فصلنامه تاریخ
پیاپی 59 (زمستان 1399)

One of the topics posited in the early and middle Islamic centuries is the story of Adam’s descent in India. It can be possibly stated that the story of the first human being is a universal one. It has been dealt with by the Abrahamic religions ad it has also been presented in the testaments and the holy Quran. Some believe that this story is unreal, imaginary and drawn on the other cultures and some others realize this commonality as a proof of its originality in the various cultures each of which has given it a vernacular form. There is a third group that approaches it through the lens of allegory and myth. The present study uses a descriptive-analytical method to specify and highlight the position of the Indian territory as the first land of the human beings as narrated by Muslims, especially the Iranian Muslim authors and analyze the actions and reactions of the Abrahamic religions and nations’ cultures over such world-inclusive subjects as the first human being and underline that such a story is not single-rooted and unidimensional and that various factors have played roles in its formation

At the end of the third century AH, when the unhealthy situation in Andalusia signaled the decline of Islamic rule in this land, With the rise to power of Al-Nasser and Al-Mustansir, the golden age began and peace and unity returned to Andalusia. The economic situation of Andalusia during this period has received less attention from researchers. In this research, we want to draw the economic life of Andalusia in a descriptive-analytical way, with the help of historical sources And to examine the impact of the economic actions of Al-Nasser and his son on the economic developments of the Golden Age, The application of tax laws based on religious beliefs, new methods in agriculture, industrial growth, the connection of the Andalusian commercial market with the Mediterranean and Eastern markets, is the result of prudent governance according to which a suitable model for the development of Islamic societies can be achieved.

The arrival of Islam in Iran had profound and profound effects on the body of this institution, so that the political, social, cultural, economic, and livelihood structures of the people underwent fundamental changes. The main question of the research is what was the character of Iranian food and clothing as elements of social, cultural and livelihood structure of the Umayyads? It has been hypothesized that part of the ancient Persian text continued in the early Islamic centuries. During the period under review while maintaining some of the national and social traditions and traditions, Iranian society had the greatest influence on the Umayyad in the area of ​​Iranian food, while preserving ancient traditions and local foods, and part of the Arab diet. And Iranian food diversity also changed Arabs' eating habits, so in this part of the tradition we see the influence of both sides on each other. This research will explain the subject under the descriptive-analytical method.

The historical reports and narratives are important references to understand and perceive the lifestyle of the pure imams. Some Shia Imams have been less and some more introduced in references for some reasons. The reference reports can be studied in two Sunni and Shia classifications. In this classification, the general histories are observed according to the Sunnis trends. Other references can be used by researchers such as Vafayat reports, A’lam, Rejal, and encyclopedia. Imam Hadi, the Shia Imam, has been less talked about in the references of Sunnis but is completely explained in other Shia references such as the other Shia Imams. This research is descriptive-analytical and investigates how much the 9th Imam’s, Imam Hadi’s, lifestyle is explained in the references of Sunnis about his Imamate period. It is shown in this research that some references have not concealed the reality but some others haven’t mentioned it. Explaining Imam Hadi’s lifestyle has been placed under the light of reporting the lifestyles of other caliphs and rulers of Abbasid times and events of Islam history.

In this research,how the myth of the sun affects the animals related to this myth in the period of ancient iran is investigated.The main question that has been raised and studied in this regard is how the myth of the sun has affected the animals related to this myth and what factors have been involved in this matter?This article is a historical research and the method of collecting data is library and the method of compiling and writing is a descriptive-analytical.The results show that the myth of the sun is a symbol of the sun is a symbol of kingship and the animals associated whit this myth also show that power and kingship and a clear victory over darkneaa and light and life is the basis of the sun,which along with different religions of ancient iran.It plays an important role in determining the effect of the myth of the sun on solar and royal animals.

Local historiography of the Qajar period underwent changes under the influence of socio-political developments of this period. In addition to outlining the general topics of local historiography in the Nasserite period, in this regard, the characteristics of Persian local history books in the Nasserite period are discussed and while introducing the local history books of the Nasserite period, the characteristics of three works of Persian local history The four topics of the connection between history and geography, the national attitude in local Persian historiography, the attitude of historians towards the government and the diversity of sources and the use of European works are examined. The purpose of this study is to find out what characteristics of the local histories of Persia during the Nasserite period and what topics their authors paid attention to. This research has examined the data using a library method and a descriptive-analytical method.The results of this study indicate that the local histories of Persia in this period have many commonalities in most features and some of them, like Ajam works in some features such as attitudes to political and governmental issues and local historiography with a national perspective seem different.

After the death of the Prophet (PBUH), Muslims became divided and different sects and sects emerged in the field of Islamic political thought, each of which had different views on theological issues. The initial authority, which had declared its existence by avoiding judging the Alawite and Ottoman fronts, gradually used a proper theological justification to confirm their silence, which led to their specific definition of faith, ie the reference point of gravity. This perception, which had a direct impact on their political action, became an influential current in the course of political and cultural developments in Islam: to the extent that their convergence or divergence with the rule of the Umayyads and their share in the legitimacy of the Umayyads is a matter of serious debate. have been. Based on what has been stated, the central question of the present study is what was the type of confrontation and reaction of the reference difference in interaction and confrontation with the Umayyads? The hypothesis is that different reference differences based on the type of thinking and political currents of the day have reacted to the approaches of the Umayyads. The present article is based on a descriptive-analytical method.

the political and social viewpoints of orientalists over imam ali have many fluctuations and challenges . german and english composers as the pioneers of islam in general tried to analyze the character and position of imam ali material and free from religion . according to the fact that the world of islam and the existing resources are first dominated by jamaat - e - islami , and the shiite sources of distortion or trust have been trusted , mainly we have witnessed biased and biased results . orientalists , on one hand , consider imam ali as an opposition of the central government and has anti - secular thought .on the other hand , few of the orientalists have succeeded in avoiding the influence of personal , national and religious emotions and also study and study the movement . the purpose of this research is comparative study of political positions on social and political situation of hazrat ali ( peace be upon him ) and study of intellectual foundation and practical approach of them . in this research , we try to answer these questions by an analytical and explanatory approach : how was orientalists " s political perception of imam ali 's policy ? how has the intellectual foundations of imam ali ( peace be upon him ) have been ? the prevailing assumption is that , according to the existence of prominent scholars and the great islamic - shiite institute , they have tried

Since the beginning of 1955, the Arab world has been embroiled in a series of crises, with Iraq also affected by this atmosphere, leading to the bloody coup d'état of July 14, 1958, the fall of the Hashemi family from the monarchy and the announcement of the republican system headed by General Abdul Karim Qassem. The new rulers immediately made some changes to the structure of the government. The main question of this research is: What was the relationship between changes and changes with the principles of Islam? What was najaf's reaction to these movements? And finally, what results did it lead to on the Iraqi Shiite community? According to this article, since the changes and changes made with the beliefs of Islam and Shi'a religion were in fundamental contradictions, it led to confrontation and confrontation between najaf seminary and the government of Qasim and his supporters [until the bloody coup d'état of February 8, 1963]. On the other hand, the July 14 coup d'état marks a turning point in the history of the Seminary of Najaf because it ended years [since the suppression of the 1920 uprising and the exile of scholars to Iran] the inaction and remoteness of the Shiite marja'iyya institution from the Iraqi political space. This research tries to investigate the issue by relying on information in historical sources and with a descriptive-analytical approach.

The Tarighname- Harat‚The compiled by Seifi Heravi is one of the most important local historical books of Iran in Ilkhanian era thate has been written in Persian. This research aims to provide biography‚ works‚the sources of information of historiographer in writing of the work‚his religious tendencies‚ the compilation motives‚the content of works‚his historiographical chracterstics shows through the narration. In order to understand the historiographers intellectual system‚ he can show his method of historiography in this regard. The findings of the present study‚ based on historical method and use of the library method‚ indicate that Heravi by writing Gheyasis collection and dedicates parts of Haratś history to political ethics‚dose not regard history as atransmitted science and brings it closer to practical wisdom‚ and it has set the stage for reflection of practical wisdom. He has used the critical and casual approach to his histography‚but has not been able to base it on his work and use it extensively.the reflecting on social issus is the one of the most important features of the historiographerś work and expressivs the serious approach to sociological issues. Tarighname- Harat is also worthy of menton for some poets‚scholars‚andelders.

Local history of Halvan. The customs and achievements of civilization based on written and oral sources were studied by descriptive and analytical methods and field studies. And these developments have been depicted with reference to reliable sources. Helwan, one of the eight ancient cities of the world, the gateway to Islam in Iran, which became the center of Islamic civilization, the existence of abundant natural resources, strategic location and the Silk Road route attracted the attention of the powers. Halwan was a large city in the fourth century AH. This city was abandoned for a long time after its conquest by the Seljuks and the historic earthquake (544 AH). The seventh century with the Mongol invasion accelerated the destruction of the city and a collection of several tens of incomes. Qazvini at the end of the seventh century and Hamdollah Mostofi in the middle of the eighth century describe it as an abandoned city.

During the Safavieh period, the changes and developments of the regional powers had a great impact on determining the extent of the relations between the Shiite governments of the south and the government. with a clever policy and peace with the Ottoman government of Shah Abbas was able to overcome problems and at the same time peaceful relations with The Babrian government did not plan. The conquest of Constantinople in 857 AH brought about a great change in the field of international trade and the Turks gained full control over the eastern trade and the western states sought to find new ways and the Portuguese government considered the importance of the island of Hormuz as a strategic region for domination. They conquered the whole Persian Gulf and conquered the island of Hormuz and were able to be the absolute ruler of their possessions for more than a century, until during the reign of Shah Abbas in 1022, they succeeded in reclaiming the port of Gambron and dominating the coast. Shah Abbas tried to retake Kandahar peacefully, but Jahangir postponed the response to Shah Abbas's request to remove his preoccupation with Deccan, in which case Shah Abbas seized the opportunity to conquer Kandahar. The issue of Kandahar has always been an important and influential factor between the Deccan monarchs and the Safavieh government, and the Iranians sought to fulfill their claim to the region.