نشریه مطالعات جغرافیایی مناطق کوهستانی
پیاپی 5 (بهار 1400)

Today, in order to adapt to real or expected stresses and to deal with natural consequences and crises (drought, floods, earthquakes, etc.), attention to the adaptation capacity of human settlements, especially in rural areas, is of paramount importance. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to investigate and assess the capacity of adaptation of rural areas to the drying of Lake Urmia in Miandoab county. This research was applied in terms of descriptive-analytical method and library and field studies were used to collect data. 15% of the villages of this city were selected as a statistical population using the three criteria of rural household number, geographical distribution and natural location, and then 330 households were selected as the sample size using the Cochranchr('39')s formula. Data were analyzed using one-t-test, Coopras decision model, cluster analysis and Mooren I statistic in GIS software. The results showed that 10% of the villages (three villages of Gol Soleimanabad, Tazehkand Hasloughoubi and Haji Hassan) with high adaptation capacity, 67/6 at medium adaptation level 33/13 at low adaptation level and 67/66 of the villages - which includes 20 sample villages - were in a very low position in terms of adaptive capacity to the drying up of Lake Urmia. In addition, the spatial pattern of adaptation capacity indicators in Miandoab city according to Mooren I statistic follows a random pattern and villages that have access to sufficient water resources and capital and quick access to Miandoab city have a higher adaptation capacity and in The total adaptation capacity of the studied villages is at a moderate to low level.

Cities receive millions of tourists each year, and urban tourism has now become an important activity that has shaped the flow of work, social action, and spatial change, especially in countries.The role of cities in attracting tourists and shaping urban tourism as a spatial model of tourism in the present era has formed another dimension of the urban economy that is the modernization and development of urban appearance, transportation system, tourist resorts and improvement and organization Urban infrastructure leads and is influenced by various factors such as social trust and security of urban spaces, and plays an important role in attracting tourists. This study was designed to investigate the impact of social trust and security of urban spaces in the development of urban tourism. In terms of the purpose of applied research and in terms of research methods, it is a descriptive-analytical research. The statistical population consisted of incoming tourists to Gorgan. Due to the fact that the number of statistical population is unknown, Cochranchr('39')s formula was used for unlimited population and the sample size was 384 people. SPSS and PLS software were used to analyze the data. Findings showed that social trust and security of urban spaces have a significant effect on tourism development so that the impact of the variable security of urban spaces on tourism development is more than social trust.

The spatial pattern of rural settlements in mountainous areas is limited and unstable compared to other geographical areas. Given the unsustainable patterns of life in these areas, understanding their biological realities can play an important role in the future reconstruction of living spaces. The present study, according to the limited literature in this field, has analyzed the place-spatial pattern of livability in the mountainous rural area of ​​Chorzeq rural district in Tarom county of Zanjan province. The theoretical framework of the research is based on a four-dimensional model of viability and development of sustainable places. The study population (analysis level) included mountainous settlements of Chorzeq district (23 rural points) and the sample size (households) according to Cochranchr('39')s formula was 131 samples, which were distributed among the villages based on the proportional proportion of the number of households in each village. And sampling was done by simple random method. Necessary information and data were collected in two ways: library and field (with a questionnaire). Statistical analysis of questionnaire data was performed by one-sample t-test; Then, in order to determine the spatial-spatial pattern of viability in rural settlements, the viability score of the regions was obtained in the Vickor model and analyzed by the spatial model of hot spots. The required diagrams and maps were drawn in the GIS software environment. According to the research results, bioavailability indices in all dimensions are accepted by the local community and the study areas are in good condition in terms of environmental bioavailability. In terms of biodegradability and its spatial pattern, only the eastern regions of the study area have a regular cluster pattern. Also, there is a significant relationship between spatial factors and biodiversity indices in which spatial factors of altitude and slope have played a greater role.

Today, natural ecotourism has become more and more important not only as an endless source of income, but also as a sustainable development model. The present article has been compiled based on the strategic planning process, with the basic aim of identifying and prioritizing appropriate natural tourism strategies in the village of Qaleh Qafeh Pachr('39')in. The pristine and extraordinary nature of the mountains and the historical background of this region have made Qaleh Qafeh Pachr('39')in a very powerful village in terms of rural tourism. However, this village lacks the necessary facilities and equipment to accommodate tourists and also lacks the appropriate advertising capabilities to attract tourists. The research method in this study was descriptive-analytical and collecting information from library sources and authorschr('39') observations from the study area. The analysis is based on the SWOT analysis model, which ultimately leads to the presentation of four strategies. By obtaining four strategies and using the matrix of internal and external factors, the strategic tourism position of Qaleh Qafeh Pachr('39')in village in Minoodasht county, has been determined. The results of this study indicate that the vulnerability threshold of this village is very high and needs to be reviewed and appropriate policies to address weaknesses and avoid threats. Also aggressive-development strategies are the most appropriate method of managing activities and practices and also using the strategic planning matrix, the best aggressive-development strategies were presented in the form of conclusions and practical suggestions.

The purpose of the current study, in addition to studying the process of informal settlement, is firstly to identify and analyze the key factors and secondly to propose the most important scenarios for informal settlement in Bojnurd using structural analysis approach. The present study is objectively practical and methodologically is based on future studies and an analytical exploratory research. Data was collected through a questionnaire, Delphi techniques, library method and documentary based research. First of all, the identification of key indicators was done utilizing Delphi techniques then the key factors were identified through MicMac based on cross-effect matrix and finally using ScenarioWizard, the scenarios for informal settlement were proposed. The results show that all 26 factors have affected informal settlement in Bojnurd but six factors including population growth, continuous migration to cities, access to important centers, advantages of the area for low income families including affordable housing and existence of roads, unemployment and poor urban management are the key effective factors on informal settlement in Bojnurd. The results of the second part of the study indicated that generally, the resulted 62 factors can be classified in two groups based on their features. These two groups show the general framework of informal settlement in the city. The first group includes informal settlement with relatively desirable conditions which includes 12 scenarios. The second group, however, consisting 50 scenarios, inclues those scenarios whose key factors are critical or on the verge of crisis on the verge of crisis to ensure the security of sorts events.

Spatial Planing is a set of coordinated and coherent knowledge, techniques, principles, policies, programs, actions and operations aimed at eliminating inequalities, organizing and regulating biological and geographical spaces and places. Is used. Kermanshah province has always had special problems due to its location in the western border areas of the country and its proximity to Iraq and its long and complex borders. The present research has been done by descriptive-analytical method and library-survey collection method with the aim of identifying effective geopolitical and geoeconomic criteria for the realization of Kermanshah provincechr('39')s beauty programs using one-sample t-test and linear regression statistical methods. The results of one-sample t-test in the section of geopolitical indicators showed that proximity to the unstable and critical political realm of Iraq with an average score of 3.48 and in the discussion of geoeconomic indicators lack of proper economic development with a score of / 92. 3 Experts have been most concerned about the feasibility of beauty programs. Also, the results of regression test showed that geopolitical criteria had a greater impact on the feasibility of land management in Kermanshah province. Also, the results of regression test showed that geopolitical criteria had a greater impact on the feasibility of land management in Kermanshah province.

One of the main drivers of tourism in todaychr('39')s competitive world is urban symbols and elements. Recognizing these symbols and introducing them to the field of tourism can be fruitful in advancing the various goals of this industry, in addition to spreading and exporting indigenous cultures and beliefs. Based on this, the present study was conducted with the aim of identifying and analyzing the role of urban symbols and elements in the development of tourism in Khorramabad. The research method in this research is descriptive-correlation and the type of research is applied. The statistical population is urban tourism experts and specialists, according to the model used, 36 questionnaires were distributed among the statistical sample. Cronbachchr('39')s alpha coefficient for the whole questionnaire was calculated above 0.7. The structural equations of pls software were used to analyze the data. The results showed that urban symbols and elements have positively predicted 0.741 of changes in urban identity and 0.512 of changes in tourism development. Urban identity also predicted 0.408 of changes in tourism development. In fact, urban identity accounted for 0.302 of the relationship between urban symbols and elements to tourism development; Finally, the results of the final research model, considering that all three paths were significant in the presence of the mediator variable, indicate that urban identity has a partial mediation role in the model.

Cities today, by rethinking and contemplating their opportunities and threats, seek to increase their power to attract and present themselves. In the meantime, for many, the idea of a creative city has become a new way of looking at city development. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to Analysis of the position of creative city indicators in the direction of branding to achieve sustainable urban development in Damghan city. The present study is an analytical-applied research. The method used in the data collection stage is based on a review of valid external and internal and field sources (questionnaire).  For data analysis, SPSS software and descriptive and inferential SAW model is used. The results of t-test to evaluate the position of creative city indicators in branding of Damghan city showed that in items, indicators (social capital, innovation, quality of life, human capital) are less evaluated than the utility number (3) and at the level of alpha 0. 000 is significant. In fact, the numerical average analysis shows the low position of the indicators of the creative city in the direction of branding the city of Damghan. The results of Spearman correlation test showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between the indicators of creative city and sustainable development of Damghan city. Finally, the results of SAW model showed area (5), with a score (0.670), as the most affected and area (3), with a significant difference. With a score (0.190), they are considered as the least amount of development in terms of creative city indicators.