مجله مدیریت مخاطرات محیطی
سال هشتم شماره 1 (بهار 1400)

The term "risk" first appeared in civil law and in the realm of insurance, and meant a harmful event whose occurrence and timing were not definitive. That is, any incident that was possible but uncertain. In clinical criminology, a dangerous condition has bio-psychological and social indicators and in fact is a kind of social harm or disease, and solutions appropriate to this condition are defined and in order to eliminate it. The perpetrator and his environment are taken action. Gradually, this concept entered the realm of criminal law, and a series of anti-social behaviors, such as refusing to help people at risk, became criminal and were accompanied by a guarantee of execution. Legislators in some countries, such as France, in the 1994 amendment to the Penal Code, concerned about ending the selfish behavior of individuals, strengthened their criminal arsenal in this regard and criminalized the act of "endangering the life of another." Thus, special attention was paid to a concept, apart from the existence and occurrence of damages, and the classical view of criminal law based on the materiality of the damage was removed. These two concepts of danger and dangerousness and its different effects are examined in this article. Is located.

individual and social health of addicted women with training and supplement haven't been studied, therefore aim of this study is to lower social dangers of addicted women by using training and supplement.

In a semi-experimental study design, 32 subjects among women addicted to Methamphetamine and Heroin from de-addiction camp, with average age of 28.34±6.7 years, weight of 62.06±10.34 kilograms, and BMI of 24.10±2.93, were voluntarily chosen and randomly divided into four groups of training, training + supplement (Vitamin D), supplement, and control. Training group did resistance training with intensity of 40 – 70% of one-repetition maximum for 18 to 28 minutes and aerobic training with intensity of 50 – 70% of heart rate reserve for 12 to 37.5 minutes for 8 weeks with 3 sessions each week. Before and after training protocol and supplementation, blood samples were taken in order to measure lipid profile, and drug voracity questionnaire was given. To check the normality of distribution of data, Shapiro-Wilk test was used. For comparing groups ANOVA and post-hoc Bonferroni test at significance level of 0.05 were used.

this study showed that cholesterol level, LDL, and triglyceride in training + supplement in comparison to other groups had significant decrease and HDL had significant increase (p < 0.05). Voracity of the consumption had significant improvement in training and training + supplement groups in comparison to control group (p < 0.05). But there was no significant difference in supplement group in comparison with control group (p>0.05).

Combination of training and supplement can be used in order to improve individual health, lipid profile and decrease social dangers in addicted women.

The geometric shape of the building, both in plan and in height, influences seismic behavior. Furthermore, the form of the building is very important in terms of aesthetic issues and the function of the building in architecture. so, if the form of the building can be designed in such a way that not only responds to the architectural features of the building, but also performs better in terms of structure (seismic behavior), it will be possible to achieve these two goals simultaneously. Also, less attention has been given to the geometry and plan capabilities of the building for seismic stability. Therefore, in this article, in addition to considering architectural constraints such as the area of the central core and floors, building height, free plan and appropriate light depth in the floors, by making changes in the shape of the building body in height and plan, to compare its seismic behavior. Furthermore, by creating appropriate forms, which could achieve the needs of architecture and building structures and make the design economical. For this purpose, 70-storey hexagrid buildings structure with three shapes of circle, pentagon and triangle in plan and three different forms in in height cylindrical forms, convex and concave, with the same total area, have been studied. The research is quantitative and the modeling of forms has been done by the Rhino software through the analysis of structural models in the SAP 2000 software. Based on the obtained results, it can be stated that, by reducing the number of sides of the plan in convex sections, the total weight is reduced by 11.4% and the base shear is reduced by 10%, while with increasing the number of sides of the plan in concave sections, the total weight is reduced by 5% and the amount of base shear There is no significant difference with increasing or decreasing the number of sides of the plan

Islamic republic of Iran has always been located to a variety of natural and unnatural crises due to its specific geographical and political situation. To this end, Improve the Efficiency of crisis-management organizations such as fire service can be very effective in mitigating the effects of the crisis. Therefore, given the importance of man-made crises, a research was conducted entitled "Mechanisms to Improve the Efficiency of Fire services in manmade Crises". This research is an applied one and is descriptive-analytical. The study population consisted of employees of Shahrood Fire Department and Shahrood Municipality Crisis Management Staff (80 persons) on the year 1398 and the sample size was determined by random sampling. The information was obtained by completing the designed questionnaire. In this study, descriptive statistics were used to represent demographic data and inferential statistics using SPSS 22, Amos 20 and Lisrel 8.8 statistical software. The results of this study showed that the mechanisms for enhancing the efficiency of firefighting organizations in humanitarian crises include: 1. organization, 2. process and 3. Technology. The findings also show that the sub-indicators include: organizational structure, budget and credit, culture, goals, environment and staff on the main organizational index; operational and managerial process on the process index and hardware and Software on the core index of technology affects.

Natural Causes of Earthquake from the Perspective of Precursors of Islamic Era (Late 2nd Century AH to 11th Century AH) and the Quality of Their Attention to Its Hazards Khalilolah Bayat1,*, Fakhredin Ahmadi Danesh Ashtiyani2, Abdorasool Emadi3 1 Ph.D. Candidate, Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies, Tehran, Iran (*Corresponding Author. Email: khalilbayat18@gmail.com) 2 Associate Professor, Civil Engineering Department, K. N. Toosi University, Tehran, Iran. 3 Associate Professor, Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies, Tehran, Iran Abstract It is broadly asserted that Muslims adopted the "Hot-Wet Air & Dry-Hot Air" [Arabic 'adkhaneh': plural of 'dokhān', lit., 'smoke' in Arabic and the 'wet-hot air' 'abkhareh': plural of 'bokhār'], theory based on Aristotle's view to explain earthquakes. Although his view carries some glimmers of truth, highlighting this theory underestimates the efforts made by Islamic scholars to explain earthquakes. This study seeks to find an answer to this question: what innovative theories did the early scientists of the Islamic era employ to explain the natural causes of earthquakes? The historical research methodology is applied to explore the views held by Islamic scientists of the late second century AH to the eleventh century AH. It further analyzes those perspectives through the relevant academic literature. The findings indicate that while developing, discussing, explaining, and acknowledging the theory of "Hot-Wet Air & Dry-Hot Air" and finding out that the aforementioned theory failed to answer their primary questions on earthquakes, Muslims introduced six other theories in addition to Aristotle's.

Corona virus is one of the most contagious and infectious diseases of the 21st century, which has spread worldwide since late 2019 in the form of Wuhan pneumonia.The aim of the present study was to model the spatial and temporal dispersion of the corona using the weighted spatial regression model and compare it with the least squares model during the period from March 24, 2020 to late October 2020 using three corona indices including (patients, deceased and Improved) for Qom and Mazandaran provinces. The results showed that the rate of patients for Qom province during the period showed 44.025 percent. While the death toll reached 4.34 percent, which is more scattered in the northwestern and southern parts of Qom cities, but the rate of improvements for this province showed 61.7 percent, which is mostly the spatial distribution of this improvement. Findings can be seen in the central parts of the province. However, the results obtained from the spatial and temporal distribution of corona for Mazandaran province in the present study were different according to the mentioned models, so that the number of patients for this province during the mentioned period The number reached 35.57 percent, but the death toll showed 2.61 percent, most of which were spatially located in the northwestern and southern parts, including (Ramsar, Tonekabon, Kelardasht, Chalous, Noor and Amol). Mazandaran province is the ruler. While the amount of improvements in Mazandaran province using the least squares during the period from March 24, 2017 to late October 2016, is mostly seen in the central parts and small parts of the southern parts of the province.