" in promoting religious affairs. This was confirmed. The second hypothesis was that people with higher marketing knowledge agree to use marketing in religious matters. This hypothesis was not approved. Also, using the designed tool, we tried to identify the mosques' propaganda tools. In over 60% of mosques, paper posters are used to advertise. In 47% of the mosques banners are employed for propaganda. Also, newspapers and emails, radio and television, and finally, the Internet and websites comprise the lowest propaganda rates, i.e. 1.5%, 6.1% and 10.6% respectively.

There is no integrated conceptual tool to measure the success and effectiveness of strategies. This research intends to provide a new and integrated conceptual framework for measuring strategy by conceptualizing the capacity of strategy and also explaining the levels and dimensions of it. Deceleration of economic growth and actual economic stagnation necessitates an analysis and explanation of this situation and search of its external and inner organizational reasons. One of the causes for economic slowdown lies in the fact that most of the superior positions are occupied by unqualified people only because of racial similarities. The present research was done with the purpose of identification of public managers’ mindset in regard to racial similar- to- me effect in the context of organizational appointments using Q methodology. This is a methodologically descriptive research in regard to data gathering and analysis and also an exploratory and qualitative-quantitative mixed one. The statistical population was the whole public managers in Ilam city public organizations.  The sampling method was judgmental purposeful methodology. Data gathering tools were semi-structured interview and Q tables. The qualitative part was prepared through semi-structured interviews with 10 public managers and thematic analysis. To gather discourse space 106 subjects were selected. 41 of these were selected as samples. In the qualitative part, with completion of 10 Q tables and data analysis, the individuals’ mindset in every identified group was analyzed. Finally, based on factor analysis results for Q methodology, four mental patterns (demophobia, anthrophobia, metathesiophobia and epistemophobia) were determined in regard to similar- to- me effect in organizational appointment among senior managers of Ilam public organizations. Demophobia was found to be the dominant pattern due to higher number of participants and their dominant position.

Personal finance Management is one of the components of self-management and of finance levels in which the concepts and processes of managing personal finances such as earnings, asset purchases, financial planning, and investment are reviewed. In general, personal finance can be divided into two parts: earnings and allocation of funds. Meanwhile, teachings of Islam as a comprehensive religion are full of attitudes and orders related to personal finance. The issue of this research is the extrapolation of the principles from pure Islam that contribute to the allocation of personal finance; These principles shape Muslims' attitudes toward personal financial management and the allocation of property and guide and support the style of personal financial management. To elaborate these principles, the statements of the Supreme Leader Ayatollah Khamenei as an Islamologist (mujtahid) and well-informed person about the exigencies of the time have been considered. The extrapolated principles include three categories: fundamental, superstructural, and expedient. Fundamental principles focus on the attitudes and superstructural principles on the operational bases of personal property allocation. The expedient principles help adaptation to different conditions and make the offered framework flexible and dynamic.

The use of intuition and intuitive decision-making as an effective management factor has attracted increasing attention in scientific circles and research at the global level. This research, stating the essential role of intuitive decision-making in today's complex world and using a quantity model based on uncertainty, attempts to provide an effective model for enhancing the effectiveness of intuitive decision-makers and identifying the best intuitive decision in proportion to an optimal model. To achieve this goal, first an intuitive decision-making model based on four of its constituent elements and then a non-linear programing model of intuitive decision-making based on Dempster-Shafer's theory that uses mathematical techniques are presented. In the next step, a practical real-life modeling that utilizes mathematical methods to solve the research problem has been put into effect. This model, in situations where the data are ambiguous and a logical basis is missing, can be a good solution for reducing the potential risks of intuitive decision-making. In fact, in this model, by aggregating the opinions of experts (organizational decision makers), a reference model is proposed that can be used as a basis for making intuitive decisions.

Deceleration of economic growth and actual economic stagnation necessitates an analysis and explanation of this situation and search of its external and inner organizational reasons. One of the causes for economic slowdown lies in the fact that most of the superior positions are occupied by unqualified people only because of racial similarities. The present research was done with the purpose of identification of public managers’ mindset in regard to racial similar- to- me effect in the context of organizational appointments using Q methodology. This research is practical in its objective, methodologically descriptive, and in regard to data collection and analysis an exploratory mixed (quantitative/ qualitative) one .The statistical population was the whole public managers in Ilam city public organizations. The sampling was done with judgmental purposive methodology and data collection tools were semistructured interview and Q tables. The qualitative part was prepared through semi-structured interviews with 10 public managers and a thematic analysis for gathering a discourse space of 106 subjects and ultimately a sampling of 41narratives. In the quantitative part, with completion of 10 Q tables and causal analysis of obtained data, the individuals’ mindset in every group was identified and explored. Finally, based on Q factor analysis results, four mental patterns (monopolism, narcissism, metathesiophobia and epistemophobia) were determined in regard to similar- to- me effect in organizational appointment among senior managers of Ilam public organizations. Monopolism was found to be the dominant pattern due to higher number of participants and their dominant position.

Political system is a crucial variable which creates impression on public policies and makes them different from one country to another. The majority of existing studies regarding participant actors in policy making process are those which have been carried out in western democratic systems. Iran has an Islamic democratic system which differs from the western type. The purpose of the current investigation is identifying the unofficial actors who are impressive on this country’s members of parliament. To do this, we have utilized a quantitative and qualitative investigation method. Firstly, we analyzed the parliament’s minutes in the time span between Farvardin, 1395 to Farvardin, 1397 and the TV program, Nation’s House, broadcast from Farvardin, 1396 to Farvardin, 1397. Secondly, 6 parliamentary individuals (MPs and a clerk) were interviewed and their statements were analyzed using qualitative content analysis method. This study demonstrated that in a religious democratic system, the same as in western democratic ones, the private sector and appointed agents are the unofficial crucial actors of policy approval. But in the Iranian religious democracy, contrary to the western type, other actors like citizens, academics and military officials also put their impact on policy making.  The identification of the differences and similarities between religious democratic systems and other democratic systems is strongly vital and it can provide assistance for better understanding of democracies.

Innovation can be defined as new or significantly improved ways for responding to social and economic needs and problems. So far, various frameworks and approaches have been proposed to measure and assess innovation in different levels including organizational and national. In addition, because of the different nature of defense organizations, innovation there needs specific drivers, concerns and requirements. This paper, therefore, aims at designing and proposing a balanced framework for measuring innovation in defense organizations, through applying a qualitative approach and a mixed method strategy including thematic analysis and interpretive structural modeling (ISM) technique.  This framework includes two categories: comprehensive drivers' subjects (strategic analysis, technologies and products portfolio analysis, networking and technological collaborations, re-designing institutions, processes and human capitals development, managing resources, infrastructures and capacities) and comprehensive dependent subjects (the results of : human capital, partners' network, customers and armed forces, defense innovation performance, financial and mission issues, society and national security). The main feature of this framework is that it simultaneously encompasses technological and organizational innovations, radical and gradual innovations; past, present and future horizons, and technical, economic and social concerns.

Image recognition is one of the lesser known concepts in the Iranian view of humanities. This concept has captured the attention of the business communities and compelled everyone to be sensitive to the way their image (product/organization) is formed in the minds of audiences for the sake of greater benefits. The university also needs to pay attention to its created image in society, especially among high school students who are its potential future members, in order to advance its scientific and cultural goals. In the present study, therefore, we have attempted to formulate an image of the applicants of Imam Sadiq University while examining the background of "University Image" issue. For this purpose, 60 semi-structured interviews with university entry volunteers were conducted by using qualitative thematic method in the years 2017 and 2018. In summarizing the categories, some aspects of the audience’s image of the university were judged based on the theoretical models of the desired university. The results indicated that the image in a number of contexts such as scientific, cultural, interdependent, etc. involve various positive and negative orientations, and that university officials need to rethink their policies in order to enhance this image.

The purpose of this study is to identify and rank the factors influencing innovation in Amirkabir University. The research method for practical and data collection purposes has been descriptive-correlational and structural equation modeling. The statistical population is all faculty members of Amir Kabir University in 22 colleges with 983 people. Using the Cochran sampling formula, a sample size of 276 people was selected by simple random sampling. Thirteen factors affecting innovation in higher education were identified by going through the history of researches and theoretical foundations in educational organizations (universities) and non-educational ones, namely leadership, knowledge management, human capital empowerment, university structure, university culture , mission and strategy, learner's organization, motivation, university environment, ICT, curriculum, communication and interactions and academic entrepreneurship. The factors were then categorized based on research literature into organizational, human and supra- organizational. To collect data, a 78-item researcher-made questionnaire was used. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the infrastructural factors of the tool was 82.3. To verify the validity of the questionnaire, confirmatory factor analysis was used. The results of this study showed that: 1) The overall model of research using confirmatory factor analysis was processed with ten factors of culture, structure, leadership, information and communication technology, knowledge management, individual skills, group skills, international relations, communication with other universities and communication with industry 2) All markers are significantly related to their underlying factors and the model of measurement is desirable during the evaluation of partial indices.3) Friedman test was used to rank the factors influencing innovation in higher education. The Chi-square statistic shows that there is a significant difference between the mean averages at 0.05 level.

With the increasing volume of information release as well as the speed to respond to the various needs of the market, it is necessary to utilize tools that can replace humans to analyze, predict and decide. One of the most effective tools in the decision making process is business intelligence. Business intelligence has been adopted as a tool for effective design and management to support intelligent decision-making in organizations that do not use a powerful modern reporting tool in face of many problems like diffuse and voluminous data, slow reporting, reporting at middle managing level and inability to provide analytical and multidimensional reports. Financial data can be useful only when they are of high quality, i.e. having dependability and relevance. Business intelligence is both time and cost-saving because of the structure it creates in the organization and helps the business to provide reliable and relevant information by solving the above problems. For this purpose, the necessary data was collected from the Iranian society of certified accountants and was measured with structural equation method. The review showed the business intelligence indicators like integrity, informative capacity, communication and inference, business analysis, technical analysis, research analysis, warning systems and effective decision-making system are suitable for measuring quality specifications of financial information that have both relevance and dependability and show acceptable functionality. The study also shows that business intelligence can overcome 87% of financial information constraints and add to its quality.