فهرست مطالب

نامه فرهنگستان
سال نوزدهم شماره 1 (پاییز و زمستان 1399)

  • شبه قاره (11)
  • تاریخ انتشار: 1400/03/05
  • تعداد عناوین: 14
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  • Fariba Pat* Pages 9-20

    One of the actors and agents of political, social and legal changes in India before independence, which had an impact on the awareness and identity of Muslims in Indian society, is Seyyed Amir- Ali (1248-1348 AH / 1849-1928 AD) who has spoken less about him. In this article, in response to the question of whether his life and thought are an example of the internalization of colonialist ideas in colonized societies, as expressed in the views of postcolonial theorists, or the search for a way out of the conditions that allow colonization. We examine his life, works and views, and his influence on the cultural and political life of Indian Muslims. Seyyed AmirAli was a lawyer, politician, historian and one of the most influential leaders of the Islamic Movement of India. He has always worked hard to solve the problems and needs of Muslims by serving in the government, presenting codified laws and establishing the Muslim Association of India, and has been the source of many services. Although he opposed rapid change and reform in India and saw it as the source and cause of any unrest in the country, he was instrumental in identifying Muslims in a pluralistic and Indian-dominated society. This article shows that, contrary to the opinion of postcolonial historians, the activity and thought of such a figure cannot be simply put in the form of “welcoming colonialism” and internalizing colonialism.

    Keywords: Seyyed Amir -Ali, Indian Muslim Association, Postcolonial Theory, cultural life, political life
  • Mir Jalaleddin Kazzazi*, Kourosh Ghanbari, Gholam-Reza Salemian Pages 21-42

    Regarding the themes and meanings, the Divan of Hafez is in the pinnacle of the art of Persian poetry. This not only shows the wide range of his studies but also puts him in the best place to be analyzed in the field of intertextuality. Despite being categorized as plagiarism in our literal traditions, today the study of poet’s inspiration from others is part of the literary criticism. Investigation into the intertextuality of each work is a good way to understand it well. The researchers of this study applied “intertextuality” and “defamiliarization” in the Russian formalism. The goal of this research is to demystify some hidden parts of the Hafez’s range of studies and to investigate the inspirations of Hafez from his sources. This research is categorized as descriptive-analytic based on library studies. We tried to introduce a book which has affected Hafez and has not been noticed yet. By attempting to know the Hafez’s literary backgrounds, we have stepped into the zone of archetypal criticism of Persian literature. The problem of this research is to unfold how Hafez has been affected by Amir Khosro. By analyzing the Divan of Amir Khosro, we conclude that it is one of the Hafez’s intertextualities.

    Keywords: Inspiration, Intertextuality, the Divan of Hafez, Amir Khosro Dehlavi’sDivan
  • Saeed Shafiiun*, Elham Zadafshar Pages 43-62

    Important historical sources about Saeb Tabrizi are sometimes mixed with all kinds of false information, which due to its reputation and position has caused the spread of these mistakes, to the extent that today it is considered as a misconception, even among researchers. There are also works that indirectly and in the margins, contain very valuable evidence that can be used to correct and explain and correct some incorrect information. One of these cases is the scope of the nine-year difference in the date of Saeb's death (1080-1089 AH) in the sources. This study, which is based on the transcript of the translation of one of Saeb's poems, while emphasizing the year of Saeb's death, ie 1087 AH, has been able to provide a more specific date from the time of Saeb's death and limit its estimate even from year to week and month. Another point is the story of enmity and quarrel between Kalim and Saeb, which also proves the falsity of this rumor from this translation

    Keywords: Date of death, Saeb, translation, chronogram, codicology
  • Morteza Rezvanfar*, Daryoush Zolfaghari Pages 63-84

    The city of Multan is known as Madinat al-Oliya or the holy city due to the presence of high mystics, the visit of religious leaders and the construction of many tombs. This beautiful city has been one of the most important centers for teaching and promoting Islamic knowledge due to sending religious missionaries to different regions. One of the most important founders of the spread of Islam in the subcontinent was Sheikh Bahauddin Zakaria and his disciples. Bahauddin Zakaria (566-661 AH), the founder of Suhrawardiyya in the subcontinent, is one of the great mystics of the Islamic world, whose greatness has caused many blessings. One of these blessings is the promotion of Persian language in these areas because most of the texts and teachings of Islamic mysticism in the East and Middle East have spread with Persian language and it can be said that Persian language has achieved this success to provide valuable services to Islam and mysticism in the East and Even some Eastern European countries have. Apart from the Persian language, we can mention the influence of the Sheikh on the spread of Iranian architecture in the region. The tomb of Bahullah Zakaria in the city of Multan has a style of tomb architecture that establishes a new style throughout the subcontinent. In this article, the Persian inscriptions of his tomb, which have been documented in the field, are examined.

    Keywords: Bahauddin Zakaria, Tomb, Pakistan, Persian Inscription, TurquoiseTile
  • Abolghasem Radfar, Mohsen Baghbani Pages 85-122

    In the World Memory Documentary Heritage Program, the subject of “originality” is the first and most important criterion for assessing written heritage, including manuscripts. Therefore, without researching the originality of a copy, it cannot be used as a basis for research. In our country, the subject of manuscripts is more related to their textual value and knowledge of correction than the knowledge of manuscript, which is a relatively new science. While the two are closely related. One of the important aspects of this relationship is the orthographic critique and the acknowledgment of the antiquity and originality of the manuscripts that are to be used in the correction of a work; because trusting the dates recorded in the translation of manuscripts without researching it is a fundamental error in correcting the text. The present article, while briefly introducing the manuscripts of Amir Khosro’s Khamseh , which belongs to the eighth century AH, with a typological approach, seeks to examine the authenticity of the newly found copies of this work, which was written in 755 AH and is the oldest known copy of Khamseh to date. For this purpose, the translations, the method of writing and calligraphy, seals, covers, drawings and titles and tables of the version have been examined and while confirming the authenticity and antiquity of the text, its arrays have been added. This copy with the number 13146 is kept in the library of the Islamic Consultative Assembly of Iran and is considered as one of the treasures of that library.

    Keywords: Manuscript, text correction, Amir Khosro’s Khamseh, manuscripts of theeighth century AH
  • Chander Shekhar* Pages 123-134

    Tipu Sultan’s rich library was also taken over after his defeat at Sri Rangapatnam in 1799. His library was catalogued by Charles Stewart. Though efforts were made by the said catalgoure to discredit Tipu Sultan and claimed that majority of the books were acquired from other libraries of South India. But the contents and the decorated Covers (Jild) tell that majority were originally part of Tipu’s own library. In this paper, an incomplete anthology of the poets of Balkh is introduced as well as another work Zwabit e Sultani which are the regulations of the governance of Tipu Sultan. The second work provided the years all in Mowludi Calander, a calander introduced by Tipu Sultan for the benefit of cultivators of his domain to be benefitted in revenue payments.

    Keywords: Tipu Sultan, Avâlem-ol asrâr, Amir Hasan Âbedi
  • Morteza Ghasemi*, Ayyub Moradi, Pedram Mirzaei Pages 135-166

    The book Badr al-Shoruh, written by Badreddin Akbarabadi (alive in 1150 AH), is one of the authors and literary men of the twelfth century AH. Badr al-Shoruh is one of the detailed mystical commentaries written on Hafez's Divan in the subcontinent. Badreddin Akbarabadi did not choose in this work and also brought poems in addition to the poems in the authentic versions and increased the number of lyric poems to 661. His method and effort in creating vertical connections between verses, using multiple sources and referring to these sources or their owners in the text, interpretations and perceptions of the narrator, and finally quoting poems by other poets named Hafez are among the features of his description. In this article, after a brief introduction to the details and research done on it, we will discuss and review the above issues.

    Keywords: Badr al-Sharh, the Divan of Hafez, subcontinent, Badreddin Akbarabadi, Hafez's description
  • Nasrollah Pourmohammadi Amlashi, Maryam Ghafourian * Pages 167-196

    A significant part of Hindi words (Sanskrit) and Urdu mediating language with Persian is common. The high frequency of Persian words in Hindi and Urdu, the use of scientific and literary terms in Urdu, and the close relations and interactions between the lands of Iran and India throughout history are evidence of this claim; Especially since the Persian language and literature gained such momentum and authority during the Timurids and the Mongols of Iran and India that all reports and correspondence of the Indian government had to be written in Persian alongside the native language of India and Indian poets of the Timurid era in India were often bilingual. This encouraged the natives of the subcontinent to learn Persian, and as confirmed by historical evidences, Persian words in most of these places became synonymous with the native Indian words. One of the goals and necessities of this research is to show the common lexical roots of the two languages, increase, decrease and change their meaning in the evolution from ancient Persian and Sanskrit to modern Persian, as well as how to produce sound and pronunciation and the cause of differences that affect Persian language teaching. And from another dimension, it can represent the interaction and historical-cultural and linguistic relations of these two lands from the past to the present.

    Keywords: Common root, Persian, Sanskrit, education, phonetic transformation, meaning transformation
  • Hosein Hadidi* Pages 197-221

    The Indian subcontinent is the second home of the Persian language. Once upon a time, Persian was the official, administrative, correspondence and accounting language of government departments and administrations in this country. The influence and spread of the Iranian language and culture in the subcontinent is an undeniable fact. These similarities have taken place in different historical periods in various ways, including the domination of Muslim rulers, the migration of Iranian poets and merchants, the presence of Iranian architects and architectural works, and the attacks and conquests of some Iranian kings, and so on. In addition to these factors, the kinship of the two languages and cultures has itself caused some of these similarities. Also, Urdu language has been inspired by Arabic literature and its grammar and syntax in the structure of its words for different linguistic expressions and meanings and the formation of grammatical and morphological parts. Urdu makes extensive use of Arabic words and phrases, meaning that it contains a wealth of language, most of which is taken out of Arabic because there are thousands of words in it. In this article, we discuss the long-standing link between Persian, Arabic, and Urdu, as well as the influence of Persian and Arabic on Urdu; and we will suffice to study the grammatical and structural aspects of Urdu with a few examples.

    Keywords: : Persian language, Urdu language, Arabic language, use of Persian andArabic language in Urdu
  • Shafiq Nezar Ali Virani*, Zeinab Farrokhi Pages 221-246

    Gināns is a collection of literary and religious compositions of the Ismailis of South Asia, and deals with a wide range of topics, including divine love, cosmology, meditation, religion, resurrection, and moral conduct. The word “ginān” is derived from the Sanskrit root "jiñāna", which is originally derived from the Greek word gnosis (gnosis or γνω̄σις) and its derivatives exist in many languages. Although a number of scholars have considered the dual concept of ginān among the Ismailis and concluded that ginān refers to the sacred Ismaili literature and knowledge, in this study, using the method of phenomenological research, the tradition of ginān has been examined more closely from the perspective of gināns themselves. Given that most of the gināns are composed based on specific melodies, this study of the ginān’s tradition is inspired by the traditional symphonic structure.

    Keywords: South Asia, Ismailis, sufism, ginān, India
  • Seyeed Vahid Semnani*, Ali Mirzaei, Ali- Mohammad Poshtdar Pages 247-266

    Treatises have important insights about poets and writers. Writing treatises is one of the most common types of literature in the subcontinent. Unfortunately, many of these treatises are still in the form of manuscript and may be destroyed. One of these treatises is Khazine-ye Ganj-e Elahi (the Treasury of Divine Treasure) written by Mir Emad al-Din Mahmoud Elahi Asadabadi, one of the poets of the 11th century, which has been found in various sources, sometimes in Elahi Hamedani’s and sometimes in Elahi Sa’dabadi’s, and the present article introduces his work.

    Keywords: Manuscript, subcontinent, Khazine-ye Ganj-e Elahi, Mir Emad al-DinMahmoud Elahi