مجله پژوهشهای گیاهی (زیست شناسی ایران)
سال سی و سوم شماره 3 (پاییز 1399)

Melissa officinalis L. is an important medicinal plant. Due to the lack of developmental studies in this plant, the present study was first used to identify the structure and then how to respond to drought stress (0, fc 2/3, fc 1/3) and the effect External application of salicylic acid (0, 0.7 and 1.5 mM). For this purpose, the seeds of lemon balm were cultured in appropriate pots after sterilization .At the same time, a number of untreated pots were cultivated for anatomical studies. Experiments were performed as split plot split factorial with three replications. The description showed the similarity of this plant with other plants of the family of Lamiaceae, and with the advancement of the stage of development, gradually, the thickness of the sclerenchyma tissue was increased, In the study of stresses on histology, decreasing the diameter of the xylem and increasing the length of the trichomes, salicylic acid treatment was highly desirable in reducing the effects of drought stress. Molecular studies using the qRT-PCR technique showed that the expression of tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT) gene was not significantly altered under stress conditions and the highest expression was observed in drought stress conditions of 2/3 fc and salicylic acid 0.7 mM. It can be concluded that salicylic acid treatment has a positive effect on histological studies in plants under drought stress, but has no significant effect on TAT gene expression in plants under drought stress.

UV-B radiation can penetrate into water deeper than each light wavelength. Complex eukaryotic organisms evolved in response to developmental and environmental signs such as UV-B radiation through the selective expression of a specific section of the same genome in different cell types. The foundation of multicellular organisms needs genetically predefined signaling pathways in diverse cell types. Cell types should be enabled to modulate appropriate adaptive reactions in ever-changing comprehensive environment. The multicellular green alga Volvox carteri consists of only two types with a distinct division of function. Here, the RNA-seq technique was employed to investigate transcriptome profiling of two separated cell types of V. carteri under 1h UV-B treatment. Our results revealed that almost one-third of the V. carteri genes (8392 genes out of 23778 genes) were significantly differentially expressed between the two cell types. The results showed that in somatic cells, potassium ion transmembrane transport and RNA phosphodiester bond hydrolysis were activated. However, in reproductive cells, mismatch repair (MMR), nucleosome assembly and chromosome assembly occurred after UV-B radiation. RNA-dependent DNA biosynthetic process was a common response of both cells to UV-B radiation. The cell type-specific genes were examined to determine cell function in response to UV-B radiation. Overall, two cell-types have initiated defense mechanisms and decreased the sensitivity of alga to UV-B radiation.

In order to evaluate the effect of foliar application iron and zinc fertilizers in two forms of sulphate and nano particles on the essential oil content and composition of peppermint under salinity stress, an pot experiment as factorial based on completely randomized design with three replications was conducted. Treatments of the experiment were salinity stress in four levels (0, 40, 80, and 120 mM NaCl) and fertilizer spraying in five levels (control, 1500 mg/L of iron sulphate, 300 mg/L of nano iron, 1500 mg/L of zinc sulphate, and 300 mg/L of nano zinc). Plant samples were harvested at flowering stage and dried under shadow conditions. Application of zinc and iron fertilizers, especially as nano form, improved the biomass of the plant, and the best biomass of peppermint was observed in the treatment of iron nano-fertilizers application. The results showed that nano iron treatment under salinity conditions of 40 and 80 mM NaCl causes 13.96 and 25.13% increase in oil content compared to control plants. The highest amount of menthol (42.22%) was related to the 80 mM salinity and spraying of nano iron. The lowest amount of menthol (31.57%) was observed in the 120 mM salt stress and application of nano iron. According to results of this research, the salinity stress of 40 and 80 mM could have a positive effect on the menthol amount of peppermint oil. Generally, nano iron causes the improvement in the content and main compositions of essential oil and the biomass of peppermint under salinity stress.

The Dehgin reagent and paired basin with 4.2 Km2 is located in geographic coordinates of 57 12 29 to 57 11 25 eastern longitude and 27 46 6 to 27 44 21 north latitude. In this study, 190 plant species were collected and introduced. These species belong to 50 families (1 family of Angiospermae, 47 families of Dicotyledone and 2 families of Monocotyledone) and 149 genera. Compositae with 23 species, Papilionaceae with 18 species and Gramineae with 20 species are main families of this region. Studing of plants life forms by Raunkier method showed that Therophytes with 41 and Hemichryptophytes with 18 percent of species are the most frequent life forms. Phanerophytes with 14 percent and Chamaephytes with 16 percent are other life forms. High percentage of Therophytes indicates that the area has dry and deserty climate. Investigation on geographical distribution of plants species showed 26 percent (49 species) of species belong to Saharo-Sindian,12 percent (22 species) to Irano-Touranian and 3 percent (5 species) to Cosmic zones. 60 species were medicinal plants that 15 species had high heath care.

In order to investigate the effect of media and Auxin plant growth regulator on rooting of commercial grape cuttings, an experiment was conducted in a factorial arrangement based on a complete randomized block design with three replications on ‘White Seedless’ grape cuttings. Various types of media (sand, sawdust, agronomy, combined soil) and different concentrations of indole butyric acid (0, 2 and 4 g /l) were used as a treatments. After applying treatments, some traits such as callus start time, callus percentage, time of onset of misplaced roots, root length, root number and percentage of cuttings were measured. All measured traits significantly affected by various media (except percentage of cuttings) and different concentrations of IBA (p < 0.01) and their interactions. The results of experiment revealed that the interaction effect of sawdust and 4 g/l IBA significantly (p < 0.01) decreased times for callus and adventitious root inductions and also produced the highest percentage of callus, root number and length, and rooting ability. The highest percentage of rooting was obtained in cuttings which treated by combined soil and 2 g/l IBA. However, it’s concluded that IBA by decreasing the callus induction time and increasing cell division and root number was played a significant role in rooting of cuttings. In fact, in sand and sawdust media with consideration the production of higher root densities, the percentage of rooting was reduced due to lack of food.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of hormonal compositions and concentrations, temperature and light pre-treatments in changing the biological pathways and moving toward callugenesis, embryogenesis and regeneration in cucumber anther explants. Two seperate factorial experiments were conducted in completely randomized design with three replications on open pollination Isfahan native cucumber and greenhouse inbred line. Factors consisted of tempreture (4°C cold and without cold pretreatment (fresh flower)), Light treatment (brightness and darkness) and different hormone compositions and concentrations including KIN (1 to 2.5 mg/L), BAP (0.1 to 3.5 mg/L) and 2.4-D (1 to 3.5 mg/L) at five levels. The results showed the superiority of the fresh flower in cold pre-treatment for embrygenesis and callugenesis in inbred line, and for callugenesis in native cultivar. Darkness treatment caused a significant increasing in callugenesis and callus diameter of inbred line, however did not significant effects on native cultivar. The combination of BAP and 2,4-D hormones at a rate of 3.5+1mg/L (in both genotypes) caused the highest induction of embryogenesis and callugenesis. Embryogenesis was affected by studied factors in inbred line, however these factors did not have significant effects on embryogenesis in native cucumber. Triple interaction of temperature, light and hormonal compositions in culture media showed that in order to obtain the highest embryogenesis, callus induction and callus diameter, use of fresh flowers and 2,4-D+BAP hormones (3.5+1 mg/L) are suitable in anther culture of cucumber. The conditions of lightness and darkness did not play important role in embryogenesis.

In order to study the effect of foliar application of nano-zinc oxide (N-ZnO) and Nano Iron Oxide (N-FeO) on germination traits of produced seeds of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under salinity stress a factorial experiment was conducted based on completely randomized design with four replications. Experimental treatments were Foliar application (control, N-ZnO 750 mg/L, N-ZnO 1500 mg/L, N-FeO 750 mg/L, N-FeO 1500 mg/L, N-ZnO 750 mg/L+ N-FeO 750 mg/L, N-ZnO 750 mg/L+ N-FeO 1500 mg/L, N-FeO 750 mg/L+ N-ZnO 1500 mg/L and N-ZnO 1500 mg/L+ N-FeO 1500 mg/L) and three levels of salinity stress (0, 75, 150 mM NaCl). Based on the results the highest level of salinity stress resulted in lowest emergence rate, seedling emergence and seedling growth parameters of wheat. The highest concentration of soluble sugar and proline in wheat seedlings observed in salinity level of 150 mM NaCl, whereas as results of highest salinity stress protein content, chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b decreased. In general, simultaneous application of N-ZnO 1500 ppm+ N-FeO 1500 ppm significantly alleviated the negative effects of salinity stress on all of the studied traits, except seedling emergence, vigor index and protein content.

Basil (Ocimum basillicum L.), one of the most important medicinal plants, contains monoterpene and sesquiterpene compounds. Linalool synthase (LIS) and Germacrene D synthase (GDS) are two key genes involved in terpenes biosynthesis. In the current investigation, cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) markers and sequencing were used to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in both genes in five different basil populations. For this means, fragments of 600 and 583 bp from the coding sequences of these genes were amplified and digested by using Pst1 and Mse1 restriction enzymes. After retrieval of the sequences of the amplified gene fragments, SNPs were identified based on multiple sequence alignment in both genes in studied basil genotypes. Out of the nine SNPs identified in LIS gene, five occurred in exon region while the number of SNPs identified in intron was four. Of the total SNPs detected in this gene, the proportion of transition was 77.8%, with frequencies of A/G: 44.4% and T/C: 33.3% and C/G and C/A (transversion) with the same frequencies of 22.2%. In GDS gene, in total, 28 SNPs was detected (seven in exon and 21 in intron) of which 67.8% was transient with a frequency of G/A: 35.7% and C/T: 32.1%, and 32.1% transversion (T/A: 7.15%, G/C: 14.3% and C/A: 10.7%). The results of the sequence alignments revealed that the highest number of the identified SNPs in the studied genes are A/G and TC.

Background and objectives Mutational breeding is an effective tool for improvement of agronomic traits in crops. The purpose of this study, mutation induction in local rice varieties using chemical mutagen ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) to improve their agronomic traits and evaluating genetic variation at M2 generation. Materials and methods In this study the effect of EMS concentrations (0, 0.17, 0.35 and 0.51 percent) was studied on Tarom Mahalli and Tarom Hashemi local varieties. Superior genotypes were selected in M2 generation based on phenotypic status as well as their important agronomic traits were recorded. Results Evaluation of induced genetic variation was done using agronomic traits as well as 12 SSR (Simple Sequence Repeat) markers at phenotypic and molecular levels, respectively. The EMS effectively reduced significantly average of traits like plant height as well as non-filled grains and increased the mean values for 100-grain weight and panicle length. Mutant no. 13 (derived from Tarom mahalli) had superior agronomic characteristics like lower height (147 cm), more tiller number (37), panicle length (29.3 cm) and filled grains (158) in comparison with its control. Also, mutants no. 3 and 10 (derived from Tarom Hashemi) identified as superior lines and their height were 144 and 139 cm, respectively. Discussion Results of the study showed successful induction of genetic variation in mutant lines comparing with respective controls.

Thymus daenensis Celak. belonging to Lamiaceae family, is an endemic medicinal plants of Iran that has been found as a rich source for essential oil and thymol. The evaluation of the morphological traits of different populations of this species is necessary for its domestication. Eight populations of this plant were collected from three provinces of Markazi (Shazand, Khan e miran bala, Khan e miran paien and Arak), Hamedan (Malayer 1, Malayer 2 and Jovzan) and Lorestan (Zaghe) at full flowering period. 31 quantitative and qualitative traits were evaluated. The results indicated that there was a significant difference between the populations for most studied traits. The stem cork, calyx color, leaf cork and number of essential oil glands had the highest coefficient of variation among the populations. The maximum length and diameter of inflorescences and leaf length in Zaghe, the highest leaf area in Shazand, the highest number of essential glands and leaf width in Khan e miran bala and the highest number of flowers in inflorescences was observed in Malayer 1 population. Some significant positive and negative correlations were observed between traits. Cluster analysis of populations based on measured traits putted populations in three clusters (Zaghe, Shazand and other populations). In general, the results indicated a high variation among populations, which could be due to habitat conditions or populations genetic. We suggest to repeat such studies to investigate the impact of habitat conditions on morphological traits of this species. This can be helpful for choosing the best population for domestication.

In order to study the effects of silkworm residues and nitroxin on qualitative and quantitative characteristics of German chamomile )Matricaria chamomilla), a pot experiment was conducted as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with four replications in greenhouse of Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Gonbad Kavous University in growing season: 2013-2014. The first factor included fertilizer of silkworm residues in six levels (0, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, 10% and 20%) and nitroxin biofertilizer in two levels (inoculated with nitroxin and non inoculated) as second factor. The results showed that the highest biological yield, numbers of flowers and flowers weights in a pot were obtained in combination of 7.5% silkworm residues with nitroxin. At lower levels of silkworm residues, the amount of phenol and catalase enzymes increased. While high levels of silkworm residues (over 10%) increased the flower essence and chamazulene percent. In clousion, using silkworm residues with nitroxin increased quantitative and qualitative yield in German chamomile. Therefore, it is suggested to use a combination of 7.5% of silkworm residues and nitroxin for flower production. But combination of 20% of silkworm residues and nitroxin is suggested for flower essence.

In order to understand the biodiversity mechanism of ecological patterns in ecosystems and the basis for conservation and management of biodiversity, the production and species richness was measured during a year in the Tang-e-Chenar rangelands of Yazd province and the response curve of the richness of plant species along the slope of production changes was examined. Analyses of linear and nonlinear regression were used to determine the relationship between richness as dependent variables and productivity as independent variables. Fourteen species were identified in sampling in 30 plots. The average richness was calculated to 2.4 species. According to the results of the relative density in the plot 57% of the shrubs, forbs 21.5% and grasses 21.5 %, respectively. Total production was recorded about 278 g/m2 in Tangechenar that according to production values in theory hump-backed expected that this site is on the left side of the curve hump-backed. In other words, a relationship of increasing linear between production and richness should be seen in site. Relationship between production and richness in each life form was not found all of vegetation forms and have any significant correlation. It cannot be claimed that production is a good variable for predicting the richness in TangeChenar and other factors such as soil nutrients and climatic factors such as temperature and rainfall on the richness will have a greater effect on the factor of production. Based on results it can be concluded that the hump-backed hypothesis should be tested on a scale beyond the local.

Nitrogen is one of the most important elements required by plants. Legume crops are of great significance because they can use nitrogen from the atmosphere through biological nitrogen fixation. In the current study, effects of NARK gene and different nitrogen treatments on growth, physiological parameters and protein profile of soybean leaf of supernodulation mutant and wild-type were investigated. For this, a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with three replications was conducted under greenhouse conditions. Experiment factors included two levels of ammonium (NH4+) and two levels of nitrate (NO3-) for three types of soybean (sterile, wild-type and supernodulating mutant). Results of variance analysis revealed that the treatment of ammonium plus nitrate in comparison with other treatments had the greatest effect on soybean plants in terms of morphological and biochemical parameters. Two-dimensional electrophoresis also showed that sterile plants under 5mM ammonium sulfate treatment had higher protein variation in leaf compared with the soybean wild-type plants inoculated with rhizobia (non-recipient of mineral nitrogen). This variation in the leaf protein profile of plants could be due to type of nitrogen they receive (mineral nitrogen/biological nitrogen fixation). In addition, the protein variation could be due to alteration in genes expression because of symbiosis in inoculated plants with rhizobia. Traits such as chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, carotenoids, and reduced sugar content, had the highest amount under the ammonium plus nitrate and 5mM ammonium treatments and the lowest amount in control plants.

Gerbera, one of the important cut flowers, is sensitive to early wilting and neck bending which reduce its postharvest vase life. Towards improving the quality and the vase life of “Stanza” and “Pink Elegance” cut flowers, this study was conducted using putrescine by using a factorial experiment in basic of completely randomized design with 4 replications. The treatments were included postharvest spraying with 4 mM of putrescine, pulse treatment with 8 mM putrescine, permanent solution (vase life solution) with 2 mM putrescine and control. The results showed that Stanza cultivar had a higher vase life index and better quality than Pink Elegance cultivar in postharvest. All putrescine treatments increased vase life in both cultivars; however, the highest vase life was related to permanent treatments, pulse treatment, spraying treatment respectively. In most cases, all treatments maintain the postharvest quality of Gerbera cut flowers for four and eight days. in both cultivars permanent treatment has more relative fresh weight, VSU, marketability, TSS, CAT, PAL, and less of EC and MDA. In contrast, control has the lowest quality although in some cases, such as TSS, EC, CAT and PAL, there was no significant difference with postharvest spraying treatment. The best result was obtained once permanent treatment of putrescine and pulse treatment were used.

Heavy metals are harmful to living cells, especially humans, animals, plants and microorganisms. The purpose of this study was evaluate the effect of soil and plant contamination on the abundance of endogenous bacteria or plants endophyte in two contaminated and non- contaminated soils. At the beginning, it was sampled from lead mining soils, the agricultural land around it and also from the aerial parts of the 8 plants grown in the soils mentioned. The concentrations of lead, zinc and cadmium were measured in the soil and leaves of the collected plants and counting of cultivated endogenous bacteria were performed. Investigation of soil and plant contamination showed that the concentration of heavy metals in samples taken from the mine soil is remarkably larger than the soil of agricultural land. The ability of plants to absorb metals was very different and the highest concentration of lead was observed in Mentha pulegium and the lowest was in convolvulus arvensis and the highest zinc concentrations was in Echinops echinatus and the lowest was in Euphorbia seguieriana Neck. The bacterial count showed that the abundance of bacteria in soils and plants grown in uncontaminated soils to heavy metals was low and against them in soils and plants grown in contaminated soils is considerably lower. Among the plants grown in contaminated soils, the average logarithm abundance of the bacteria cultivated on NA were the highest in the Senecio vulgaris and the cultivated bacteria on EMB were the most in the convolvulus arvensis.

Marjoram (Origanum majorana L.) is one of the plants of Labiatae family. Drought stress limits the growth of medicinal plants, including marjoram. In this study, response of marjoram to foliar methyl jasmonate application (with concentrations 0, 100 μM) under drought stress (soil moisture equivalent to 50 (moderate stress), 75 (mild stress) and 100% of field capacity (without stress)) was evaluated. Based on the results obtained in this study the effect of different levels of drought stress on plant fresh and dry weight, plant height, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll and carotenoids content, catalase activity and soluble sugar content was significant. When compared to control, moderate stress reduced chlorophyll and increased carotenoids, catalase activity and soluble sugar content 15.52, 38.25, 79.63 and 42.86% respectively. Essential oil percentage, which obtained from plant leaves under drought stress, did not change significantly. Application of methyl jasmonate increased chlorophyll a, b and total, catalase activity and soluble sugar, particularly in non- stress and severe stress conditions. These results showed that methyl jasmonate could increase catalase activity and soluble sugar content while under drought stress condition inhibit the activity of free radicals and thus ensures survival of the marjoram plants. In general, the results of this experiment showed that the use of mthyl jasmonate could appropriate way to cope with drought in marjoram.

The decline of area of oak forest shows the necessity of reclamation of disturbed oak habitats. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of phosphate solubilizing bacteria on survival,, growth and nutritional status in Quercus brantii Lindl. and Q. libanii Oliv. The collected seeds were sowed after inoculation by phosphate solubilizing bacteria in greenhouse. The experiment was conducted in a factorial based on randomized complete block design with two main factor including oak species and bacteria with three replication and sixteen seeds for each replication. The significant effect of oak species caused higher value of height growth, collar diameter, leaves dry matter percentage, amount of phosphorous in root and shoot and also magnesium, iron and manganese in root, shoot and leaves of Q.libanii seedlings. However, Q. brantii seedlings had more shoot dry matter and iron amount in root and shoots. The significant effect of bacteria and mean comparison indicated higher value of height growth, collar diameter, and root, shoot and leaves dry matter in seedlings which inoculated by Pseudomonas and Bacillus isolates. Mean comparison showed the more value of phosphorous in root, shoot and leaves , and iron of root and shoot in seedlings which inoculated by Pseudomonas isolates. Inoculation by Bacillus isolated increased iron amount in root, shoot and leaves, too. The Pseudomonas and Bacillus had better efficiency in improving growth and nutritional status of oak seedling, making them suitable candidates in rehabilitation of degraded oak habitats.

6 different sites (4 sites situated in wetlands and 2 sites located in river) were selected in the Guilan and Mazandaran provinces to study the habitat suitability of Myriophyllum spicatum L. Monitoring of biotic data (36 presence and 36 absence data) was monthly carried out simultaneously with abiotic data (a set of physical, chemical and structural variables) during one year (from July 2017 to May 2018). Based on the results of Mann-Whitney, except water temperature, biological and chemical oxygen demand, ammonium and nitrite (p > 0.01), a significant difference was observed between the presence and absence of plant and the remaining of variables (p < 0.01). According to the results of principal component analysis (PCA), among 8 variables used in this method, flow velocity, total suspended solid and bicarbonate were the most important variables in the first three components, respectively so that they had the major effect on the habitat suitability of plant. According to the results of canonical correspondence analysis (CCA), the presence of plant in wetlands can be because of increasing of carbon dioxide, bicarbonate, dissolved oxygen and phosphate and the absence of plant can be attributed by increasing flow velocity, total suspended solid, electric conductivity and water depth while different seasons of year didn’t have much effect on the presence of absence of plant. Based on the results of the generalize linear model (GLM model), there was a significant difference between the presence and absence of plant and 8 variables (p < 0.01).

Bunium persicum (Boiss.) B.Fedtsch is a family member of Apiaceae which fruits are considered as an important export in food and pharmaceutical industries. According to the significant role of the mentioned native plant and necessity of becoming familiar with the anatomical and developmental structures, some samples of this plant were collected in the current study. Moreover, the vegetative and generative parts were investigated using cell - histological methods include of the fixation with F.A.A fixator, preparation, embedding in paraffin, slices the samples, staining with Hematoxylin- Eosine utilizing stereomicroscope and optical microscopes.Preposition of results, the apical part of root is tuberiformis and leaves are polymorphic with anemocytique Stoma .The flower structure consists of 5 sepals, 5 petals, and 5 stamens, biloculate and inferior ovary. Furthermore, secretory canals were observed in all parts of the plant. The anther was tetra-sporangiate, the tapetum was of secretory type and also the shape of mature pollens was oval. The results of female reproductive organ showed the presence of anatropus ovule with one layered integuments and development of the embryo sac is of polygonum type.

Today, a considerable amount of Zagros forests is faced with the phenomenon of oak decline. Environmental stresses have caused the weakness of the trees, imbalance in food and water absorption, and eventually the deterioration of trees. Site factors play an important role in the resistance of trees to biotic and abiotic stresses. This research was conducted to evaluate the reaction of health and non-health Brant`s oak (Quercus brantii Lindl.) trees to nutrients absorption in different aspects and elevations in the Helen forest of Chaharmahal & Bakhtiari province. Three transects were considered in two main aspects (North and South) of the study area. On each transect, three plots (with an area of 1000 m2) were designed in three elevation levels (800-1500, 1800-2000, and above 2000m a.s.l) randomly. Leaves of five health and non-health trees were gathered to measure the nutrient elements. This research was conducted as a factorial experiment in randomized complete block design and the mean values of variables were compared using Duncan test. The results showed that the effect of geographical aspects was significant on N and Ca uptake. Also, the difference in the absorption of essential nutrients in leaves of health and non-health oak trees were significant. The absorption of Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu in the leaves of the trees in the northern aspects was higher than the southern aspects. Health trees also absorbed more of these elements compared to non-health trees.