نشریه گردشگری شهری
سال هشتم شماره 1 (بهار 1400)

With the Coveid-19 pandemic, the world is facing a greater challenge than World War II. With the spread of the virus and the lack of specific vaccines and drugs by the time of the study (August 2020), many countries are benefiting from non-pharmacological interventions such as quarantine and restrictions. This has increased the psychological pressure on people due to fears of illness, the quarantine debate, and the closure of some economic activities, such as tourism. In addition to endangering the health of society, this crisis is a major threat to the global economy. Therefore, it is necessary to take advantage of existing opportunities to overcome threats and to revive the economy of societies. One of the applied paradigms in this field is creative destruction. Creative destruction, using the resources, knowledge and skills of individuals, responds to new forms of demand and expands the opportunities for creative entrepreneurship. This model creatively replaces or combines new technologies with old ones. Accordingly, according to this theory, the role of entrepreneurs is not limited to creating new job opportunities, but with the existing structure, thinking, mobility and culture, engage in creative destruction and with this process, prepare the ground for economic development.

This research is applied and has been done by survey method. The statistical population includes the adult population (over 20 years) of the historical texture of Yazd and the research period is related to August 2020. According to the population of the study area (37,700 people), the test population is equal to 21,860 people, which based on the Cochran's formula, the number of samples studied was calculated to be 378 people. Due to the special conditions of the society and the existence of restrictions on traffic and social communication, the Internet sampling method has been used. Accordingly, the designed questionnaires were published online and through social networks. Due to the limitations in the field of age of applicants and also incomplete questionnaires, 438 questionnaires were received, which by applying restrictions and random matching based on economic activity, 378 answers were selected for analysis and analyzed in terms of descriptive information in SPSS environment. Smart PLS3 was used to evaluate the relationship between Corona pandemic anxiety and creative destruction in tourism. The research questionnaire consists of two parts. The first part is related to the Corona Anxiety Scale, with 18 items based on the Likert scale and the other part is related to measuring creative destruction with 21 items. This variable includes two factors: the attitude of the residents and the amount and direction of investments.

Many people have stopped working without prior planning due to the lack of tourists and protection from the Corona virus. This has caused them to suffer a lot of psychological stress. Despite the dangers and effects of this pandemic, these people must overcome the existing conditions with creativity and entrepreneurship and create new ways to earn money from the existing potentials. Based on this, we can consider the anxiety caused by the Covid 19 pandemic as a launching pad for creative destruction. For this purpose, the study seeks to assess the significance of the effect of anxiety caused by the corona pandemic on creative destruction. Based on the findings and the designed model, the variable of creative destruction consists of two factors: residents' attitudes toward tourism and the amount and direction of investments in tourism. According to the model, first, the effect of two independent variables on creative degradation is tested, which shows the attitude of residents towards tourism (route coefficient 0.041 and T coefficient 2.072) and the amount and direction of investments (route coefficient 56 0. and T coefficient 17.37) In terms of path coefficient, have a positive effect on creative destruction and have a significant relationship. Therefore, the most important point in relation to creative destruction is to have a positive attitude towards tourism and its effects, and as observed in the results (path coefficient 0.875 and T-factor 10/107), the same type of attitude increases investment and determines the type of them. But in relation to the main hypothesis of the research, we can point to its proof according to the path coefficient of 0.402 and T coefficient of 9.621 because according to the analysis, the relationship between coronary anxiety and creative destruction in the historical texture of Yazd is meaningful and positive.

Accordingly, despite the Covid-19 pandemic, residents are trying to make up for lost opportunities due to the anxiety caused by it and are trying to somehow turn this threat into an opportunity with creativity and innovation, and revive their economic activities toward tourism. In such a way that he does not leave his home and place of residence and spends the least money and without worrying about the absence of tourists. Those interested in tourism activities can act through virtual tourism as an undeniable part of the online economy. These people can create startup ideas by joining the network of millions in the field of virtual tourism.

The tourism industry has long been recognized as one of the most vulnerable industries in the face of all kinds of crises. Meanwhile, health-related crises such as epidemics can have a direct negative impact on the tourism industry; because travel can facilitate the spread of epidemics. As of December 2019, cases of "unknown viral pneumonia" have been reported, initially associated with exposure to the Huanan Seafood Market in Wuhan, China. Subsequently, on January 6, 2020, a new coronavirus capable of infecting humans was discovered, called Covid-19. Covid-19 changed the image of the world in every way and had a significant impact on tourism demand. Fear, anxiety and fatigue are common in the community due to the Covid-19 epidemic. Citizens experience depression as a result of being isolated from society in order to minimize face-to-face contact. Hence, citizens have promoted " Untact tourism " to quench their thirst for travel and leisure and minimize the potential dangers of Covid-19. This type of tourism refers to a behavioral mode to minimize direct contact between people. This study highlights Untact tourism as a health-protecting behavior due to people's risk perception of Covid-19. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of risk perception of Covid-19 on tourists' behavioral intentions towards Untact tourism based on the frameworks of the Health Belief Model and Theory of Planned Behavior. And it seeks to answer the question of whether the perceived risk of Covid-19 by tourists has a positive effect on their behavioral intentions towards Untact tourism? The insights gained from this study provide a mechanism for health-protective behaviors resulting from individuals' risk perception in times of global health crises and their consequences for tourism destinations to adopt appropriate strategies to deal with the effects of epidemics.

The present study is an applied one in terms of purpose. Since this study examines the effect of risk perception of Covid-19 on the behavioral intentions of tourists towards Untact tourism, it is a descriptive correlation and based on a structural equation model. The statistical population of the study was all tourists who visited the tourism attractions of Amol city during the outbreak of the second wave of Covid-19 in September and October 2020. In this research, the questionnaire was online, the link of the questionnaire was sent in social networks related to tourism channels of Amol city. Respondents were asked to answer a questionnaire if they had traveled to the tourism attractions of Amol during the months of September and October. During the one-month period, 246 questionnaires were collected by available methods and analyzed. Structural equation modeling for data analysis was performed by using of Smart-PLS software.

The present study is conducted due to the growing need to better understand the role of protective behaviors during the outbreak of Covid-19 pandemic. This study demonstrates the importance of risk perception of coronavirus as a basis for the formation of tourists' attitudes and behavioral intentions towards Untact tourism. In the literature, previous researchers have extensively discussed the effect of risk perception on behavioral intentions in tourism. However, little researches have been done on the effect of risk perception of Covid-19 on tourists' behavioral intentions towards Untact tourism. In addition, the indirect effects of perceived risk of Covid-19 on tourists' behavioral intentions towards Untact tourism were confirmed.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of risk perception of Covid-19 on behavioral intentions towards Untact tourism during the second wave of Covid-19 epidemic through the development of the planned behavior theory. In particular, this study highlights a significant insight into Untact tourism as a preventive or covert health behavior associated with Covid-19 based on the Health Belief Model. From a theoretical point of view, this study used the concept of " Untact " in tourism to explain the new pattern of behavior among tourists during the epidemic. In particular, this concept has been highlighted as a health-protective behavior based on the Health Belief Model, although previous research has examined it from a technology-based perspective. That is, the study discusses " Untact " as a concept to demonstrate a typical but innovative tourism behavior that satisfies people's desire to travel even during an epidemic while minimizing disease risks. Untact behaviors of individuals used for health care purposes could be potential avenues for future post-coronary research. From a practical point of view, this study will benefit marketers and tourism industry activists and provide an opportunity for them to develop and implement Untact tourism services and strategies to ensure a high risk perception of Covid-19 leads to tourist behavioral intentions towards Untact tourism. Also, tourism activists should consider Untact tourism as a new model that meets the needs of people to minimize perceived risk as well as provide their travel needs. This is not just the elimination of service conflicts, but can be a superior service based on a high level of customization. They can also send messages about their efforts to implement Untact tourism as a guarantee for the safe travel experiences of tourists.

Covid-19 virus was reported in early January 2020 by the World Health Organization in China. The virus spread rapidly in the Wuhan region of China, and was initially largely ignored by political leaders around the world. Within a few weeks, the disease spread beyond China. Covid-19 has plunged the world into an unforeseen health crisis that has had a profound impact on communities. Tourism destinations are among the sectors that have received the most negative impact from this crisis. Given the severity of the outbreak of crises over the past decade, and with increasing access to information about these events, it has exacerbated crises that have a direct impact on the tourism industry. Tourism destinations are particularly prone to the consequences of changing circumstances, as they face an increasing number of uncontrollable events. Most local communities are affected on a large scale by the social effects of crises. And after the crisis, long-term sustainable reconstruction depends on economic, social, environmental and local considerations in the recovery strategy. In addition, communications and tourism leadership are essential in the improvement process. Given this, qualitative research is needed to interpret crises at a deeper level. Several key studies on the process of crisis management and tourism-related procedures have been conducted in the context of the resilience process. However, there is a need for further research on the relationship between resilience, tourism crisis management and sustainability, as well as destination development and management from a resilience perspective. In particular, more research is needed to investigate the catastrophic event because it is directly related to the stages of the coping process. The lack of relevant research in the field of tourism has led to the identification of the relationship between crisis management practices and local resilience responses to address the gaps mentioned in the literature. The purpose of interpreting these relationships is to identify how crisis management decisions are made that can affect how the local community (Hamedan city) responds to a natural disaster.

The present study is fundamental-applied in terms of purpose and is considered qualitative with an exploratory orientation. The technique used is grounded theory. In the present study, the statistical population of the study included professors and university experts, tourism business owners and tourism activists in the private and public sectors in the city of Hamadan. Sampling was theoretical for 13 people using non-probabilistic methods of purposive and snowball sampling. Thus, in the fall of 1399, first, according to the researchers' knowledge and considering the research objectives, a semi-structured interview was conducted with selected experts who were qualified to answer the questions, and then they introduced other experts to continue sampling. All interviews were recorded and the average interview time was 45 minutes. Thirteen interviews were conducted, but no new concept of data was obtained from the tenth interview. However, to ensure theoretical saturation, three more interviews were conducted, and given that no new concept and class of interview data failed, theoretical saturation achieved. In order to analyze the data, the qualitative content analysis method was used and at the same time with data collection, ATLAS-TI software was used. With this description, the way to get the initial codes is such that each of the interviews, after implementing their text, is carefully examined and the main message or key concepts of each phrase are extracted.

After conducting the interviews and using other sources, the researchers obtained more than 84 original codes, which were extracted by removing irrelevant codes and making comparisons, finding similarities and differences, and a total of 56 concepts were extracted that were extracted in the form of 12 main categories and 2 central categories and theoretical saturation was obtained. In the following, according to the research findings, as well as the space and modeling of Atlas-TI software, the research model is presented, which shows the general ratio of concepts, categories and dimensions in this research. The model (framework) of crisis management and community resilience in the tourism destination includes two central categories in the form of two time frameworks including creating resilience during crisis management and managing the continuous resilience process of the Hamedan tourism community, in which the relevant dimensions (main category) are defined. Dimensions of creating resilience in times of crisis include perceptions of emotions, perceptions of danger and confrontation with it, the ability to adapt to change and innovation, creating a sense of security, sympathy of tourism stakeholders and media support for tourism. Dimensions of continuous resilience management process related to resilience of Hamedan tourism community include tourism insurance coverage, national and local tourism crisis management, development of information and communication technology and communication channels in tourism, content creation and production of tourism knowledge and learning and virtual education of tourism. According to the related concepts provided, it can be defined and provided for other tourism purposes.

The results of this study argue that interpreting the host community's response to crisis management through resilience allows decision makers to fully understand the effects of the Covid-19 pandemic crisis on society and the tourism industry. This study proposes an integrated path for crisis management and community resilience to be used to manage crises and the sustainability of the tourism community.

 Introduction

In recent years, the global economy has seen a very significant growth of the tourism industry, but this growth and dynamism of the tourism industry has been severely disrupted by the global outbreak of Covid-19 disease, and with the imposition of extensive restrictions, tourism has virtually stopped. And the impact of the Corona epidemic has pushed tourism to a complete halt. In fact, the outbreak of the corona virus has disrupted the tourism destinations and livelihoods of their inhabitants more than any other. Tourism researchers have turned their attention to local communities in tourism destinations by studying the safety of tourism destinations and the incurred costs due to the cessation of tourism activities. Paying attention to this point has caused decision makers and planners of destinations to place more emphasis on faster sanitization of destinations by increasing the protective behaviors of residents. It seems that the observance of protective behaviors by residents of tourism destinations, is also influenced by factors such as psychological ones including the perception of the risk of epidemic diseases as Covid-19. Accordingly, understanding how psychological factors, such as risk perception, affect people's behavior during severe global epidemics, is important to facilitate and increase the success of disease minimization and resuscitation strategies of destinations. However, perceptions of the risk of disease in residents are not formed alone and are influenced by other factors such as people's knowledge of health and related concepts, as well as media coverage of the posed risk by the spread of epidemics. based on this view, media coverage of effective measures to combat the disease in destinations, can prepare the mentality of tourists from tourist destinations to return to the destination and also according to the subject of this research while increasing residents' knowledge of Covid-19, enhance the perceived risk of it and thus lead to appropriate protective behaviors. In line with this assumption, in the present study, the effect of media coverage on disease knowledge, perceived risk and protective behavior in Sarein residents, have been investigated.

The present study is an applied research and in terms of purpose and also it is a descriptive-analytical one in aspect of method and a questionnaire was exerted to collect information. The questions of questionnaire were designed based on five-point Likert scale from strongly agree to strongly disagree. The statistical population of this study was all residents of Sarein in the spring of 2020. The minimum sample size to complete the questionnaires of this study was 400 residents who were randomly selected and the questionnaire was distributed online among them. Also, in order to evaluate the research variables, questionnaires of media coverage, disease knowledge, perceived risk and protective behavior were used. Indicators of research questionnaires are taken from related studies and research background; then, based on the research conditions and the studied city, they were localized.

Considering that the value of obtained T statistic for the first hypothesis of the research is equal to 6.069 so that this value is greater than 1.96 and the first hypothesis of the research was confirmed. Also, considering that the path coefficient in this hypothesis is equal to (β = 0.520), since the obtained path coefficient is positive and this effect is direct. Also, considering that in the second hypothesis of the research, the value of T statistic obtained is 2.995 so that this value is greater than 1.96 and hypothesis was confirmed. Also, based on the obtained path coefficient that is equal to (β = 0.367), since the obtained path coefficient is positive and this effect is direct. Also, considering that the value of the obtained T statistic is 17.688, so that this value is greater than 1.96 and the third hypothesis of the research is confirmed, and also because the obtained path coefficient is equal to (β = 0.692), since the obtained path coefficient is positive, this effect is also direct. On the other hand, since the value of obtained T statistic for the fourth hypothesis of the research is equal to 2.196, so that this value is greater than 1.96 and the fourth hypothesis of the research is confirmed. Given that the obtained path coefficient is equal to (β = 0.225), since the obtained path coefficient is positive and this effect is direct. Also, considering that the value of obtained T statistic for the fifth hypothesis of the research is equal to 5.036 so that this value is greater than 1.96 and the fifth hypothesis of the research is confirmed. In addition, because the obtained path coefficient for this hypothesis is equal to (β = 0.396), since the obtained path coefficient is positive and this effect is direct. In the end, the results indicate that the value of obtained T statistic for the sixth hypothesis of the research is equal to 9.001, so that this value is greater than 1.96 and the sixth hypothesis of the research is confirmed and also with considering that the obtained path coefficient is equal to (β = 0.640), since the obtained path coefficient is positive and this effect is direct.

The results of this study show that by increasing the perception of the risk of Covid-19 among residents of tourist destinations, they take more protective behaviors against the disease. Accordingly, by strengthening this factor, through the protective behaviors of residents, the incidence and death rate of this disease can be reduced in destinations, and while helping to revive these destinations, create a clean and healthy tourism destination image in the minds of potential tourists. Based on the results of confirming the hypotheses, it can be said that appropriate media coverage of Covid-19 in tourism destinations and its positive effect on increasing knowledge of the disease, can increase perceptions of the risk of disease and also enhance protective behaviors among residents of destinations.

Today, the tourism industry is considered as one of the appropriate tools and strategies to earn income and prosperity of the economy of governments and nations on the one hand and the development and prosperity of regions in different parts of the world on the other hand; In a way, this industry is the third dynamic and developing economic phenomenon after the oil and automobile industries. Iran is also one of the most talented regions in this field and its many natural, historical and cultural attractions are well-known in general and in particular. Significant resources are not available from it. In the meantime, one of these important and fundamental issues that plays a very important role in the economic development of cities and villages and can lead to improved economic growth and growth by foresight and scenario design. Quality of life is the development of the tourism industry. The existence of various cultural, historical and natural talents for the city of Tabriz along with important tourism events such as Tabriz 2018 and the strong dependence of the urban economy on the tourism economy on the one hand and the complexity of tourism issues on the other makes serious research in tourism trends and Urban tourism future research should be done to determine how these many talents of Tabriz can be used to promote tourism in Tabriz. In addition, due to the autonomy of Tabriz metropolitan municipality and the instability of its revenue sources, strengthening the urban tourism economy The most important and necessary strategies for the development of the city of Tabriz is that in addition to the economic growth of the city, the city of Tabriz can be introduced as a global city with many historical and natural talents.

Considering that the main purpose of this research is to improve the economic conditions of Tabriz city through the promotion of tourism, this research can be considered as applied research in terms of purpose because the results of this research can be applied in urban tourism management systems. In terms of method, this research is one of the descriptive-analytical methods. The main method used in this research is a variety of common methods of futures research. The work process consists of two general stages. In the first stage, using Delphi technique and questionnaire tools, effective factors and indicators in the development of Tabriz urban tourism were identified. In the second stage, using structural analysis method and using software. Micmac effective factors were evaluated and analyzed and finally key factors were identified.

Based on the Delphi method mentioned, 38 variables in 6 areas have been identified as effective factors on the development of urban tourism in Tabriz metropolis and then using interaction or structural impact analysis by MICMAC software to extract the main factors affecting the future state of the environment. Were analyzed. According to the numbers of the questionnaire, which is completed as a matrix, the software calculates their relationship and finally considers a numerical point for each factor. Then, based on this score, it ranks the factors directly and indirectly based on its impact and effectiveness. In MICMAC diagram, first, the status of the factors involved in the development of urban tourism in Tabriz metropolis was examined and the system was analyzed in general. According to previous discussions, 38 factors were identified and their effects were weighed. Finally, 10 factors were extracted as key drivers of urban tourism development in Tabriz metropolis, all of which were repeated in both direct and indirect methods.

In this research, using the Delphi method, after surveying the relevant experts in urban tourism, the factors and variables involved in tourism have been extracted, and after weighing according to the experts, in Mick Mac structural software, the driving factors for future development. Tabriz urban tourism has been identified. Therefore, the development of tourism in Tabriz for the current and future situation requires considering these key factors in planning. For the development of tourism in Tabriz, all the factors involved, such as a system with elements intertwined, and as a structure, are considered, and the relationships of these factors are measured and the top factors that are more effective are extracted. Thus, among several factors, ten factors are: culture, urban regeneration, climate, transportation infrastructure, architectural landmarks, mass communication infrastructure (Internet), public education, tourism development plans, regulations and incentive policies, and Tourism advertisements on virtual pages are among the key and important factors for the development of tourism in Tabriz city.

To be successful today, tourism destinations should not focus solely on providing services, but must identify and provide experiences that differentiate them from other destinations and thus offer a competitive advantage. Today the focus of businesses has shifted from products to services and then to experiences. Provision of memorable experiences is an important factor for tourism destinations' success. Tourists expect satisfying memorable experiences and such experiences can benefit destinations by encouraging loyalty. Due to the changes in the consumer consumption patterns, the most valuable marketing tool for destinations and tourism businesses is the "experience" which they provide to tourists. Tourism service providers found provision of attractive memorable experiences necessary as a new marketing strategy to ensure customer satisfaction and loyalty. If tourists value the travel experience at a high level, tourism destinations can expect loyalty and word-of-mouth advertising to help sell their products. In this new point of view, tourists are allowed to actively construct their own travel experience through personalized interaction with the environment, thereby creating unique value for themselves. Memory impacts choice of destination. The memorability of a tourist’s total experience can be sufficiently powerful to motivate tourists to visit a specific destination and/or tourism service provider. Research papers show that tourists like to revisit destinations linked with positive memories of previous visits. Considering the limited studies discussing the impact of travel memories on tourists’ behaviour, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of tourists' experience on their memories, satisfaction and behavioral intentions in Shiraz.

The present study is an applied research in terms of purpose and a descriptive-correlation according to data gathering method. Statistical population of the research included domestic tourists visiting shiraz. To achieve the goal, 384 questionnaires were distributed among domestic tourists in Shiraz, in places such as Saadieh and Hafezieh, of which 318 questionnaires could be used. The sampling method applied was simple random sampling. First, the study used SPSS to process the descriptive statistics and reliability analysis of the collected data, and assessed the demographic profile of the sample and the internal consistency of the constructs. In the data analysis phase, the normality of the data distribution was tested using Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Partial least squares (PLS)-based SEM was used in this study to test the structural model and hypotheses.

According to demographic analysis of the population studied, the sample included 183 men (% 57.54) and %50.3 of the participants was 20 to 30 years old. Descriptive statistics showed that the tourism experience, memories and tourists' satisfaction are in a good position since their mean value were 3.18, 3.39 and 3.01 respectively which is higher than 3. However, the mean value for tourists' behavioral intentions was lower than 3(2.91). The standardized regression coefficients of the impact of tourism experience on memories and satisfaction were 0.739 and 0.512 respectively. The R2 coefficient of memories and satisfaction were 0.546 and 0.605 respectively which means %54.6 of the variance in memories and %60.5 of the variance in satisfaction is predictable from the tourism experience. Moreover, the standardized regression coefficients of the impact of memories and satisfaction on behavioural intentions were 0.199 and 0.322 respectively and %58.8 of the variance in behavioural intentions is predictable from research variables. Since all t-values were higher than the critical t-value (1.96), null hypotheses were rejected which means paths are meaningful. In other words, hypotheses of the study based on the research conceptual model are confirmed.

Tourists enjoy having new experiences during their travel. Tourist experience can be defined as an interaction between tourists and destinations in which destinations are the site of the experience and tourists are the actors of the experience. To be successful, tourism destinations should not only provide high quality services, but should also recognize and provide experiences that distinguish the destination and provides it competitive advantages. The experience provided to tourists is one of the most valuable marketing tools. If tourists evaluate the experience offered by the destination as highly acceptable, then positive word-of-mouth advertising helping tourism businesses sell their products can be expected. This study explored tourism experiences and their impact on the memories, satisfaction, and behavioural intentions of tourists in Shiraz. The results of the study show that: 1-tourism experience positively influenced tourists' memories, satisfaction and behavioral intentions and has a direct and significant effect on them, 2-tourism memories significantly affects satisfaction and behavioural intentions of tourists, and 3- satisfaction of tourists has a significant effect on their behavioural intentions. These results indicate the widespread effects of the tourism experience on creating positive tourism consequences for the city of Shiraz.

The phenomenon of public-private participation is a debatable issue in different industries due to the inability of the public sector to meet public needs and its limited access to various resources. But in some industries, including tourism, this issue has a much more special place. Since the prerequisite for the success of the tourism industry - with its fragmented nature and the multiplicity of stakeholders from both the public and private sectors - is the formation of such partnerships. Hence, several studies have been conducted in the field of public-private partnerships. Nevertheless, there is still a research gap that systematically reviews previous studies and enumerates the various dimensions of these studies, especially in terms of factors affecting public-private participation. Therefore, the present study pursued this important point. This study is important in several ways, including determining the current study in the field, identifying the factors affecting public-private participation in tourism in a big image, and founding the groundwork for further studies in this regard.

The present study is a descriptive-fundamental study that has used a systematic review to review previous studies. To pursue this important, five key steps were considered; Determining the search strategy, determining the criteria for selecting articles, reviewing the search output, extracting the data, and evaluating the quality. In the search strategy determination step, the searched keywords searched databases, and search time was explained. In the search criteria, the authors set the boundary for articles entrance to the systematic review process. In the search output step, the screening method and selection of articles from the 233 found sources were determined. In the data extraction step, 40 selected articles were analyzed based on the indicators of the research situation, the scope of participation, type of research based on purpose, data collection method, collection tools, time, the research community, and sampling method. Besides, the factors affecting public-private participation in tourism were also examined from the perspective of these studies. Quality Assessment, as the final step, shows how resources are assessed based on the Critical Assessment Skills Tool (CASP).

Most studies in terms of research location are related to Italy (13%). The field related to the restoration, protection, and exploitation of heritage and historical monuments (30%) has a special place concerning the field of public-private partnerships in tourism and has been the focus of many studies in this field. Descriptive research (92.5%), with the method of collecting qualitative data (60%), using secondary data/documents (50%), and case studies (80%), have received more attention. Stakeholders (37.5%) constitute the dominant statistical population of these researches; This seems to be reasonable, given that research often examines experiences of public-private partnerships on a case-by-case basis. Hence, researchers have sought to survey people involved - especially public and private parties - who have been involved in some way in these experiences. Targeted / available sampling (75%) has a special place. Regarding the factors affecting participation, most of the frequency is related to the aim of the participation factor (82.5%).

In addition to the structural aspects that were considered in the review of selected articles, the identification of factors affecting public-private partnerships in tourism was another aspect that researchers have addressed. In this regard, several factors such as the content of the partnership, stakeholders, objectives of the partnership, duties of the parties, interests of the parties, technological-information factors, socio-cultural factors, legal factors, financial-economic factors, geographical-environmental factors, and political – Governmental factors, were identified as factors affecting public-private participation in tourism. Partnership content refers to the factors that must be considered during the public-private partnership process. Stakeholders factor refers to natural and legal persons who are somehow involved in the process of public-private participation in tourism or are affected by this phenomenon. Goals are considered as the motivation for the formation of partnerships between the public-private sector. Information-technological factors emphasize technological advances and the awareness of such partnerships. Socio-cultural factors focus on the acceptance of public-private partnerships in tourism by the host community. Legal factors highlight the effective legal frameworks in this area. Financial-economic factors consider the economic situation of countries as an effective factor in public-private participation in tourism. Environmental-geographical factors are important from the perspective of the seasonality of the tourism industry, and political-governmental factors consider the aspect of government support for public-private partnerships in the tourism industry. Among them, the purpose of participation- As a motivation for the formation of the partnership between the public-private sector in tourism- has the most repetition in selected studies. Stakeholders were identified as the second most effective and repetitive factor in multiple sources.

The tourism industry is considered as one of the most lucrative and at the same time healthy and clean industries for the economy of each region and country. The prosperity of this industry indicates the political, economic, social, security, cultural and scientific stability of the countries of the world. Because in our country, the reduction of national production and subsequent increase in unemployment is the main economic problem of the country, The tourism industry is becoming more and more seriously considered by the country's policy makers and planners. In the present study, with the aim of achieving the tourism development model, the qualitative method of data theory of the foundation has been used. The main basis of data collection in this method is conducting semi-structured interviews with knowledgeable people and experts in the field. Sampling used in this study was theoretical sampling using non-probabilistic targeted methods and snowballs, based on which 18 interviews were conducted with experts, tourists and university professors. After conducting interviews and collecting information, the codes obtained in different sections were analyzed using the systematic approach of Strauss and Corbin and the paradigm model, and after performing three open, coded and selective coding steps, the final model was obtained by the researcher. The final model consists of a set of central categories, causal conditions, interventionist conditions, strategies, and finally, the consequences and results of co-creation in the tourism industry. Each of these conditions and the components of the model have variables and categories that pay attention to them to achieve the ultimate goal of tourism development.In this study, the views of experts on the categories of tourism development were examined by the qualitative research method of data foundation theory. The purpose of this study was to identify the views of experts on the categories that affect tourism development. These categories were qualitatively analyzed from the perspective of tourism experts, hoteliers and university professors. The elements of this model were taken from research data that were collected based on the method of foundation theory and through semi-structured interviews. In this method, no predetermined concepts and hypotheses were imposed on the data. An attempt was made to build a paradigm process model based on data, and with frequent and continuous interactions between the created categories and the data, and to modify the categories and search for new information, the constructed approaches were real. Collecting field data in the form of semi-structured interviews with tourism experts, tourism experts and professors and professors in the field of tourism of Chabahar, Iranshahr and Zahedan universities was one of the most important data collection tools and had the advantage of allowing the researcher to get acquainted with the subject. می‌داد; Therefore, the present research model has identified the underlying, causal, intervention, strategies and consequences related to tourism development. In the causal conditions section, four categories including perceived quality, destination characteristics, satisfaction and behavioral response were obtained. People's culture changes in the vicinity and interaction with tourists. When the perceived quality matches or even exceeds the expected quality of the tourist, then the tourist is encouraged to travel to that tourist area again and advise their relatives, friends and acquaintances to go to that tourist area. And encourage. Lai and Chen (2011) in a study on the role of service quality in the flow of tourists and Zabkar et al. They point to the perceived quality of services in tourism development. The central category is also considered as the main element and under six concepts (final code) value creation, service enrichment, tourism decision-making guide, overall tourism orientation, multidimensionality of issues and ambiguity in policy implementation consequences, policy formulation by senior managers and three categories Customer value creation, tourism policy, and policy reference and policy reference. When زشthe value ‌the ‌tourism ‌tourism ‌ reaches the limit ‌the ‌the motivation of tourists ‌ such as مادtrust ‌to the destination ‌ and ‌ desire ‌ to the ‌dest صدtourism ‌more ‌. ‌Based on these results, ‌create positive feelings about the destination in a way that foreign tourists feel, feel passion and enthusiasm for the brand, create a common value, value and solidity. ‌Creating a sense of ماد trust ‌ and عه commitment ‌ ‌ in a way that ‌the ‌tour ‌tour گر ‌ ش ‌ ش ش ش… According to the model, tourism development is a broad phenomenon and is related to various fields. Therefore, in planning to create it, the issue should be systematically examined from different dimensions; Therefore, creating value for tourists can not be a necessary and sufficient condition for tourism development; In addition, other issues should be considered, including the reference for formulating and approving policies and tourism policy that facilitates and contributes to its development and prosperity. Underlying conditions are the characteristics and features of the phenomenon under study, which in this study is the phenomenon of tourism development. Based on the findings of this model, 5 categories of geographical and physical environment, political environment, legal environment, legal environment and economic environment are the underlying conditions. Other codes extracted as intervention conditions include tourist attractions, human resources, tourism infrastructure, advertising and information, and financial resources. The development of tourism activity depends on the motivation of tourism is often dependent on various natural, cultural and historical attractions; Therefore, planning in attracting tourism should not be one-dimensional, because planning and investing in attracting domestic and foreign tourism can transform the country's economy. Seyed Alipour and Eghbali (2011) in a study entitled The role of ecotourism, cultural and historical attractions in the development of tourism in Semnan province and in another study by Nasrollahi et al. (2014) to classify the provinces in terms of tourist attractions discussed the importance of tourist attractions in tourism development. According to the model findings, effective strategies for moving forward the development of tourism and enriching it are the development of tourism infrastructure, providing desirable services to tourists, business intelligence, human and financial resources. Accommodation services are one of the most dynamic sectors of the t.

This study aims to Investigating the Role of Geomarketing and its Value Creation in the Urban Tourism Infrastructure Development in Mashhad. The current research, in terms of purpose, is developmental-applied and in terms of method, it is a descriptive survey and is in the category of mixed research. In the qualitative section, the research is based on grounded theory and semi-structured interviews were used to collect information, and data analysis was done by Strauss and Corbin method and paradigm model. Sampling was completed via theoretical sampling method and using targeted (judgmental) techniques, 26 experienced experts and managers in the tourism industry were selected. The results of analyzing the data obtained from the interviews during the open, axial, and selective coding process led to the design and explanation of the model. In the quantitative section, via the Morgan table, the sample size was estimated as 86. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect data. To analyze the data, structural equation modeling was used using SmartPLS software. The findings achieved from the interviews during the open, axial, and selective coding process led to the formation of geomarketing models based on the development of urban tourism infrastructure regarding the grounded theory. The results of the quantitative section revealed that geomarketing identity, tourism structure, and environmental characteristics had a significant effect on tourism potential. The results also disclosed that the tourism structure and environmental characteristics have a significant effect on tourism potential. Furthermore, the results revealed that the effect of tourism potential, tourism structure, and environmental characteristics on value creation has been significant. In this regard, value creation has also had a significant effect on urban tourism developmentUrban areas are also important tourist destinations because they have a lot of historical and cultural potential. In these areas, there are many diverse attractions that are a very basic factor in attracting tourists (Movahed et al., 2012). In this regard, in urban tourism, attractiveness is determined by primary and secondary elements. The main elements that constitute the main objectives of visiting a city include visiting historic buildings, textures and historic neighborhoods of the city and special events, and the secondary elements also support the primary elements and provide services. Visitors to these attractions contribute to the tourism development of the city (Maryse & Georgesa, 2019: 68). Given the importance of urban tourism and the need to provide infrastructure and tourism resources for tourists, one of the basic and essential needs for tourism development is to pay attention to the needs, characteristics and demands of the market as demand and management factors. The use of attractions, services and tourism facilities and factors of tourism supply in urban environments (Akbarian Ronizi and Rastegar, 1398: 26). Therefore, recognizing these motivations and tourist demand is one of the duties of tourism marketers (Behboodi et al., 1397). Accordingly, urban tourism planners need to consider a variety of products and experiences for people with a wide range of motivations and desires. One of the main elements in the marketing of urban tourism infrastructure is attention to demand, which means who has visited urban tourism destinations and its infrastructure, and what factors influence their behavior pattern (Carlisle & et al, 2016: 84). Tourists in urban areas should be able to assess their information needs about the destination (such as types of attractions, access routes, accommodation, transportation, types of tourist maps, etc.) online and be able to plan. Travel. (Taheri, 2009) Georges & Maryse (2019) in a study has studied and analyzed the factors determining the attractiveness of urban tourism, the case of Quebec and Bordeaux. The results showed that to stimulate the attractiveness of tourism, urban communication should be based on elements related to the tourism belt and effectively use social media to convey the relevant features. Since urban public areas play a key role in the attractiveness of tourism, it is recommended that managers do better planning for the development of urban tourism strategy. In this regard, Rahmati and Daneshmandi (2015) have analyzed the spatial patterns of urban tourism (Case study: Tourism spaces of Isfahan). In the present study, the neighborhood analysis of priority areas was performed to locate future tourism spaces with the help of the analysis of the center of the priority area to provide the services needed by the tourist. Mahkouei and Shirani (2016) have studied and analyzed the indicators of a creative city and its relationship with the management of healthy urban development in the metropolis of Isfahan.This research is applied-developmental in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey in terms of method. Specifically, the present study falls into the category of mixed research. In this study, qualitative and quantitative methods were used. The statistical population of the study, in the qualitative section, included experts and managers of the public sector of the tourism industry, 26 of whom were familiar with the discussion of geomarketing and urban tourism factors, were selected as a sample. In a small part, the statistical population includes all managers of the tourism industry. Data collection tools were interviews and questionnaires. The method of data analysis in the qualitative part was based on the data approach of the foundation and using coding and categorization. In the first phase of the research, through open interviews with tourism industry managers, the subject of knowledge is obtained. Also, observing the behavior of company managers will help the researcher to know in depth. Then, based on this and after coding and categorization, the conceptual model of the research is drawn. Then, in the quantitative section based on the designed questionnaire, a quantitative research model was drawn.

In today's tough competitive environment, competition between destinations to attract more tourists or to satisfy them more by improving competitiveness indicators shows a continuous increase. Despite the efforts of tourism destinations worldwide to improve their competitiveness, competitive management of destinations is difficult, because their competitiveness depends on many factors. Therefore, destination competitiveness is full of inconsistencies and contradictions in its concept, measurement and legitimacy as a research topic, although well established in the tourism literature. This situation has made it impossible to provide a universal set of competitiveness indicators that can be applied to all destinations at all times, despite the efforts of many researchers. Therefore, there is a need to measure the competitiveness of tourism destinations according to the requirements of the place and time of the research. For that reason, the purpose of this study is to determine the dimensions or components of competitiveness of urban tourism destinations, and their measurement indicators in a way that can be used to measure the competitiveness of tourism destinations.

In order to answer the main research question, three research steps are determined. In the first step, the components of competitiveness and their measurement indicators have been determined and validated using the opinion of experts. In the second step, using an online questionnaire and a survey of 320 tourism experts at the level of 12 selected tourism destinations, in addition to measuring the competitiveness, the impact of each component of competitiveness has been determined. In the third step, using one-way analysis of variance test and Tukey test, the difference between the competitiveness of selected urban tourism destinations in general and by components is analyzed. Based on the research results, 8 components and 42 indicators for measuring competitiveness were determined. The components included general destination conditions, tourism policy and planning, destination management, public infrastructure, reinforcing and supporting factors, key resources and attractions, tourism services and demand that were determined on the basis of Ritchie and Crouch (2000 and 2003), Dwyer and Kim (2003), Goffi et al. (2013, 2016 and 2019) models, and the results of other researches in the field of competitiveness of tourism destinations. As well, 42 indicators were selected to measure these 8 components of competitiveness of urban tourist destinations. The main body of the indicators for measuring these eight components is also adapted from the study of Goffi (2013) and Goffi et al. (2019), which was most relevant to the characteristics of the research subject. However, adjustments have been made in the indicators obtained from Goffi's research, a number of indicators from other models and literature on the subject of competitiveness in the tourism industry and tourism system have been added to this collection, and some indicators have been integrated. Finally, these indicators and adjustments, 42 indicators were determined as the final indicators for measuring the competitiveness components of urban tourism destinations. As a result, the number of these indicators has been reduced on the one hand and made more complete on the other. Tourism experts confirmed the validity of the content of these indicators.

The results of this research showed that the public infrastructure component with 90% has the greatest impact on the competitiveness of urban tourism destinations. These results showed that the existence of infrastructure, services and tourism facilities and proper management, policy and planning of the destination improve the quality of the tourism experience, increasing tourist spending along with maximizing tourists' satisfaction with the products and services provided and long-term sustainability of the destination in economic, socio-cultural and environmental dimensions lead to grow in the competitiveness of the tourism destination against competitors. It was also found that there was a significant difference between the competitiveness of urban tourism destinations and based on that, Shiraz has the highest and Sari has the lowest level of competitiveness. In the field of ranking tourism destinations by components, the research results showed that Shiraz city, which in general has the first rank of competitiveness compared to other destinations, in four components of tourism policy and planning, destination management, reinforcing and supporting factors, and key resources and attractions, has the first ranking. These results showed that the three components of destination management, tourism policy and planning, and reinforcing and supporting factors, which are ranked second to fourth, have the key role in turning gifted or natural advantages such as key resources and attractions into a competitive advantage for urban tourism destinations.

Distinguishing features of this study compared to previous ones are comparison of competitiveness measurement indicators with urban tourism destinations, determining the effect of each components of urban tourism destinations competitiveness, measuring the competitiveness of selected tourism destinations in general and by components, comparing the level of competitiveness of twelve urban tourism destinations in general and by components and their ranking. Using the findings of this study, managers and policy-makers of tourism destination development can determine the development priorities, strengths and weaknesses of destinations and how to improve the competitiveness of urban tourism destinations compared to competitors.