پژوهش نامه تاریخ
پیاپی 59 (تابستان 1399)

Persian art during the Qajar period had a significant development due to the connection of this period with the West and many artists traveled to Europe and Western countries during this period. Is raised. In this regard, decoration is the most important element that has played a significant role in various Iranian arts. Architectural decorations that express themselves in different ways in facades, entrances and interiors, express their identity and value in the path of aesthetic evolution. Decorations cannot be separated from architecture, but far more architectural symbols, social identities, and cultural values can be derived from them than architecture. Therefore, considering the importance of buildings with the function of a palace in the capital, what has been addressed in this research is the study of the aesthetics of decoration in the architecture of late Qajar palaces. This study wants to use the method of content analysis of Qajar historical texts (late Qajar), in other words, thematic and structural analysis of the architecture of this period, to address the question of whether the aesthetics of late Qajar art is based on the principle of decoration or not? What are the factors behind the aesthetics of decoration in Qajar art? This research will have a clear representation of the role of decoration in the architecture of Qajar royal palaces.

The goal of this research, is the expression of archetypes of historical ornaments in shrines of Tabriz.Archtypes are as global symbols and cultural components. They are available in a variety of forms and images around the world. In Iranian architecture, due to the richness of its cultural history, there must be several archetypes. Archetypes have been able to keep this great community together for centuries and to connect social groups. The art of decoration in building architecture, especially in Iranian religious buildings, surrounds the building like a mold. The decorative artist is always looking for beauty in the creation of art. The creation of works of art and the making and payment of decorative patterns by Iranians are generally from two sources of nature and culture. Therefore, in this research, after library and field studies by means of photography, in a descriptive-analytical manner, the archetypes observed in the historical decorations of shrines will be investigated. We will investigate these archetypes in terms of appearance, concept, etc. in 7 categories: human, natural, situational, numerical, geometric, physical and animal archetypes.

The government was one of the most important institutions in the contemporary history of Iran, which was considered in the discourse of modernity, and its transformation soon occupied the minds of Iranian modernists. The first attempts to change it were formulated by Malcolm Khan during the reign of Nasser al-Din Shah with the discourse of "orderly independent state" and did not succeed and remained as planned, but the idea remained that one could not modernize without a strong government. This idea also entered the constitutional discourse, and although the constitution sought to limit the state, it had in its heart the idea of ​​a powerful state, and with its inability to create it, and the turmoil that arose after the constitution, Reza Shah's absolute government over It worked, which was the reverse process of creating an absolute state. Considering the discourse method, this article seeks to address the question of why the process of state transformation in this period was reversed and the absolute state emerged after the pre-constitutional period, and the most important result is that One is the imperfection of the new state-building process in the Nasserite era, and the other is the inability of constitutionalism in state-building, despite its tools, including the constitution, to be the reasons for this reverse process.

Mamatiyya were a muslim mystic group active in 3 and 4 century and in the era of Sassanid rule who lived in Great Khorasan, neyshabur city. The malatiyya because of the belief bond with fotovatism.all of the Malamati values and practices attempt to earn Halal livinghood solvent which leads to boost the economy versus other soffies isolating and other contemporary or before this period sects.Even if we consider Sufism as a form of Islamic mysticism which emphasizes introspection and spiritual closeness with God in which people avoid doing businesses or anything about economical prosperity 1we might declare that by the rise of malamatiyya in neyshabur suitable base for economical growth in Great Khorasan was provided so the main purpose of the dissertation is an analysis on Analyzing sufism and Fatian,s thought as a mystic group and the combination of these two beliefs in malamatia and the positive effects of them on economy during the time mentioned.more over the research methodology chosen is library research.

Amir Kabir's modernist thoughts and its evolution period are rooted in his four-year embassy in the Ottoman Empire. During this period, he became acquainted with the reformist settings and developments of Ottoman society. The modernist developments of Ottoman society are instructive and instructive for Amir Kabir And led to his intellectual transformation, and when he came to power he modeled on the Ottoman arrangements in his modernist actions. This research is a documentary attempt based on authentic historical documents, with a research-oriented approach to clarify how developments affect Ottoman society is written on the modernist thoughts of Mirza Taghi Khan Amir Kabir in the era of adjustments.Key words : Ottoman Empire Amir Kabir adjustment Modernization Iran. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Undoubtedly, it is necessary for those who claim to follow the manners and traditions of the Holy Prophet to know the different dimensions of the personality of the Holy Prophet, his affairs and officials; In the meantime, the most reliable way to know that Imam is to refer to the correct verses and hadiths that have dealt with this important issue. However, it has been a long time since the enemies of Islam, in line with the anti-Islamic project, attributed the most heinous accusations to the holy site of the Imam, so much so that it can be boldly said that his most important source in recognizing and introducing the Prophet of Islam is the legacy of Sunni narration. On the other hand, there is a clear contradiction between the beliefs and views of the elders and followers of different Sunni religions about the personality, affairs and positions of the Messenger of God, with the verses of the Qur'an, which indicates their attention and trust in news due to their conflict with the texts of the Qur'an and The narrations of the Ahl al-Bayt, there is no doubt that they are fabricated, as if it is the same news that the Western Orientalists have used in insulting the Messenger of God. Therefore, it is very important to study and recognize the grounds and causes of fabricating obscene news in the honor of the Messenger of God, which the author addresses in this article.

Pahlavis narration is a text in Middle Persian with relatively extensive information from religious commentaries and the ritual of Zoroastrian religion is stated in it. The identity of the author and the exact date of writing the text are unknown. But given the specific content and features of the text, it is almost certain that this writing dates back to the first centuries AH it has been written with the aim of explaining and protecting the teaching of Zoroastrianism. Based on the descriptive analytical method, the present study aims to investigate the situation of women in this Pahlavi text. And it seeks to answer the question of the legal status of Zoroastrian women in the first Islamic centuries according to the text of the Pahlavi narration, how wazs it?studies show that the achievements and legal independence of Sassnid women continue to be valid among Zoroastrian women in the first centuries AH,it was preserved and accepted in the context of womens family life they were not limited to their husbands.the research findings show that the author of the text to compel women to follow the code of the house with a relatively sharp tone in the form of jurisprudential religious injunctions, women have been assigned duties.

After establishing the Land of Persia by Cyrus the Great, The Achaemenid Empire, as the most powerful Aryan state, conquered most of the great powers of Asia. After the death of Cyrus, Cambyses invaded Egypt in 525 BC and occupied it by taking advantage of country's turbulent condition and dissatisfaction of people. Darius I did many important actions in that country, including the development of roads, Religious reform, developing laws, and excavating the Nile channel. All these factors led him to be considered as the great and legal pharaoh. This research is a library research and written as descriptive-analytical. The purpose of this study is to examine the various dimensions of Iran-Egypt relation during the time of Darius I.. Through conducting this study, we can conclude that after the conquest of Cyrus over many adjacent territories such as Lydia, Babylon and the eastern part of the country, Cambyses was able to add one of the largest civilization centers of that era, Egypt, to his father's property. Also Dariush I, after gaining power, paid special attention to Egypt, because he wanted to expand the Achaemenid realm. Furthermore, Egypt was a civilized and wealthy country, thus he could increase the wealth of his own nation and at the same time weakened the Greek Empire by not allowing them to obtain Egypt’s wealth.