Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences
Volume:18 Issue: 5, Autumn 2020

The stimulating effect of lanthanides on the accumulation of rubber in the roots of dandelion Taraxacum hybernum (Krym-saghyz) was demonstrated   along with its environmental consequences. The treatment of Krym-saghyz plants with nitrates of lanthanides led to the increase of poly (cis-1.4-isoprene) concentration by 80% compared to the untreated plants and by 45% compared to those treated with magnesium nitrate. The observed increase of rubber concentration in Krym-saghyz plants has been assumed to be related to the activation of photosynthesis (up to 40%) and the inclusion in the reactions of rubber synthesis of isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) formed from methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) in green plastids.

The study demonstrates the results of ecological and biochemical studies of Norway maple and ash-leaved maple growing in a large industrial center. High activity of ascorbinate oxidase was recorded in June, and a low one in August. The content of ascorbic acid decreases during the growing season in anthropogenic plantations. Under an increased air content of pollutants, representatives of the maple genus show an increase in the activity of polyphenol oxidase in comparison with the control plantations. It should be said that the content of condensed tannins in the leaves decreases. In the roadside plantations of Norway maple, under the most intense load, in July, the peroxidase activity in the leaves is lower than in the conventional control plantations, and in August it is higher than in control.

The study of plant vitality is one of the important methods in population research. Trifolium pratense L. is a typical representative of meadow herbs that have medicinal value. It is one of the most ubiquitous species of natural flora in the subzone of deciduous forests in Tatarstan, Russia. Various morphometric indicators reflecting the level of plant development, such as dry biomass of aerial parts, the height of plants, and the number of generative sprouts, were used in this study, ensuring sufficiently informative analysis of the vitality of the studied cenopopulations. The quality of soil on which the plants grow has a significant impact on their development. Therefore, the agrochemical analysis of soils which are the habitats of the studied cenopopulations was carried out. Сenopopulation vitality index (CVI) and soil quality index (SQI) were proposed and used with the aim to determine the dependence of the vitality of T. pratense cenopopulations on the soil quality in their habitats. It was found that for the calculation of SQI, it was necessary to consider the contribution of each of the soil quality indicators: total humus content, pH of salt extract, and the content of mineral elements. The proposed algorithm for the determination of weighting coefficients is based on the analysis of the distribution of linear correlation coefficients between SQI and CVI samples. The revealed interrelations between the indicators of soil quality and the vitality of populations allow their use for the targeted selection of the most favorable soils and large-scale cultivation of T. pratense on agricultural lands.

Cross-cutting technological processes that reflect the relationship between the technological operations of raw materials production, stock formation, their transportation, processing of raw materials and the production of final products are typical for several industries. Of particular importance is the optimization of cross-cutting technological processes in agriculture and food industry to improve food security in the Northern territories of Russia. In this regard, this paper forms a model and structure of initial data for obtaining a tool for justifying the optimal location of enterprises for the production of functional food products and their optimal number for Russia's conditions. The authors in this study developed an original approach to the formation of a mathematical model to description of the production logistics of cross-cutting technology, which includes optimization of the transportation costs of functional food products with regard to their enrichment, which is a justification of economic efficiency of cross-cutting technology of procurement, transportation and production of functional foods. The authors of this study also defined the change in the cost of final products with an increase in the number of processing enterprises. It was found that the rational number of processing points – enterprises producing functional food products – is in the range of 7-12, while the optimal number is 7-9.

The green finance market, which began to emerge during the period of the well-known recession of the world stock market in 2007, has now crossed the mark of $500 billion. The rapid development of this new type of financial instrument is determined by the desire of the population, political leaders and investment funds to more rapid (and legally facilitated) fulfilment of the obligations by the countries of the world on programs to combat climate change and environmental protection that have been adopted more than once at global climate forums, where the total amount resources, according to some experts, should be at least $100 trillion. Currently available green finance markets in most countries of the world cannot yet fully provide affordable financing for the real sector of the export-oriented economy; this circumstance negatively affects the opportunities for their faster growth, competitiveness in the domestic and foreign arenas, and is ultimately determined by the growing shortage of foreign sources of financing during the sanctions war. The study put forward and substantiates the hypothesis of increasing the level and role of green markets in the transformation of the domestic economy as well as ecosystems during the post-coronavirus transformed world economic and financial systems.

Oil and gas companies are facing a critical challenge as the world increasingly shifts towards clean energy transitions. Fossil fuels drive the companies' near-term returns, but failure to address growing calls to reduce greenhouse gas emissions could threaten their long-term social acceptability and profitability. In the current realities of financial technology development, it is necessary to move from traditional ways of financing companies' activities to more transparent, fast and efficient ones with positive environmental considerations. The article reveals the distinctive features of the climate policy of the oil and gas business of the Russian Federation, in particular, the realities of the development of this industry in the face of foreign economic shocks in the form of sanctions as well as how to keep the damage to the environment to a minimum. The oil and gas business and companies in this industry are significant not only within the country but also on the international market as participants in export-import, finance, investment, political and other types of relations. The availability of such fuel and energy resources within the country allows it to be in a certain degree in high positions on the world market, since companies in the industry accumulate a significant amount of capital in their foreign trade and foreign economic activities and, to a certain extent, ensure the movement of foreign currency within the framework of their trade and economic relations. The authors of the article calculated an economic and mathematical model based on the structural-dynamic and coefficient analysis, that allows determining the feasibility of forming a new digital tool for the devising constructive  Climate Policy for oil and gas projects financing. In the course of the analysis, based on Russian quarterly data for 2015-2018, the connection between the level of overdue debt on oil companies loans and the development indicators of the Russian oil and gas business was determined. The main conclusions presented in the article can be used in scientific and practical activities to develop financial and credit technologies as well as Climate Policy used in the oil and gas business.

The modern stage of development of our society is characterized by close attention to the problems of demography. The relevance of information on the population and the thoroughness of its analysis has increased to develop an effective demographic policy. Analysis of the demographic situation in the constituent entities of Russia is necessary for making decisions in the economic and social spheres, for planning and forecasting the development of our society. These indicators are directly related to the growth rate of labour resources. Comparison of the birth rate among the urban and rural population of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation showed the following results. In 1991-2002, the birth rate of the rural population exceeded the birth rate of the urban population by an average of 1.8 per 1000 people. However, since 2003 the situation has changed to the opposite, with an increasing trend for both urban and rural populations. At the same time, over the past 5 years, the birth rate of the urban and rural population has begun to decline, amounting to 13.5 and 8.8 per 1000 people in 2017, respectively (P < 0.05). Having analyzed the relevant data in a timely manner, it is possible to influence the situation in the required direction using social, economic and political tools to influence the demographic situation in the subject of the Russian Federation.

The article discusses the issues of ensuring food security, considering the national and global levels. The subject of the analysis is agriculture, which has always been strategically important in terms of ensuring food security. The relevance is due to the differences in the interpretation of food security by each individual subject of the world economy, as well as depending on the level of consideration. The article considers the problems of assessing the state of and threats to food security in the world and in Russia in the context of land and water resources, the reform of ownership of agricultural land, a constructive position on land reform is proposed, based on the experience of foreign countries, associated with the implementation of the reform reversal from privatization to organization of rational use of land on the basis of leasing state land in order to create effective entrepreneurship, which makes it possible to implement all cycles of the reproduction approach, and thereby turn Russia's resource advantages in relation to land and water resources into competitive advantages of the industry, ensuring the sustainability of the country's food security.

This article describes the results of a study on the effect of pre-sowing treatment of Triticum aestivum L. seeds with stevioside (10-8 M) for 24 h on the activity and molecular heterogeneity of lectins in seedlings at low positive temperatures. Phytolectins take part in a wide range of physiological processes in plants, regulating not only growth, but also increasing resistance to salinity, heavy metals, and temperature stress. In this regard, the study of changes in the activity and heterogeneity of these molecules in the search for new regulators of plant growth and development is urgent. The observed stevioside-induced increase in the activity of lectins bound to the cell wall and changes in their qualitative and quantitative composition against the background of temperature stress may indicate an increase in the adaptive potential of wheat plants.

An urgent task is to study the kinetics of drying biologically active materials using the example of ginseng biomass in order to substantiate the modes of sublimate drying. To substantiate the drying modes, it is necessary to know the following main process parameters: the method of freezing an initial product; initial moisture or dry matter content of ginseng biomass; product layer thickness; the maximum permissible temperature for heating the product. Based on the curves of the kinetics of ginseng biomass drying, it was found that the drying time of ginseng biomass with a high concentration of dry substances W = 20% with the same energy supply is less than a sample with a low concentration W = 3%, but the drying rate of biomass with a lower concentration is higher. It was found that during self-freezing, the rate of moisture evaporation during this period is 3-5 times higher than during the period of sublimation, which reduces the total energy consumption for drying while maintaining high-quality indicators of the dried product. When drying thermolabile products, which include ginseng biomass, the intensity of heat supply is limited by the maximum permissible heating temperature of the material surface + 60 0C. The thickness of the product layer during drying is 10 - 11 mm, at which the specific productivity of the installation will be maximum.

The objective of the study was; to determine the antimicrobial activity of extracts of Baccharis latifolia (Bl) against Salmonella, E. coli and Listeria of food origin; as well as evaluate the antioxidant activity of these extracts. Extracts of leaves, root, stem and Bl flowers were used. After the analysis of antimicrobial activity against Listeria and Salmonella. After analysis showed that leaf and flower extracts were more effective, while against E. coli, flower and stem extracts. In antioxidant activity, the Bl flower extract at 60 mg/mL had a greater effect with 47.25%. In conclusion, Bl extracts, proved to be a natural alternative to partially inhibit pathogen development

The article considers the role of stabilization of mast cell membranes, blockade of neuromuscular transmission and inactivation of C-fibers in the contractile activity of smooth muscles of the trachea and bronchi of sensitized rats. The studies were conducted on isolated preparations using electrical stimulation of postganglionic nerves (frequency - 30 stim/s, duration - 0.5 ms, amplitude - 20 V, duration of stimulation - 10 s). The study used cromolyn sodium, atropine, and capsaicin. As a result of the experiments, it was found that the leading role in the contraction of the muscles of the trachea and bronchi of a sensitized rat belongs to mast cells. However, the maximum effect of normalization of smooth muscle contraction can be achieved only in the case of a complex effect - blockade of neuromuscular transmission, stabilization of mast cell membranes, and inactivation of C-fibers.

The current stage of Russian society development in the conditions of recent socio-economic formation is characterized by a surge of interest and the number of scientific studies devoted to the assessment of environmental factors and the construction of eco-dependent pathology. A region of the Russian Federation with a developed industry was taken as the study area. In particular, indicators of environmental pollution factors, as well as indicators of population morbidity, were studied. The studies were carried out over time for 2013-2018. To assess the risk, the multimedia exposure risk calculating method was used. The hazard index was also evaluated; it characterizes the disturbances of a particular body system. Analysis of the data on the qualitative and quantitative composition of the water basin of the given territory allowed us to conclude that the level of indicators of iron, fluoride, and nitrite compounds, dry residue and water pH practically did not change over time. The concentration of nitrates, total hardness, ammonium salts, BOD5, sulphate’s, and chlorides increased significantly, while dissolved oxygen decreased. Data on the prevalence and primary morbidity among the population indicate that the prevalence and primary incidence rates in the study area are characterized by uneven indicators, which made it possible to rank and establish statistically significant differences in the studied indicators. Data analysis using the methods of parametric and nonparametric statistics made it possible to confirm that the levels of chlorine derivatives, dissolved oxygen, and total hardness significantly affect the formation of the incidence rate of the population in the studied region. The calculated values of carcinogenic risks with the cutaneous intake of cadmium are 2.0 ×10-8. The values of carcinogenic risks for oral intake of cadmium are 0.3 ×10-6. It was found that the Deminimis level in the total carcinogenic risk level is 0.6% for the study area.

Technical ceramics are one of the numerous materials, including metals, glass, and plastics that can be utilized to preserve and protect the environment and also contribute to regenerate damaged ecosystems. This article examines the historical development of pottery, focusing mainly on the organization of the technological process of firing ceramic products as well as its environmental consequences. To obtain durable ceramic products, it was necessary to improve the design of the kiln and increase the firing temperature, which led to the appearance of specialized kilns. For a long time, firewood and coal were the fuels used for firing. Then, as humankind's mastery of the natural environment progressed, fuels in the form of liquid and gas were used in pottery kilns. Today, the advent of electric heating elements has made it possible to simplify the firing even further; the thermoregulation equipment of modern kilns allows potters to maintain a stable temperature throughout the firing process, leading to the increased quality of the final product. The results of this study will provide a complete picture of the various types of ceramic kilns found throughout history, considering relevant environmental issues. It will help to trace how the quality of ceramic products has been influenced by the design of the kilns and the increase in firing temperature while maintaining the damage to the environment to a minimum. This will be of interest both to professional and amateur potters, who may find it useful during the firing process.

The article discusses the features of the impact of compaction of residential development on the most important environmental component of the urbanized system – landscaping of house territories. Using the example of the city of Kazan, the study considered the environmental consequences of compaction and compared two types of development, that is, complex and point-based, implemented in different historical periods: 1959-1979 and 2000-2019. Digital models of courtyards and land plots containing residential objects and green spaces created by the authors allowed us to make calculations and further comparisons of specific indicators that characterize the main features of the point and complex buildings. Within the limits of residential development formed in the period 2000-2019, the specific indicators of local greening do not correspond to the approved urban planning normative values. This fact leads to negative consequences, which include the destruction and suppression of existing landscaping, reducing the area of green zones, increasing the anthropogenic load on the territory, etc. These processes affect the quality of the urban environment for both residents of new buildings and residents of the compacted area. The world experience of urban development shows that "compact" building is a means of solving many problems that arise in a dynamically developing urbanized territory. However, Russian practice shows that spot or compaction construction, as one of the means of implementing compactness, usually leads to a deterioration in the quality of the urban environment.

The article examines the axiological aspects and environmental subjectivities of tourism on the basis of the subject-object model. For the development of tourism practices, a psychological analysis of intrapersonal factors of consumer behavior is necessary. The article justifies that tourism forms a special axiological space for personality development, nature preservation, performing important pedagogical and socializing functions, by immersing in real space and time, influencing the formation of a personal image of the world in actual genesis. Tourism is also a tool for changing mythology and stereotyping cognitive ideas about the ethno cultural specifics of visiting countries. It is indicated that modern tourism production is focused on the peculiarities of the individual needs of tourists. The professional training of tourism managers is currently based on the principles of didactics, which are based on the problem of understanding and realizing tourist needs in accordance with the value structure of the consumer of the tourist product. The purposeful development of the axiological space of tourist activity in pedagogy accentuates the following areas: tourist as a subject and object of tourism, tourist space as an object of tourism pedagogy and tourism practice as a subject sphere of professional relations in tourism. The article provides an example of an axiological and environmental subjectivities study, specifically aimed at assessing the relationship between personal values and the motivation of its tourist behavior, conducted on a Russian sample of consumers of a tourist product. The methodology of empirical research is based on the psychological concept of cultural and individual values by Shalom Schwartz, which allows assessing the individual values of consumers of the tourist product (http://segr-did2.fmag.unict.it). It has been established that the most preferred values in tourism for Russians, are Hedonism and Universalism.

An analysis of the statistics of registered environmental crimes indicates a clear disproportion between the real state of affairs in ecology and counteraction to such crimes. One of the reasons for this imbalance may be the difficulty in qualifying and proving the crimes in question. When applying the norms on environmental crimes, it should be borne in mind that the overwhelming majority of them are blanket. Along with the massiveness of environmental legislation, there are also actually criminal law issues that give rise to practical problems. These include determination of the form of guilt, the use of evaluative concepts, the need for qualifications in combination with other crimes, the establishment of a causal relationship. The most important are the following steps in the field of combating environmental crime: 1) when determining the form of guilt, along with the content of the act, the methods of its commission and other signs of the objective side, consider the sanction for their commission; 2) the spread of the practice of establishing specific rates for calculating the amount of damage instead of evaluative concepts to unify judicial practice and bring it to uniformity; 3) improvement of calculation methods and practice of compensation for damage resulting from environmental offenses; and 4) minimization of the practice of constructing truncated corpus delicti or concretizing the concept of "threat" in such structures.

The primary goals and guidelines of the state program for the development of agriculture and the regulation of markets for agricultural products, raw materials and food adopted by the government of the Russian Federation do not help to rapidly develop the process of industrialization of agriculture. As a result, the energy supply of agriculture in the context of the Federal Districts is decreasing. The situation is alarming when for a long time industrialization does not give significant changes in the factorial environment of labour productivity. In this regard, studies were carried out based on constructing the production function proceeding from the data of farms of the Ulyanovsk region for 2016; those data indicate the preservation of the leading role of the factors concerning the provision of fixed and circulating assets, as well as remuneration.

This article attempts to interpret the results of reforms carried out in the Russian Federation at the end of the XX century from the standpoint of transforming the system of distribution of goods produced. The study is based on comparing the impact of the main macroeconomic and social parameters of economic development on the gross domestic product and economic growth indicators before and after economic reforms. The main task is to try not only to comprehend, but also to quantify how distribution relations affect the indicators of growth, consumption and development sustainability in various socio-economic systems. The research materials are based on official materials of the official statistics of the Soviet Union and the Russian Federation.

A critical state task and an urgent topic for scientific research is the study of issues of women's health in reproductive age. The main indicators of medical and demographic processes in society are mortality rates. The mortality rate depends on the socio-economic development of the country, the well-being of the population, the development of the health care system, and the availability of medical care. The mortality rate of women of fertile age is one of the key factors affecting the indicators of population reproduction. The age-specific mortality rates for women of childbearing age in 2017 did not change significantly compared to 1991. The maximum number of deaths on average per 1000 people of the resident population of the corresponding sex and age group for the urban and rural population fell on the age groups aged 45-49 years, followed by the age groups 40-44 years old and 35-39 years old. The age-specific mortality rate for women of fertile age in urban areas increased from 8.3 per 1000 of the resident population of women in 1991 to 9.3 in 2017, and from 14.1 to 14.5 in rural areas. It should be noted that in rural areas the age-specific mortality rate of women aged 20-24 decreased from 1.4 to 0.4, while a significant increase in the age-specific mortality rate of women aged 35-39 was recorded, which increased from 1.8 to 2.5. The dynamics for the rest of the age groups for both urban and rural populations remained within the margin of error.

The region's economy forms and develops in the wake of a whole set of external and internal factors. At the same time, despite the recent stable trends in the popularization of intangible factors of production in models of economic growth, it should be noted that material production factors undoubtedly retain their relevance and highest importance. In this regard, their research is currently an important research task. The article describes the main approaches to assessing one of the key material factors of production - the ecological and economic infrastructure, which provides the basis for the development of the most important sectors of the economy, including, undoubtedly, agriculture. As a result of the study, the principles for assessing environmental and economic risks in complex spatially distributed systems have been formulated. Environmental and economic risk (EER) has been shown as a function of three states of the system: impact, response (sustainable efficiency) and productivity. At the same time, the degree of impact clearly increases the risk of destabilization of the system, the stability of the system absorbs the environmental, and productivity compensates for the economic component of the risk. On the basis of the constructed economic and mathematical model, a significant influence of the growth of risks of violation of the ecological balance of the territory on the economic parameters of the development of agriculture in the region is proved.

Modern scientific knowledge about the problem of environmental pollution by road transport is based on the concept of the negative impact of the entire transport complex, and not just individual transport facilities. The problem of environmental pollution by objects of the motor transport complex is aggravated by the rapid growth of the car park. Together with the insufficient development of the road network and the low level of quality management of road transport flows, this leads to a critical environmental situation in cities. Along with the progressive deterioration of the quality of atmospheric air, other environmental problems associated with the production of automotive equipment, spare parts and operating materials, operation, maintenance, storage and disposal of vehicles are aggravated. One of the most effective ways to resolve the problem situation is the establishment of quotas for emissions of pollutants from road traffic, taking into account the polluting background and the achievement of the established quotas by organizing the movement of vehicles. The proposed method predetermined the development of a system analysis methodology, which determines the sequence of analysis stages and methods for their implementation, combining mathematical modeling and programming, air sampling techniques, laboratory instrumental analysis and statistical processing of experimental results. In this regard, a method has been developed to limit emissions of pollutants from road traffic flows by introducing quotas, for the implementation of which an algorithm, special software and a calculation and instrumental method of environmental monitoring of road traffic flows are proposed.

In article conceptual problems of ecology of labour process from the point of view of quality of labour life of workers of the organization are considered. Under quality of a working life the author understands degree of satisfaction of workers of the organization with the basic components of a working life, including both average, and personal components of industrial process, including social, spiritual, moral and psychological. Improving the quality of working life determines the high corporate loyalty of employees and contributes to the competitiveness of the enterprise in the market. On the basis of empirical research of social well-being of employees of the organization and their satisfaction with working conditions and production environment, the author concludes that environmental conditions of working activity are the determining factors of quality of working life of employees and play a significant role in their motivational structure.

Machine learning algorithms can permit the usage of frequently available 'big data' and contribute to utilizing ecosystem service models across scales, examining and predicting the issues of these services to disaggregated beneficiaries. Digitalization of public relations involves changing the way of processing information and the speed of its perception. The introduction of digital resources leads to the automation of a number of processes that were previously executed by people and required a significant amount of time. The practical implementation of the achievements of the scientific and technical method that was started in production reaches some spheres that seemed unachievable for artificial intelligence. Normative regulation has to take into account the need to use artificial intelligence algorithms. A particular interest is paid to the possibility of using such algorithms in the administration of justice as well as ecosystem services.

Machine learning methods originated from artificial intelligence and today are applied in several fields concerning environmental sciences. Thanks to their powerful nonlinear modelling capability, machine learning methods today are utilized in satellite data processing, general circulation models(GCM), weather and climate prediction, air quality forecasting, analysis and modelling of environmental data, oceanographic and hydrological forecasting, ecological modelling, and monitoring of snow, ice and forests. Currently, the popularity of neural networks is growing; their areas of application are constantly expanding. In these conditions, the task of choosing a convenient tool for utilizing in environmental science with neural networks becomes urgent. There are many tools for working with neural networks, but each of them has its own drawbacks. So most of the existing tools require users to have programming knowledge; there are no tools to help quickly select the optimal network structure for the problem being solved. The purpose of the research is to simplify the process of choosing the optimal structure of an artificial neural network by developing an application with a graphical user interface with a visual representation of the stages of creating and learning neural networks in environmental sciences. The object of research is artificial feed-forward neural networks. Research work on the study, comparison and analysis of existing tools for the creation, learning and use of artificial neural networks has been carried out. Based on the research results, an application with a graphical interface aimed at solving the assigned tasks has been developed. An application developed to achieve this goal works correctly, without failures, and allows creating and learning feed-forward neural networks without programming knowledge.

"When we add light to the environment, that has the potential to disrupt habitat, just like running a bulldozer over the landscape can." Scientific evidence suggests that artificial light at night has adverse and deadly effects on many creatures, including amphibians, birds, mammals, insects and plants. Nocturnal animals sleep during the day and are active at night. Light pollution radically alters their nighttime environment by turning night into day. The article gives an idea of ​​the current direction of design - lighting design, where light is considered as an integral part of the interior. Besides, it focuses on the detrimental effects of artificial light on ecosystems and attempts to minimize the damage. The popular trend, its impact on modern interior design, architecture, and the spatial environment is briefly decrypted. The types of lighting and the characteristic of their significance in the interior are described. A new stylistic, compositional colour and lighting solution, modern technologies and lighting materials are introduced and analyzed in this airport interior design. Lighting was created depending on the tasks with the help of general, local (target), accent lighting and light-emitting fibre. General and local lighting help to solve visual problems, and accident lighting is designed to decorate this interior, drawing attention to architectural details, changing the visual perception of space. In the project, accent lighting is used on the bar counter and in some parts of the room. The main non-traditional, or rather the latest way of lighting in our project is the light-emitting tubes used in an art object that imitates a tree in the airport waiting area. It is assumed that in this interior, it is also possible to create a lighting scenario where it is worth "dimming" the lighting above the tables to make the sometimes required, more relaxed atmosphere or adjust the lighting program for the tree sculpture so that it "shimmers" with lights. The location of such a statue in the cafe area will attract the attention of potential visitors.

In this paper, they considered the process of mechanical processing of parts, during which heat release occurs. High temperatures can lead to reduced tool life, reduced accuracy and processing quality. Therefore, lubricating and cooling technological means (LCTM) are supplied to the processing zone, which reduces friction forces and removes the released heat.  LCTM used in machining for cooling and lubrication should be cleaned to a greater or lesser extent depending on the required fluid purity. The fluid temperature must be maintained at a constant level, if necessary. Otherwise, the accuracy of processing needed (surface cleanliness, dimensional stability) will not be achieved. Regeneration of LCTM occurs by their circulation through filters. Pumps are used to ensure circulation. The pumps are driven by electric motors that consume electricity. It is proposed to reduce the costs of LCTM provision by using cheap, environmentally friendly, safe types of energy in the process of circulation and building automatic control systems for LCTM circulation. One of the ways to get affordable energy is to use wind turbines. The article discusses the existing system of LCTM circulation and possible ways of wind energy use in it. The analysis of existing wind turbines and wind power plants has been carried out. The advantages and disadvantages of vane, rotary and orthogonal wind turbines are indicated. It is proposed to create a wind power plant that circulates liquid through filters, which can operate both from a wind engine and from a non-wind engine.

The environmental impact of transport is significant because transport is a significant user of energy, and burns most of the world's petroleum. This issue creates air pollution, including nitrous oxides and particulates, and is a substantial contributor to global warming through emission of carbon dioxide. This article analyzes the Issue of Transport and the Environment, then solves the evaluation problem of the functional state of vehicle drivers based on the formation and use of a fuzzy knowledge base. The provided the classification of human functional state types. The expediency of using pupillometry as an objective method to analyze the pupillary reaction of a human eye to illumination change is pointed out to assess its functional state. The Analysis of the neural network approach is carried out to determine the functional state of a person's intoxication. It points out its main drawback associated with the impossibility of interpreting the solution obtained using a neural network. To eliminate this drawback and improve the efficiency of decision support to assess the functional state of vehicle drivers, it is proposed to use the mathematical apparatus of fuzzy neural networks to form fuzzy knowledge bases and provide their use in inference mechanisms. In this case, the solution to the problem will be a binary answer ("drunk", "not drunk") with the interpretation of the solution obtained in the form of a set of fuzzy rules written in a natural language understandable to humans. The tasks are set for the formation of a knowledge base to assess the functional state of drivers. The scheme of pupillogram initial data collection is described, as well as the stages of their preparation for Analysis. Pupillogram parameters that significantly characterize the pupillary response of a person to illumination change were identified by an expert method using the methods of correlation analysis: the minimum diameter of the pupil, the diameter of its half constriction, the amplitude of constriction and the time of half expansion. The structure of the generated data sample with the volume of 1000 records is described. A knowledge base was formed after their Analysis, consisting of 2632 fuzzy production rules. To assess the accuracy of determining the functional state of a person based on the knowledge base, a balanced test sample of 400 records (200 records of each class of functional state) was compiled. The test results showed that the number of type 1 errors was 1%, and the number of type 2 errors was 3%. The overall accuracy of determining the functional state of a person based on the generated knowledge base was 96%. The generated fuzzy knowledge base can be effectively used in decision support systems to assess the functional state of vehicle drivers when they undergo a pre-trip medical examination.