نشریه پژوهش های نهج البلاغه
سال نوزدهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 67، زمستان 1399)

The Islamic world requires principles that their observance is necessary for the authority and survival of the Islamic society. Politicians and thinkers always seek these principles in the Ahl al-Bayt school. In the meantime, the thoughts and teachings of Imam Ali (AS) have always paved the way for humanity. Therefore, if a nation recognizes the personality of Imam (AS) as deserved and acquires His teachings, it has guaranteed its worldly and otherworldly prosperity. In the Alawite school, there is a reciprocal relationship between the reform of society and people and rulers. Therefore, in Nahj al-Balaghah, which after the Holy Qur'an, is one of the most critical doctrinal documents of the Muslim community, especially the Shiites, we see the strategic and valuable teachings of Imam Ali (AS) regarding leadership duties of rulers and their behavioral aspects. In this research, with a descriptive-analytical approach and according to the instructions of Imam Ali (AS) in Nahj al-Balagheh, within a library method along the image of Alawites management through content analysis analyzed his behavioral teachings in taking responsibility and leadership. The results cannot be described in the form of an abstract.

The comparison between the sermon of Shaqqaqiya and the totality of the Holy Prophet and Amir al-Mu'minin's (AS) legacy reveals the cultural tradition of Islam in the form of political knowledge of the Imamate and Wilaya. This judgment is necessary because the "incomplete sermon of Shaqqaqiya" can be considered a full-fledged mirror of the most important political and social developments reflected not only in Nahj alBalaghah but in the whole heritage of Ahl al Bayt. On the other hand, it can be considered a valid acknowledgment of the issues that depict Imam Ali's accurate intellectual angles and philosophy in religious-governmental science and practice. Thus, to answer the question that what massage we can infer from the existence of semantic symmetry and content proportion between the Imam's cultural heritage and the third sermon of Nahj alBalaghah regarding the pathology of the government after the Prophet and the developments of the society? It is possible to hypothesize that the Amir al-Mu'minin, in his political thought, political and social actions had fundamental and decisive considerations. These considerations have arisen from His monotheistic worldview, civic rationality, and political wisdom and were promoted according to the "teachings of Islam" and based on the Holy Quran and the Prophet's tradition. This approach expresses his transcendent and humane view toward politics, society's leadership, and his essence relationship with them. Such a hypothesis means that the unity of opinion and action has flowed in all faith and political matters of Amir alMo'menin and is manifested within the "transcendent politics" and "protection of essence," which are undoubtedly the essential pillars of authentic leadership and governance in a religious society. To obtain this meaning, the authors chose the interpretive method of "general hermeneutics" as the methodological framework of the present article so based on Schleiermacher's teachings, they could use the interpretation of the text (Shaqqaqiya sermon) in explaining the bio-religiouspolitical situation of its speaker.

God created the universe and man on earth according to the purpose of creation. Settled him on earth to achieve the lofty goals of creation, i.e., traveling to his creator and gaining knowledge about himself. To achieve the purpose of creation provided the tools and equipment he needed to walk the path easily. Among the essential tools of intellect are the senses and the heart that human beings can use for these purposes, but since their capacity is limited, they cannot walk the path completely. Therefore, in line with these goals, God sent His prophets and Awliyā along with the Holy book and made his way easier so that he may attain felicity. Another theory put forward by astronomers is that the universe was created by chance; the present study, which has been conducted through documentary and library methods from the precious book of Nahj al-Balaghah compiled by Seyyed Razi, aims to respond to the theory of astronomers. In this regard, the authors of the present article proved that God had created this universe based on lofty goals, and their approach is baseless. Among these reasons is the meaning of life, self-controlling, the meaning of struggle, and jihad, each closely related to theology.

One of the most practical concepts in Nahj al-Balaghah is the concept of God's knowledge. One of the methods of discovering the meaning of God's knowledge is to pay attention to the syntagmatic concepts, which play a decisive and complementary role in Imam Ali's intention about the concept of divine knowledge. This approach tries to express the coherence and continuity of Nahj al-Balaghah's teachings by considering the style, proximity of words and relying on Nahj al-Balaghah as a whole. The present research with a documentary-analytical method in Nahj al-Balaghah seeks to answer what syntagmatic and synonymous attributes Ali (AS) has used to explain and analyze the intrinsic attribute of divine knowledge. According to the present study, words and attributes such as environment, innovator, sage, hearing, and insight have the highest statistical frequency and syntagmatic attribute in divine knowledge. In other words, the transcendence of the Almighty over all things, his innovation in creation, wisdom, and seeing and hearing, is a sign of God's innate awareness and knowledge of all things and beings. 

Some superficial interpretations of Imam Ali's sayings have formed negative attitudes towards women. By examining the biography and the sayings, we can infer that Imam's thought is derived from the Quranic point of view, and in His approach, human dignity has been bestowed on women. After taking power, Imam (AS) decided to conduct another revolution with the same principles of the Prophet. His wise and severe presence on the cultural scene was essential to him during his ruling period. In order to achieve great cultural goals, Imam undertook basic measures in which women played a unique and vital role. Combating public ignorance and raising the scientific level of society, especially women, combating revived ignorant traditions about women and finally their activities to validate the human status of women, including Alavi cultural activities to revive and maintain status. With a descriptive, analytical, and data-based method, historical written texts issued by the Imam, this research reveals the real face of women and, through a correct understanding of Alawite thoughts and teachings, tries to recite the His thoughts on women. The most important result of this research is that the Imam's view of women does not have any gender discrimination, and the Imam, on a decent level, has participated women in social activities and dedicated a role for them. He always has provided the right conditions for women in society to function without any worries.

Interdisciplinary studies are among the new topics in science. They are the outcome of the complexity of problems and the nonlinearity of social relations between different fields of knowledge, which has made it almost impossible to understand them through interdisciplinary methods. The humanities also need to use interdisciplinary methods to advance their goals because the nonlinearity of relationships is more pronounced in them. One of these methods is the use of cognitive studies, especially cognitive linguistics. In this field, a new theory of "conceptual metaphor" can be used in religious studies. In the present study, first, authors introduced the theory and explained the necessity of its application in Nahj al-Balaghah studies; then, by examining the concept of "speech" in Nahj al-Balaghah based on the theory of conceptual metaphor studied the effect of this view on the way of understanding religious propositions. The main question is how the concept of "speech" is conceptualized in Nahj al-Balaghah, and its understanding can affect which areas of knowledge. For this purpose, first, all expressions containing the word "promise" were extracted, and the origins of its conceptual metaphor were examined. Examination of metaphorical expressions related to this word indicated that firstly, "speech" in Nahj al-Balaghah was structured using several concepts of origin such as object and place. Furthermore, examining metaphorical expressions containing the meaning of speech, it was indicated that this linguistic feature had been used to explain abstract concepts in Nahj al-Balaghah, such as the effects and consequences of speech, obedience, the importance of timely speech, lies, controversy, adaptation of words and deeds. Secondly, the semantic expansion of the concept of "speech" in Nahj al-Balaghah has taken place in the light of contemporary metaphorical theory.

Words are always combined in their functional context to form different phrases. This type of combination and connection is not random and irregular in any language, and there are significant relationships between the units of each language. In Nahjal al-Balaghah, too, every word in the Amir al-Mu'minin (AS) words is wise and purposeful, and by examining the relationship between words, they can determine the meaning of each word about other words and in a semantic system. Through working with the theory of semantic network in the study of Nahjal al-Balagha, the present research aims to take a step toward identifying the concepts of Nahjal al-Balaghah and understanding the semantic relationships between the words in this valuable book. The lexical syntagmatic of words abd, sabr, shokr and their meaning network has promoted and given a spiritual dimension of hurriyat. Hurr is a slave and servant who is pious in his life, avoids prohibitions in his actions, and has a fearful heart. The word abd means slavery, in contrast to hurriyat [freedom]. A Hurr man preserves his human dignity and struggles against evil desires. He is grateful, and the blessings for him continue and increase; by praying to God, he constantly seeks grace and repents in the position of error and slipping. The word patience, with concepts such as piety, perseverance, avoidance of doubt, and salvation, has simplified and elevated the concept of hurriyat.

The word of God and the Infallibles has consistency and attainable accuracy. Lack of correct understanding of the meaning of God and the Infallibles leads to misunderstandings and various deviations such as moral and ideological ones. The Qur'an and the Infallibles emphasize thinking and paying attention in their words. This principle about Imam Ali (AS) and His words, the first Imam of the Shiites and the fourth Caliph of Sunnis, is more sensitive, and since the translation alone does not tell the true meaning of the words of the Qur'an and the Imams, examining them from different perspectives, especially vocabulary, can be helpful. Addressing the nuances and differences of the meanings of the words is the responsibility of "furuq al-lugha". This knowledge offers precise and hidden meanings from the words. In a part of letter 53 of Nahj al-Balaghah, the combination "Yafroto menhom al-zallal" is used. This section of letter 53 describes the people and their misbehavior, the types of mistakes they make, and how the governor treats them. Apart from the various points of psychology and sociology contained in these sentences, there are numerous lexical points in them as well. This study aims to pay attention to the exact meaning of these words and approach the primary purpose of Imam Ali (AS) by using these words in the sentence for their better and practical use. In composing this research, dictionary, translations, hadith books, and Quran have been used.