فصلنامه هنرهای زیبا - معماری و شهرسازی
سال بیست و پنجم شماره 1 (پیاپی 81، بهار 1399)

Over-urbanization negatively affects on urban temperatures and results in the formation of urban heat islands. Outdoor thermal comfort (OTC) occurs in such exacerbated conditions, influencing health, well-being, and productivity of urban dwellers. Therefore, cities need to urgently evaluate the OTC and act to ensure providing acceptable OTC in built-up settings. As such, many studies envisaged to understand outdoor thermal performance of urban environments based on their geometrical features and suggest mitigation strategies against the negative effects of heat stress. Reviewing the literature reveals that most of the previous studies are focused on the urban scenarios of a single canyon or a limited number of individual buildings with simplified and uniform geometrical features without including the effect of surrounding urban neighborhoods. Furthermore, most studies only calculate OTC at a certain time and location in the space where field measurements are conducted. Since these field measurements are scattered in time and space, the comprehensive tempo-spatial distributions of OTC cannot be achieved to have a comprehensive understanding of outdoor environments performance. In this regards, the OTC tempo-spatial visualization is essential in outdoor environments. This study aims to develop a framework to comprehensively evaluate the performance of OTC and assess the effect of geometrical features on the spatial and temporal distribution of thermal comfort in residential neighbourhoods. The proposed framework is applied to the case study of Tehran city where three residential urban configurations are selected with different geometrical features (organic, orthogonal and apartments block) to conduct a series of high-resolution simulations. This study follows a step by step process to understand the impact of built-up urban areas on their thermal comfort performance: (1) development of 3-D models of three selected neighborhoods, (2) tempo-spatial OTC analysis, (3), and understanding the impact of geometrical parameters on the thermal comfort performance. The study reveals that all the selected areas have a significant deviation from the acceptable comfort range with mostly moderate and strong heat stress. The differences in OTC performance of these areas is related to the geometrical features of buildings and canyons including neighborhood layout and proportion of open and built-up areas and canyons’ profiles (building’ height, aspect ratio and orientation). The spatial variation of OTC is more significant in orthogonal areas and apartment complexes while organic settings provide a less distributive comfort performance with lower hours of heat stress and discomfort. Results show that the cooling effect of organic neighborhoods is higher due to the higher rate of aspect ratio in canyons. Orthogonal and apartment cases have higher mean radiant temperature mostly above 40°C. In the apartment complex, open spaces show the highest rate of heat stress, due to the long exposure to shortwave solar radiation. In this area, the most important domain of retrofitting strategies should be focused on landscape planning for green planting and water bodies. The results of this study help to identify design solutions that should be incorporated in the planning studies and as a result, a holistic perspective would be achieved for better decision-making via this tempo-spatial comprehensive analysis.

If by the end of the 20th century a citizen was defined as a national of a country, today the citizen is referred to as an urbanite who corresponds to the concept of right to the city. This has made it increasingly important to determine the proportion of citizens' rights in the face of the city and urban issues in recent years. On the other hand, the challenge of financing the management of cities has become one of the main issues of the municipalities especially in Tehran that determination quantity and quality of its impact on the right to the city is the subject of this research. The research method is applied in terms of purpose and data analysis technique is qualitative directed content analysis. The required data were collected through 15 semi-open interviews with experts. In data analysis, the most frequently used concepts in interviews were extracted and then coded categories were identified. Then, based on the analytical research model consisting of 3 dimensions and 10 components in the variables of financing methods of urban management and 2 dimensions and 4 components in the right-to-city variable, the coding process corresponding to the research question was performed. The reliability of the coding was calculated using composite reliability technique with an output of 0.82. The results showed that the cost of services and income of urban for-profit organizations are the most favorable and the complications on building permits are the most undesirable methods of financing are the effect on the right to the city. Also among the right-to-city components, the right to participate in sovereign decision making take the most positive effect from urban management financing methods, and the right to ownership and access to space take the most negative effect from financing methods. In inferring from the results, it can be pointed out that the methods that are more transparent and follow the demands of the citizens, have become more desirable. Also, methods whose non-cash nature is superior to their cash nature are less desirable due to the non-transparent mechanism of their collection and absorption. It seems that the use of financing methods based on the transfer of capital assets is common due to their accessibility and alternative options due to the need for in-depth, accurate measurement, time-consuming cost-benefit analysis and in general Due to the need for reflection, more reflection and work to identify, test and use them are not considered. Meanwhile, the lack of proper oversight of municipal budget approvals by the relevant organizations has led to the institutionalization of unsustainable financing methods in this organization. From a legal point of view, the property of the people is inviolable and their property is so important that Article 51 of the Constitution makes the establishment of any kind of tax subject to the rule of law. Therefore, the acquisition of citizens' property in illegal ways and under the cover of public power and with the motive of managing the affairs of the city is prohibited.

Creating ideas as an important part of the architectural design process has always been a focus of design education. The present study aims to address the challenges of the Collage methodology. Collage methodology is a creative and multi-sensory design method between the teacher and the student. This is both a technique for providing space and a way to generate space. Space is provided when the images are combined. Transitioning from Collage to three-dimensional space is in fact a subjective and abstract phenomenon, an objective reality that requires a strong and widespread creative and visual power. He remembers a variety of hidden angles and the nature of the designer, after which the nature of the images in his mind is criticized and connections between them by understanding the properties and similarities of the spaces, and by receiving a metaphor. In the first part, this research examines the different theories of researchers regarding the design process with the help of documentary and library studies and the descriptive-analytical method in three categories: rational, process oriented, and normative, and the thematic creation method was expressed in different periods. The place of the Collage method in relation to the design process and the idea creation method was identified. In the second part of the field survey, the challenges of Collage learning from the learners' point of view in three categories (ambiguities and perceptions, emphasis, expressing positive and negative points) are evaluated in each step of the training.The steps of Collage method are : Communication with the Master and Communication with the method and description of the program, Selection of patche, Entering the Collage method, Look at and recognize images and analyze images, Crack images, Making replica and transferring collage space from subject to object,The basic foundation of the plan and getting to the initial sketches, completion stage additional reports. The questionnaires were conducted through closed-ended questionnaires, direct observation and in-depth interviews and group discussions, and by studying the manuscripts of the students during the many years they wrote at the end of each session and their perceptions of that exercise. Statistical sample number was considered as the maximum of Cochran formula, ie 380 samples. Of these, 90 were extracted from student collages and exercises during the three semesters of February to February 98 at the College of Fine Arts working with this method, and 290 were taken from student manuscripts of previous years. Assigned. Data analysis was done through SMART - PLS software. The results of this study highlight the most important challenges facing architecture students in the process of Collage and show that this Collage method operates as a part of the micro-process in the way of idea creation with deductive patterns and metaphoric benefits. The most challenging step is to teach Collage techniques, entering patchwork, getting initial sketches, and preparing a final report. Studies have shown that although this approach can be helpful in different parts of the design process, it is much more effective in creating ideas

The gap between education and the profession is one of the serious obstacles in architecture and urban planning in Iran. This study investigates this gap, by using the interview and questionnaire techniques, asking faculty members, students, professionals, and head members of related organizations. The research first studied the School of Architecture and Urban Planning in the University of Art. The research area was expanded after that including the most universities of Iran. The studies of the relationship between the profession and university in architecture and urbanism indicate, there is a significant gap based on the interview and questionnaire results of both communities. To reduce this gap, both sides must strive, while the professionals and faculty members look at the issue from different perspectives. The evaluation of graduates' collaboration in professional activities, indicates that graduates do not have the necessary efficiency in entering most professional activities and are mainly engaged in drawing and documentation. Studies show that the universities not only do not fulfill the mission of determination the professional path but also concede education to the profession. The experience of the world's top universities shows that they positively manage their reciprocal relationship with professional organizations in this field by accepting each other's demands credibility. This study illustrates that the professionals evaluate graduates' ability, in different fields of education, clearly much lower than the university members. Both parties agree on a general issue but there is a significant difference in an accurate assessment of the situation. "Software skills" training, which has received relatively low points from students, is known as the only strength of graduates in the profession. The faculty members gave the lowest mark to the fields of " Scientific and Legal Knowledge", but the professionals evaluated it even lower as well as the field of "Technical and Executive Knowledge" and "Up-to-Date and Technological Knowledge". The most consensus of the two sides is in the approximately positive evaluation of the fields of the "Drawing and Hand Sketch Skills", "Research Skills" and "Theoretical, Artistic and Philosophical Insights". The final judgment about the importance and efficiency of education in these areas needs wider perspective and cannot be discussed fully in this study. It seems that the lack of empowerment of students based on professional demands and making excess capabilities in the university led to a supply and demand system, which is mainly managed by a third party, motivated by income. In a similar situation, in other countries, the university in cooperation with the profession manages this gap. Furthermore, the importance of factors related to motivation, discipline, and ethics is clear in evaluating the profession's criteria for the recruitment of the graduates. These areas are currently outside of the official focus of universities. In comparison, other countries in these criteria focus on scientific issues and a higher level of professional expectations. In general, the relationship between university and profession in Iran requires serious and careful attention and extensive research and operations; It demands action by both parties to reduce the gap and increase efficiency.

The city of Anshan in the basin of the Kur River is the heart of the Elamite land during the late third millennium/early second millennium BC. However, there are important architectural remains in Proto Elamit period in this city During 3400-2800 B.C. as well. Numerous Elamite inscriptions found in Susa cited the Middle Elamite Empires, kings of Susa or Anshan. Although Susa has a continuity of accommodation during the pre-Islamic period and the site is well recognized, the exact location of Anshan was ambiguous. There were several discussions and assumptions about the location of the capital of Anshan (For example by Roman Ghirshman). After the excavations of William Sumner and Elizabeth Carter in 1970s, new findings specifically the Lambert brick, the Elamite Cuneiform inscriptions of clay tablets found in burned building of EDD operation and Elamite glazed clay knob, showed Tall-e-Malyan is the city of Anshan. Despite the importance of this city and rich archeological resources in English, a careful study of its findings and architectural remains in the excavated area of Tal-e-Malyan is limited in Persian. The research method is monograph and due to the lack of architectural remains on the ground, it has been done with the help of studying the first-hand sources such as monographs of (Sumner, 2003), (Nicolas, 1990), (Carter, 1996), (Miller, 2004), and (Alden, 2005). At first, evidences of city of Anshan found in Malyan were presented in archeological findings. Later, the plan of buildings were analyzed. Every important object or building division and details that were related to the rooms, open spaces and corridors of excavated plan such as copper objects or hearts were documented in analytic tables and were presented by color coding of the plans. In ABC, 4 building levels and in AUD, 3 building levels were examined in Proto Elamit period. In EDD, an important building with a corridor and central courtyard is examined in middle Elamite period. Findings showed that there are important evidences of advanced architectural remains in details, functions and divisions in Malyan, proper for an important city such as:1- A 20 m wide city wall that encloses a 200-hectare area (Miller, Sumner, 2004) 2-The high-status residential area and commercial-scale craft production and associated record keeping in proto Elamite period (Sumner, 2003) and extra-local trade in the Middle Elamite period (Carter, 1996). 3.Progress in architectural structure and space such as regular size mud brick, use of lime mortar, use of installation-related details such as drainage pits, regular masonry work as perpendicular walls with bonded intersections, linear spatial organization, presence of decorated spaces with wall paintings, elaborated rooms with rectangular hearth in proto Elamite period. Two important features in Iranian architecture as central courtyard and a columned corridor around it which is common specifically in caravanserais of Sassanid period in found in burned building of Middle Elamite period in EDD operation which turn the origin of these two important features back to second millennium B.C. The research ends with a focus of the need to preserve Malyan as an important heritage of Proto Emlite and Elamite period.

Transparency in architecture is one of the new concepts that in numerous scholars' perspective, it has been the cornerstone of architecture, and through the historical passage of architecture, is has always led to increased transparency. This doctrine has been accepted in Iranian-Islamic architecture by many theorists. On the other hand, the way of dealing with transparency in Iranian architecture is distinct, and the climax of these distinctions can be detected in traditional houses. Inside these houses are concepts such as introspection, secrecy, privacy, and the spatial hierarchy that differ from the concept of transparency in the modern world. Therefore, in this regard, we first need to comprehend the exact notion and concept of transparency in order to determine the framework for it, so that the principle of transparency in traditional Iranian houses can be explained and the criteria and standards for its use can be identified. In this regard, Rasoulian Yazd House has been selected as the case study for detailed examination. First, the descriptive-analytical method examines the information adopted from library studies and documentary sources and presents a table and graphs with a comparative approach to assess transparency in traditional houses. Obtained results show that transparency can be divided in four categories. 1- Skeletal-structural transparency that resulted in technological and structural system improvements for reducing materials and increasing space, it appears in geometrical and physical characteristics, it is tangible and comparable, it contains materials and skeletal-structural characteristics of the building. 2- Visual-perceptual transparency that is for increasing relation between interior and exterior and persistence of vision is obtained by viewers comprehension via five senses specially sight sense. 3- Behavioral-functional transparency helps to reach a correct comprehension of behavior and function in space, it can be obtained by moving in space. It is related to viewer’s awareness of spatial continuity and shell structure of space that is beyond visual features and it is for understanding discipline and organizing space. 4- Semantic-conceptual transparency is rooted in culture, beliefs, and concepts of society, it is accompanied by paraphrasing. Hence, it cannot be understood by each viewer easily, viewer needs to have enough familiarity with these concepts and foundations. Transparency which is obtained via this is placed in the highest level. Owing to rich culture, philosophical and mystical foundations Iranian architectures have paid more attention to semantic-conceptual transparency. By investigating transparency characteristics in Rasoulian house, it was determined that these characteristics had not always been for increasing transparency, some of these characteristics had been for control. In such houses, transparency is a more special and more sensitive issue owing to some concepts including introversion and privacy, these concepts are in contraction to transparency apparently, it has made some people think Islamic architecture is opaque. On the other side, some try to justify it by referring to postmodern approach. Whilst based on the current study transparency approach is not a clarification or elimination method but it is a control method that has been used in Rasoulian house by architectural plans and using architectural elements.

Many scholars in the field of architecture deem that a proper interaction between studio and classroom is one of the influential factors on the quality of architectural education. The present research has studied the status and properties of materials workshop in Iranian and international prestigious architectural schools through an analytical survey on the development of this workshop and the effect of its quantitative and qualitative features in architectural education. In this article, the program of various Iranian and foreign universities for building materials course has been compared in the fields of presentation methods, the main facilities, side programs, and topics of the course by interviewing the lectures of this course of architecture. Despite the existing scheme in some local architectural schools for elimination or merger the facilities and equipment of materials workshops, the studies of this research about the approaches of presenting the courses of building materials, and construction and materials workshops for teaching architecture in 21 schools of architecture in big Iranian and foreign universities have asserted that the trend in big and reputable international universities is the development of side-programs in materials workshops and the consolidation and extension of technological facilities and equipment in these studios. Based on worldwide experiences of material courses in architecture, the studies of this research figured out the link between the quality assurance of architectural education and maintaining the educational quality of fundamental modules by demonstrating the significance of adherence to studio training of practical courses and the attention to the importance of learning by doing for students specifically in basic units of architecture. Thus, the establishment and development of construction and materials workshop is one of the common necessities of improving the educational quality in architectural schools. The survey of findings in this research specifies that the presence of construction and materials workshop is one of the requirements of an architectural school and consequently, of appropriate training of architecture. Regarding the changing nature of technology and variation rate and alternations of new materials, the instruction of this field of architecture requires the establishment of a creative process in revolutionizing context of the materials workshop infrastructure. Therefore, a structure for physical and functional planning of materials workshop is provided in this article in order to present the course of building materials in synchronization with alternations of architectural technologies. In this article, a four-part framework is provided for development of this workshop by surveying the pedagogical experiences and approaches of different architectural schools in the world. In this framework, the minimum required equipment and facilities for the realization of the course goals is proposed by introducing two functional dimensions of this workshop including material aspect (traditional and modern) and construction process aspect (form-creation and creating the function). Moreover, a framework for the preparation of developmental and updating plans of construction and materials studio is purveyed by studying the physical facilities and existing equipment in the case studies of this research. The utilization of this structure can reinforce students' motivation and relationship with the environment of architectural school and enhance the quality of architectural training.

Hassan Padishah Mosque was constructed in 15th century upon the order of Uzun Hasan, the ruler of Aq Qoyunlu dynasty, in Tabriz, Iran. This building was the central core of an urban complex known as Nasriyya which was located in front of the Sahib Abad garden. Destructive earthquakes of the later periods had severely affected the original composition of this mosque. While current remains assert a Safavid and Qajar interventions which are replaced with the older collapse of Nasriyya complex, architectural discoveries of recent restoration projects besides literary evidence of travelers contemporaneous with Aq Qoyunlu and Safavid dynasty remain the main focus of attention. This paper will be focused on the architectural recreation of Hassan Padishah Mosque in Tabriz through the 15th century. There is no exact evidence as to what exactly the architectural theme of this mosque is. Although studying the architectural remains of this mosque suggests a probable link with other Timurid buildings, especially the Gur-e-Amir in Samarkand, the mausoleum of Khoja Ahmad Yasawi, the Sayid Alauddin and Pahlavan Mahmud in Uzbekistan, the mausoleum of Muhammad al-Buharzi in Bukhara, the mausoleum of Qazi Zade in Samarkand, as well as the Blue Mosque in Tabriz but the lack of suitable comparative data hindered the possibility of pinpointing when, how, in which aspects and in which way this architectural layout transmitted to this mosque. Otherwise, as one vector of architectural acculturation, this coincidence might have a close relationship with architectural developments occurring within the Timurid architecture. Here, the research method is structured to cater two levels. In the first level, it started from much broader aspects of architectural details by putting emphasis on the architectural approach to study the minute characteristics of this monument in detail. The second level of the study is that of typological comparison which basically focused on the taxonomic classification of physical characteristics commonly found in contemporary buildings. In conclusion, it combined these two at the end to make a proposition regarding the architectural layout of Hassan Padishah Mosque in the Nasriyya complex. The fundamental conclusions about the architectural theme of Hassan Padishah Mosque can be categorized as follow: 1-From structural point of view, this mosque is constructed based on a symmetrical plan in a square enclosure. The main entrance was located on north leading to a domed chamber with a drum. Four lofty minarets on the four corners indicates a Timurid influence like the Gur-e-Amir in Samarkand, and together, they both illustrate similar aspects of a common attitude. 2-What is noteworthy in recognition of Hassan Padishah Mosque is the position of the smaller dome (tomb) in the southern side that attest its Timurid origins in Central Asia. As discussed earlier, it is possible to conclude that the main idea of Hassan Padishah Mosque was to repeat the form of burial monuments in Transoxiana, Turkestan, Afghanistan, as well as the Blue Mosque of Tabriz. The main structure of Hassan Padshah Mosque is designed based on the architectural complex style of the 9th century AH.