نشریه خانواده درمانی کاربردی
سال دوم شماره 2 (پیاپی 6، تابستان 1400)

The aim of this study was to present a model for predicting couples' emotional divorce based on attachment styles, metacognitive beliefs and emotional regulation strategies mediated by marital burnout in married women.

This descriptive-correlational exploratory study was consecutive and guided and the statistical population was 1854 married women referring to health centers in Tehran in 1398. Using multi-stage random sampling method, 375 women were selected based on sample power software. Were. The research instruments were Guttman (2008) Emotional Divorce Questionnaire, Wells et al. (2004), Metacognitive Beliefs, Garnfsky et al. (2001), and Pinez (1966) on Marital Burnout (1966). The desired sample was executed. In order to analyze the data, in addition to descriptive statistics, the statistical method of structural equations smartpls was used.

The findings of the results of standard direct path coefficients have shown that there is a significant relationship between metacognitive beliefs and emotional regulation strategies with emotional divorce and also the results of indirect path standard coefficients have shown that between metacognitive beliefs and emotional and mediating regulation strategies There is a relationship and intensity of marital burnout with the emotional divorce of married women.

Based on the research findings, it is suggested to family counselors in order to create cohesion and create a conscious relationship to confront the psychological elements in order to improve the relationship between couples during treatment considerations.

The aim of this study was to identify the effect of time and place on the allocation of divorce rights by descriptive-analytical method. The issue of equality between men and women in the right to dissolve marriage, as well as its conclusion in terms of Islamic jurisprudence and law, has long been raised among Muslim thinkers; But the objections and protests have never been as high as they are now, the emergence of civil movements and human rights activists and the increasing awareness of women about their rights have caused these issues to be raised more seriously and jurists and legislators of Islamic countries look at the issue from new horizons. The findings show: The study of the role of custom in allocating the right to divorce is one of the important issues in the field of jurisprudence dynamics and without a doubt the role of custom of time and place is one of the important issues in this regard. Assigning the right to divorce to a man is one of the matters that is not explicitly mentioned in the Qur'an and does not deprive the wife of this right. A historical study of the status of women in the time of ignorance and the view that the Arabs had of women and the types of divorces in that day, by examining different temporal and spatial customs, customs and religious imitations, is ordered to divorce the wife. 

The aim of this study was to identify the phenomenon of delayed marriage in girls.

The research method was qualitative and of the grounded theory approach. The study population consisted of single girls over 30 years old. Sampling was done purposefully. The number of participants was 23 and the research tool was a semi-structured interview.The data analysis process was performed based on the structuralist method of Charms (2006).At the end of the coding stages. Finally, research model designed based on the theoretical framework.

The results showed three categories in identifying the phenomenon of marriage, which were: the causes of "delay" in girls' marriage, how they were formed, and the effects of "delay" in marriage. Reasons for delaying marriage were: having an anti-marital family, an individualistic personality, and living in a society that encourages celibacy.How these factors were formed included three processes: Misconceptions about marriage, the facilitating characteristics of celibacy, and dealing with people who undermine matrimonialism; finally, the effects of delay in marriage were: Negative emotional experiences, success in various dimensions and dissatisfaction with the current situation, eventually, single girls coped with this delay internally and externally.

According to the findings, it can be concluded that the phenomenon of delay in marriage occurs under certain causes and processes and has disturbing consequences. It therefore requires changes in the organization of individuals' social, family, and personality patterns. This study can be used by counselors and psychologists to develop and design content appropriate to the values of society and problems in this area.

The aim of this study was to develop an effective model of marital commitment and determine the effectiveness of a model-based educational program on marital satisfaction of couples.

The present study was a correlational and quasi-experimental study with a pre-test and post-test design with a quarterly control and follow-up group. The statistical population was 746 married people referring to counseling centers in Tehran in 1397 based on Sample Power 350 software (196 females and 154 married males) were randomly selected; Also, in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the educational program based on the pattern, 10 couples were selected from the couples who obtained low scores in Enrich (1989) marital satisfaction and were randomly assigned to two experimental groups (5 couples) and control (5 couples). The research instruments were Adam and Jones (1997) Marital Commitment Questionnaire, Idelson (1982) Marital Communication Beliefs, Emotional Conflict and Criticism in the Shields Family (1994) and Bagarozi Intimacy (2001). The experimental group participated in 10 sessions of marital commitment training program for 10 sessions of 120 minutes. Both groups responded to the Enrich Marital Satisfaction Questionnaire in three stages. Structural equations and repeated measures analysis of variance were used to analyze the data.

The results showed a significant difference between the performance of the two groups in marital satisfaction (F = 35.48, P = 0.001) in the post-test stage and after three months of follow-up.

Considering the effect that the commitment model has on marital satisfaction; It is recommended that psychologists and counselors use this educational method to improve interaction and teach couples how to communicate and increase couples' cohesion. 

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of positive psychological capital on the lifestyle of developing health and self-regulation in depressed adolescent girls.

This research is applied in terms of purpose and quasi-experimental in terms of method with pre-test, post-test and follow-up with a control group; The statistical population of this study was female high school students one and two in Tehran in the academic year of 1997-98. They were randomly assigned to two experimental groups (15 girls) and a control group (15 girls). The experimental group received 8 sessions of 90 minutes as a group intervention based on positive psychological capital training Luthans and Joseph (2004). Data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance.

The results showed that the intervention of positive psychological capital on health lifestyle (F = 5.32 and P = 0.029), the total score of motivational strategies for learning (F = 6.74 and P = 0.015), The component of motivational beliefs (F = 4.65 and P = 0.040) and the component of self-regulated learning strategies (F = 5.82 and P = 0.023) are effective; And this effect was stable in the follow-up phase.

The results of this study showed that eight sessions of positive psychological capital has been able to significantly increase self-regulatory learning strategies in adolescents and thus improve the lifestyle of adolescent health developers; Due to the effectiveness of this treatment, its widespread use is recommended.

The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of Iranian sexual satisfaction training and Masters and Johnson's approach to marital adjustment and conflict.

The research method was semi-experimental three groups design with three stages of pre-test, post-test and two months follow-up. Out of 60 couples referring to two centers of counseling and psychology service in Tehran in the winter of 2018, 45 couples were selected and then randomly assigned into two groups of experimental and one control group (each group was 15). Marital conflict questionnaire (Sanaei et al, 2007) and dyadic adjustment scale (Spanier, 1976) was used in the pretest, post-test and two months follow-up. The two groups of Iranian sexual satisfaction training and training of the Master and Johnson approach were trained in 6 sessions. The data were analyzed by repeated measure analysis of variance and post-hoc Bonferroni test.

The results revealed that, in marital adjustment variable, only there is a significant difference between Iranian sexual satisfaction training and control group (P<0.01), and in marital conflict variable, there is a significant difference between Iranian sexual satisfaction training with Master and Johnson approach and control group (P<0.05). Also, there was a significant difference in marital conflict between Masters and Johnson and the control group (p < 0.05).

The findings of this study showed that training Iranian sexual satisfaction to reduce conflict and increase adaptability and training the approach of Masters and Johnson in reducing marital conflicts are effective training.

 The present study aimed to investigate the mediating role of grit in the relationship between marital happiness, basic psychological needs, and spirituality with family resilience. 

 The research had a descriptive correlational method, and its statistical population consisted of all 46257 married men and women working in the teaching staff of the department of education in Tehran in 2020 (32046 women and 14211 men). A sample of 420 individuals was selected according to Klein's theory (2016) using online non-random convenience sampling and they responded to the Sikbi Family Resilience Scale (2005), the marital happiness scale by Azarin et al. (1973), the basic psychological needs questionnaire by Lagarde et al. (2000), The spirituality questionnaire by Parsian and Dunning (2009), and the grit scale- short form (GRIT-S) by Dakworth and Quinn (2009). The proposed model was analyzed by a structural equation model using SPSS and AMOS 24. 

 The results indicated that direct paths of marital happiness (β= 0.309, and P=0.002), basic psychological needs (β=0.555 and P=0.001), spirituality (β=0.309 and P=0.001), and grit (β=0.632 and P=0.001) were significant on family resilience. Furthermore, indirect effects of marital happiness, basic psychological needs, and spirituality were significant on family resilience through the mediating role of grit (P= 0.01). 

 The modified structural model of the research had a desirable and acceptable fit with the research data and it was an important step in identifying determinants of family resilience in married individuals.

The aim of this study was to develop an effective model of marital commitment and determine the effectiveness of a model-based educational program on marital satisfaction of couples.

The present study was a correlational and quasi-experimental study with a pre-test and post-test design with a quarterly control and follow-up group. The statistical population was 746 married people referring to counseling centers in Tehran in 1397 based on Sample Power 350 software (196 females and 154 married males) were randomly selected; Also, in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the educational program based on the pattern, 10 couples were selected from the couples who obtained low scores in Enrich (1989) marital satisfaction and were randomly assigned to two experimental groups (5 couples) and control (5 couples). The research instruments were Adam and Jones (1997) Marital Commitment Questionnaire, Idelson (1982) Marital Communication Beliefs, Emotional Conflict and Criticism in the Shields Family (1994) and Bagarozi Intimacy (2001). The experimental group participated in 10 sessions of marital commitment training program for 10 sessions of 120 minutes. Both groups responded to the Enrich Marital Satisfaction Questionnaire in three stages. Structural equations and repeated measures analysis of variance were used to analyze the data.

The results showed a significant difference between the performance of the two groups in marital satisfaction (F = 35.48, P = 0.001) in the post-test stage and after three months of follow-up.

Considering the effect that the commitment model has on marital satisfaction; It is recommended that psychologists and counselors use this educational method to improve interaction and teach couples how to communicate and increase couples' cohesion. Keywords: Marital commitment, Marital satisfaction, Couples.

The present study aimed to develop a causal model of marital conflict based on attachment styles with the mediating roles of disconnection/rejection and impaired autonomy/performance schemas in women on the verge of divorce. 

 The study was descriptive and correlational, and its statistical population consisted of women with marital conflict on the verge of divorce who visited the Family Dispute Resolution Council Center in District 3 of Tehran from May to November 2020. Using multi-stage random sampling, we selected three out of seven centers of the Family Dispute Resolution Council Center and the sample size of 440 was selected based on the sample power software. They responded to the Barati and Sanaei Marital Conflict Questionnaire (2000), Collins and Read adult attachment Scale (1990), and the Young Schema Questionnaire (1988), and they analyzed data using structural equations. 

 The results indicated the direct path of fitting the model from secure attachment with disconnection/rejection schema (β=-0.24)  and impaired autonomy and performance (β=-0.27), and avoidant attachment style with disconnection/rejection schema (β=0.16), and the impaired autonomy/performance schema (β=0.11), as well as ambivalent attachment style with disconnection/rejection schema (β= 0.50), and the impaired autonomy/performance schema (β=0.30), and between secure attachment style and marital conflict (β=-0.17) and avoidant attachment style (β=0.23) and ambivalent style (β=0.56) marital conflict with a positive effect size. Furthermore, the disconnection/rejection schema (β=0.39), and impaired autonomy/performance schema (β=0.40) had a positive direct effect on marital conflicts. 

 The research results indicated that the design of an appropriate structural model for predicting marital conflict based on the attachment styles with the mediating roles of disconnection/rejection and impaired autonomy/performance schema in women on the verge of divorce complied with the theoretical model and had a good fit. To create a coherent and favorable marital relationship, we can improve the couples' relationship by understanding their schemas, types of attachment styles, and confrontation of their mental elements.

The present study aimed to compare the effects of cognitive-behavioral couple therapy and emotionally-focused couple therapy on the love schemes of married women.

The present quasi-experimental study had a pretest-posttest design with a control group and a two-month follow-up. The statistical population consisted of married 25-40-year-old women who visited counseling centers in Tehran in 2018. Among them, 60 married women were selected after screening with the love schema questionnaire by Singelis et al. (1995) using the convenience sampling method and were randomly divided into two groups, experimental and control (20 women per group). The experimental group received the cognitive-behavioral couple therapy by Shadish and Baldwin (2005) in 10 sessions, and the emotionally-focused couple therapy by Johnson (2004) in eight sessions for 90 minutes. The.

The cognitive-behavioral couple therapy intervention affected secure love schema (P=0.019, F=5.98), clingy love schema (P=0.004, F=9.20), skittish love schema (P=0.006, F=8.55), fickle love schema (P=0.007, F=8.15), casual love schema (P=0.022, F=5.71), and disinterested love schema (P=0.003, F=9.99). The emotionally-focused couple therapy intervention also affected secure love schema (P=0.004, F=9.18), Clingy love schema (P=0.007, F=8.23), Skittish love schema (P=0.028, F=5.21), Fickle love schema (P=0.001, F=12.81), Casual love schema (P=0.019, F=6.01), and disinterested love schema (P=0.002, F=10.65), and the effect was stable in the follow-up phase.

Cognitive-behavioral couple therapy and emotionally-focused couple therapy are effective interventions in improving women's love schema; hence, the findings provide important implications for the education and promotion of mental health in married women.

The present study aimed to examine a causal model to investigate the relationship between parents' motivations for involvement and academic achievement with the mediating role of parental involvement in school affairs. 

The present study was descriptive and its statistical population consisted of all parents and sixth-grade students at public primary schools of Lorestan province in the academic year of 2019-2020. From the population, 768 individuals including 384 parents (69 males, 315 females), and 384 students (200 males, 184 females) were selected as target samples by multi-stage random sampling. Data were collected using the Parental Involvement Tool by Strickland (2015), the School-Based Parental Involvement tool by Park & Holloway (2017), and the researcher-made academic achievement test, and they were analyzed using SPSS and AMOS. 

The results of structural equation modeling (SEM) indicated a positive and significant role of parents' motivations for predicting parental involvement in school affairs and academic achievement (P= 0.01). Furthermore, parental involvement in school affairs directly and positively predicted academic achievement (P=0.01), The results of the indirect analysis indicated that parental involvement in school affairs played a positive mediating role in the relationship between parents' motivation for involvement and academic achievement (P=0.01).  

The results indicated that there was a mediating effect of parental involvement in school affairs in the relationship between parental motivation for involvement and academic achievement. The proposed model was suitable for predicting academic achievement among primary school students. The practical implications of the findings and potential suggestions for further research are also discussed.

The present study aimed to investigate the mediating role of psychological distress in the relationship between fear and the quality of marital relationships in parents of children with cancer. 

The present study was descriptive-correlational and had a structural equation modeling type, and its statistical population consisted of parents of all children with cancer who visited Bandar Abbas Children's Hospital in 2019. Among whom, 200 parents were selected as the sample group using the purposive sampling method. Data collection tools included the Quality of Couple Relationship Questionnaire by Khoshkam et al. (2007), the Fear Questionnaire by Marks & Mathews (1979), and the Psychological Distress Scale by Kessler et al. (2002). Data analysis was performed using Pearson correlation coefficient, and path analysis according to AMOS. 

The results indicated that psychological fear and anxiety had a significant negative relationship with the quality of couples' relationships. Furthermore, the correlation coefficients between the quality of couples' relationships with psychological distress (r=-0.44) and fear (r=-0.30) were significant at a level of 0.01, and the correlation coefficient between fear and psychological distress (r= 0.34) was significant at a level of 0.01. 

Accordingly, programs can be developed to reduce fear and psychological distress in designing the necessary measures to improve the quality of couple relationships in parents of children with cancer.

This study was conducted to compare the effectiveness of emotionally-focused couple’s therapy (EFCT) and reality therapy in reducing the symptoms of depression and resilience of couples with marital problems in women in Tehran.

This is a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design and follow-up with a control group. The statistical population included 106 couples referring to counseling centers in Tehran in the first six months of 2021, of which 30 couples were purposefully selected and randomly assigned to EFCT group (10 couples), reality therapy group (10 couples), and control group (10 couples) after screening with Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) (2001) and Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) (2001). The EFCT group received the Johnson (2012) training package for ten sessions, and the reality therapy group received the Glasser (2003) training package for nine sessions. The control group received no intervention and was placed on a waiting list. Data were analyzed by repeated-measures ANOVA.

The results indicated that EFCT and reality therapy affected the improvement of depression (F = 4.21, P = 0.020) and resilience (F = 10.75, P = 0.001) of couples and that this effect was stable at the follow-up phas.

According to the findings, EFCT and reality therapy are two effective methods to reduce the symptoms of depression and resilience of couples with marital problems.

 The present study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) in improving impulsive decision-making and suicide ideation of addicts. 

 The research method was quasi-experimental with a pretest-post-test design, and follow-up stage with a control group, and its statistical population consisted of 1700 female and male addicts who visited substance abuse treatment centers in Sari. After the purposive screening, 30 individuals were selected as samples and were randomly assigned to experimental (n=15) and control (n=15) groups. The research tools included Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS) by Patton, Stanford, & Barratt (1995), and Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation (1961). The experimental group received eight sessions of acceptance and commitment therapy based on the treatment package of Hayes et al. (1999), and the control group was put on the waiting list; Data were analyzed using the repeated-measures analysis of variance. 

 The results indicated that acceptance and commitment therapy was effective in reducing impulsive decision-making (F=4.87, P=0.036), and suicide ideation score (F=0.02, P=0.033), and the effects were stable in the follow-up phase (P=0.01). 

 Acceptance and commitment therapy was an appropriate strategy to reduce impulsivity and suicide ideation in female and male addicts and could be used as an effective intervention.

The present study aimed to determine the relationship between perceived parenting styles and obsessive-compulsive disorder with the mediating role of perfectionism.

Using a descriptive-correlational study among male and female students of Islamic Azad University of Tonekabon, 258 students were selected by the convenience method and responded to Baumrind's Parenting style Inventory (1972), the Maudsley Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory (MOCI) (1977), and Hill perfectionism Inventory (2004). The collected data were analyzed by structural equation modeling using SPSS26 and AMOS24.

The results indicated that the structural model of perceived parenting styles had a fit with obsessive-compulsive disorders with the mediation of perfectionism in students (P=0.01). Furthermore, positive and negative perfectionism also mediated in the relationship between democratic parenting styles; the negative perfectionism mediated in the relationship between authoritarian parenting and obsessive-compulsive disorder; the positive perfectionism mediated in the relationship between authoritarian parenting styles; and finally, negative perfectionism mediated in the relationship between authoritative parenting styles (P=0.01).

Given the research findings, parenting styles were involved in the creation of perfectionism personality patterns in a way that consequences and patterns derived from them also affected obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Women heads of households are considered as vulnerable groups in society due to problems in parenting. The aim of this study was to compare parenting styles, loneliness and communication skills in homeless and normal women.

The statistical population of this study included all female-headed households who referred to Sarai Mahalla in Tehran, whose number was equal to 360 people and the approximate number of sample size, according to the size of the population and referring to Krejcie and Morgan table, is equal to 186 N was estimated. Data collection tools included Bamrind (1991) Parenting Beck Questionnaire, Jarabek Communication Skills Questionnaire (2004) and Russell, Pilva and Cortona (1980) Loneliness Questionnaire. Data analysis method was used through descriptive statistics of frequency, frequency percentage, frequency distribution table, drawing diagrams and describing the characteristics of respondents to the questionnaire and through inferential statistics of Kolmogorov-Smirnov test to determine the normality of research variables and also to analyze Data In this study, according to the type of information and objectives, independent t-test was used to confirm or reject the questions. Data analysis was performed by SPSS 24 software.

The results showed that there was a significant difference between loneliness and communication skills in homeless and normal women. In other words, normal women scored higher in the communication skills variable and homeless women scored higher in the loneliness variable, and this difference is significant. Due to the size of the effect, there is little difference in communication skills. The results also showed that there is a significant difference between parenting styles in homeless and normal women. In other words, normal women scored higher in the parenting style variable, and this difference is significant.

The present study aimed to predict impulsiveness in adolescents based on personality traits and social problem-solving skills.

The research was descriptive-correlational, and its statistical population consisted of 600 female students of the first and second secondary schools in district 10 of Tehran in 2019. The sample size was equal to 155 using Cochran's method. The research tools included Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS) (1959), the personality traits questionnaire by McCrae & Costa (1992), and the social problem-solving skills questionnaire by D'Zurilla et al. (2002). Analysis of data obtained from the questionnaires was performed in descriptive and inferential phases of Pearson correlation coefficient, and Multiple regression.

Social problem-solving components explained a total of 34.3% of the variance of impulsiveness in adolescents. Among the components of social problem-solving, positive problem orientation (PPO), and negative problem orientation (NPO), and its impulsive/carelessness style positively and significantly predicted impulsiveness in adolescents. The inclusion of personality traits in the prediction equation and controlling the effects of social problem-solving components also increased the rate of explained variance of impulsiveness by 5.8%.

Among the personality traits, neuroticism positively, extroversion and agreeableness negatively and significantly predicted impulsiveness in adolescents.

The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of play therapy with and without parental education based on attachment on the level of aggression in children with confrontational disobedience.

This research method was quasi-experimental with pre-test design and follow-up with a control group. The statistical population of the study was children aged 4 to 6 years in Tehran; The sampling method was multi-stage random. First, eleven districts were randomly selected from the 22 districts of Tehran, and then one kindergarten was selected from each district in 11 districts by simple random sampling method. 1990) and clinical interviews of 45 children were selected and randomly assigned to three experimental and control groups (15 children in each group). The Barclays Training Package (2006) and the parent-child play therapy therapy intervention group were placed in eight 90-minute sessions, and the control group was placed on standby. Data were analyzed using repeated measures variance.

The results of this study showed that play therapy (F = 8.57, P = 0.001) and play therapy of attachment-based parent education (F = 7.88, P = 0.001) on reducing aggression in children with Ignorance is an effective coping, and this effect was sustained during the follow-up phase. Post hoc test also showed that attachment-based play therapy is more effective.

The results showed that play therapy combined with attachment-based interventions is effective in reducing aggression in children with confrontational disobedience disorder and these two methods can be used to reduce aggression in these children.