نشریه معماری اقلیم گرم و خشک
سال هشتم شماره 12 (پاییز و زمستان 1399)

The spatial organization of the city is a dynamic organism, which continuously changes over time. Saheh as a social hub in the historic fabric of Isfahan is one of the components of historic spatial organization that has been transformed because of undue attention and nowadays it doesn’t play an important rolein the historic fabric. The aim of this article is the identification and documentation of Saheh with a further ambition to develop conservation principles as well as to redefine the role of Saheh in spatial organization of the historic city. The methodology is on the basis of a rigorous field survey and mapping, combined with the study of historic documents, and also interviewing with local residents, in order to understand the morphological evolution. Saheh in the historic fabric can be described in a range of roles and function. It is a public open space with a feature of flexibility and adaptability that has continuously changed over the passage of time.

Gypsum is one of the traditional materials in Iran that has been used extensively in historical periods, especially in hot and dry climates, in architecture and architectural decorations. In the Islamic era the peak of the gypsum stucco decoration is in 13 and 14 centuries AD. Color was used on stucco decoration to express the artistical and aesthetical effect of this art. Tomb of Seyyed Shams-din is one of the famous monument of the 14 century in Yazd. In the porch of the building, a stucco inscription in Kufic script has been executed in the form of mother and child. The background of this inscription has been executed with abstract plant motifs such as Arabesque. Blue, red and green colors have been used in the background of the inscription. Usually, in order to improve the quality of the paint layer, the primary layer was first applied on the plaster. Due to the passing of the time, only a small part of these colors remain. The conservation of the remnants of the art of the 14 century requires an accurate technical knowledge of the work. In this regard, the study of the structure of the pigments on the stucco inscription in porch seems necessary. Therefore, the present study tries to use examination and scientific studies to accurately identify the pigments used on the stucco inscription of the porch and also the golden layer on the molded gypsum arrays on the moqarnas of the arc in front of the porch in Seyyed Shams-din tomb. The results show that the blue pigment used in the stucco inscription is an Azurite; Red is a Vermilion; Green is a malachite; filler or pigment of primary layer is Huntite, and the gold layer on the molded gypsum arrays is a Tin leaf with a resin or oil coating.

Algen is historic village in South Zagros, located in 63km north of Dehdasht in Charousa district, Kohgiluyeh & Boyer Ahmad Province. The existence of historical structures & socio-cultural relations that have been formed over time in the heart of the ancient fabric, and the sparse oak forests in the region, has transformed Algen into a unique biological complex that necessitates the identification of cultural assets and the preservation of its natural-historical structures. Establishment of the village beside the Algen Strait, which was the only historical way to access Lendeh & Behbahan, and the existence of water-resources and potential of agricultural plots, has led to the formation of intricate structures of historical fabric in a linear direction the northern hill. Collecting the oral history of the Village & focus on its Socio-Cultural assets, the Research emphasizes on Historical structures that shapes the general features of the village and tries to identify its indigenous housing patterns, construction techniques & their transformation process. The article seeks to recognize different aspects of Sustainability in vernacular dwellings and give accurate answers to the following questions: - Which factors have influenced on the formation of the linear historic core-zone of the settlement? - What is the typology and spatial structure of indigenous housing patterns in the village? - What is the connection between historical construction techniques and local materials? - Which parameters in the climatic design of the vernacular buildings of the village, have been considered by the local architects? Due to the lack of written studies on the history of settlements in the region, particularly Algen, the article by citing comprehensive field studies & documentation, use analytical-interpretive approach to identify the historic core zone of the village. According to the results, the linear structure of historic zone of the settlement (with a northwest-southeast direction) formed in accordance with the topographic lines of the geographical context on the northern hill, which had a good view to the Algen strait that facilitated the defense of the village against invaders. By analyzing the plans of historical residential units (30 Samples), three spatial patterns including nine-part (Tu) type, simple rooms’ type and multi Rooms with Porches (Mansion) type were identified. Although the construction techniques are consistent with local materials (carcass stone, oak trunks and gypsum mortar), but the use of local methods, their technological progress and attention to sustainability in Design process can be seen in the vernacular dwellings of the Historic Fabric.

 Addressing the meanings and concepts, that make a person emotionally interested in the architectural space, has a strong connection with the place. Concepts originated from the foretime create a deeper emotional connection between human and the place. The emergence of some nostalgic feelings in the architectural space can greatly overcome the disorders caused by the lack of psychological connection with the place. So that, it may be a certain quality regarding the perceptual design. Because the user's mood and feelings are refreshed due to the emergence of remembering some qualitative and enjoyable components in the place. Considering these concepts, during the designing process, makes a pleasant familiarity with the place and raise the collective psyche to keep the thread of connection to the ancient time roots in new forms. In another word, it implies experiencing the contemporary new places with a kind of pleasant nostalgia due to remembrance of the happy memories and evoking some reactionary meanings. The most important outcome of this emotional recollection within the place is experiencing an intimate, tangible and influential atmosphere from the socio-cultural context. In fact, it is a status of continuity, familiarity, attachment, and emotional meaning originated from an architectural space, that the foretime concepts are easily observable in it. Accordingly, the meanings must be elevated from the level of visual meanings to the level of reactive meanings. Then, the user should be motivated to react positively (following a connection to the past) in the place. Therefore, the layers of the meanings must be arranged in a way that emotional meanings combine with the environment. Accordingly, this study focused on library and documentary studies on the association of emotional concepts in related fields such as literature, psychology and environmental psychology, and analyzed the interpretation of the understanding of the mentioned concept. It should be mentioned, according to the main purpose of the research, that is recalling some implicit concepts in place, interviews and semi-structured questionnaires were used in fieldwork.

Mohammad Karim Pirnia is one of the most significant Iranian architectural historians and he established the Iranian architectural manifest along with employing his own intelligent language. Of course, this thinking can evoke a steady stream of Iranian architecture in its place, since architecture has always followed a continuous path in different time zones. He could convince people that Iranian architecture is very impressive. In the meantime, plethora of western architecture in-rush has led this land architecture into a destructive a chaos and chasm, this self-destruction could greatly damage the architectural patterns of the land and now the western itinerary of a myriad of Iranian clairvoyants has retreated and has avoided intervening his disastrous scourge. Meanwhile, figure like Shaterian, Soltanzadeh, Kasmaee Bidhendi and Naderi have retained his light house and from the aspect of written works enlivened the Iranian Architecture To Survive Islamic_ Iranian Architectural basis. And a number of others have tried to make the revelatory aspects appear in a newsworthy format. At present attempts are being made to employ the Historical analysis method of research to get to know Pirnia’s field method seas to local words so that they can help individuals and students in a form of interpretation has reached to local words which has been in an absolute balance with the mental Conception of Pirnia concerning Islamic_ Iranian Architecture in order to specific goal to realize the concept of these words in a form of Architecture of a country. It can be penetrated how to formulate these principles to enable in order to alter into Islamic_ Iranian concepts. Since he never emphasized this formulation of principles in a form of narration. He has made attempt to broaden future researchers and investigators to enable themselves with contemporary specific structure which 1t keeps the presented manifest and its evolution that is effective in a passing of time to dominate the Architecture besides, 1t prevents the unreal growth of stateless architects.

One of the most important factors on the Iranian architecture is Windcatcher. Iranian architects has been applied this element on climate designing. A windcatcher (wind tower, wind scoop) is a traditional architectural element used to create natural ventilation and passive cooling in buildings. Windcatchers come in various designs: unidirectional, bidirectional, and multidirectional. Windcatchers are widely used in North Africa and in the West Asian countries around the Persian Gulf, and have been for the past three thousand years. Windcatchers vary dramatically in shape, including height, cross-sectional area, and internal sub-divisions and filters. Windcatcher is a static cooling system, which provides buildings with natural ventilation using wind renewable energy. Windcatcher have been known as one of the most effective elements in Iranian ancient city architecture; so that, they have been identified as the second most important elements after Mosque Minaret. Nowadays, building industry and cooling and heating systems by using 40% and 60% of the world’s energy respectively are considered serious threats to the environment. Therefore, passive systems like Windcatchers could be adequate replacements with respect to energy consumption. Current project aims to study Windcatchers in the traditional architecture of Semnan. 37 buildings with architectural values were selected in the field study and their Windcatcher characteristics were evaluated. Results show that buildings such as Ab anbar, Government House and historical houses had Windcatchers in the past. Windcatcher characteristics included their northward direction, X-shape blades, heights between 2 to 11.5 meters and their horizontal roof. Some of the Windcatchers were decorated using bricks, chalk, cobb or clom but the others were not decorated at all.

 The overwhelming qualities cultural and local values of architectural sights in kashan historical textures is the main reason for the presence and the activities of their inhabitants in thermal comfort. The continuation of life the sheer variety of energy & activity in its historical texture have made possible the presence of a large population in the open-air & semi-open-space of this place. This situation-the existence of such spaces in the neighboring buildings-as well as the architectural beauty & variety have made assessment of human thermal comfort a necessity. This research first studies & assessed the range of human thermal comfort via the index physiological equivalent temperature (PET) and second presents a new method to predict the function of operative variables in the possibility of human thermal comfort. For this purpose 17 sites or locations in the historical texture were examined from Shahrivar 6th to Shahrivar 21th in 1397. In addition to library study, cultural presence in these textures, field study, the response of 778 people among the inhabitants and tourists to the questionnaires as well as climate data were simultaneously obtained. At the next stage after the estimation of dress rate through Delta log 70 software (PET) range by Ray Man software were determined. Consequently the data was analyzed by Spss 24 software. Our findings show that the respondents felt thermal comfort between 24.07 to 31.21centigrade (PET). It is also worth mentioning that the obtained results from estimating at structural equation model indicates that through the examination of two variables-checking the weather conditions and previous visits history one com predict the possibility of human thermal comfort up to %925.

After the Constitutional Revolution and increasing the importance of cultural heritage, followed by forming the National Monuments Association in the early contemporary century and ratifying the set of principles in the Antiquities Law of 1309 SH., more grounds were created to protect the historical monuments. When the Department of Antiquities was established, repairing historical monuments in the center of the country was assigned to this department, and in other areas to determined archeological departments. Then since the middle of the 1340s SH, and establishing the National Organization for the Conservation of the Historical Monuments, the context was created to introduce new concepts which produce new theoretical requirements. The present paper seeks to find out what value approaches or theoretical requirements had been achieved by the activities of the National Monuments Association and the Antiquities Law. Then, after understanding the rotations that have taken place in value approaches by joining new currents of conservation and restoration, occurrences happened between previous procedures and new approaches will also be explored. This research which has been done through a qualitative and interpretive approach, will describe the issues and then the results will be explained by logical reasoning, after the content analysis of the data obtained from reports and historical sources. The research findings indicate that in the procedures taken by the Department of Antiquities and Maārif branches; it is possible to find the Awareness to the historical nature of the building alongside practical and functional priorities. In addition the functionalist tendencies rooted in intellectual and cultural traditions, the type of materials and construction techniques were such that the need for continuous repair and replacement of materials was inevitable. However, the value types of repairing done by the Department of Antiquities can be introduced in the form of approaches derived from tradition, eclectic approaches, and new value approaches. With the concepts derived from global conservation movement, after the establishment of the National organization for the conservation of the historical monuments, functionalist tendencies turned into Physical body priorities; So that, if in the previous procedures the general survival of the building while being effective and useful was considered; In the new concepts, the dominant view was based on the physical survival of the monument, taking into account aesthetic aspects. However, value approaches of internal groups, in spite of attention to these issues, included cultural tendencies and functionalism. Finally, it can be mentioned to confrontations based on contrasts in aesthetic views, differences of opinion on the way of intervention, adaption to local methods or Iranian tastes, and even similarities with some previous procedures in relation to stylistic restoration, which mostly derived from the cultural differences of societies in understanding and attitude towards architectural heritage.

The adaptive behaviors of the residents of buildings operated by natural ventilation (NV) have a special role in providing thermal comfort with minimum amount of dependence on fossil fuels. The "adaptive" idea dates back to the 1960s and 1970s. In addition to analyzing thermal comfort, it helps to improve standards and forecasting models of thermal comfort, as well as developing more accurate algorithms for controlling the indoor environment and is based on in-situ measurement. As a result, research in different regions and lesser known climates is very important. According to this research, Sistan region has special climatic characteristics that are different from other regions in hot and dry climate and thermal comfort in this region can be interpreted based on adaptive method. Therefore, this study investigates these adaptive behaviors and their effect on thermal comfort in NV buildings in Sistan region. To this end, six buildings in six villages of Sistan Region were selected for a longitudinal study that was carried out in July 2019. In addition to measurement of the climatic parameters of the indoor spaces of these buildings, a questionnaire-based field study of thermal comfort was conducted. In this study, the type and timing of adaptive behaviors were recorded and analyzed according to thermal responses. This study indicated that the most important adaptive behaviors used during the hot days of Sistan Region are Watering Khaarkhane, Opening Dorche, Opening Kolak and Watering one’s head and face which are different from the common adaptive behaviors have been investigated in previous studies both in terms of form and thermal performance. With the help of these behaviors, the residents of Sistan Region have been able to achieve thermal comfort in 51% of the times of the very hot days of the region without using any mechanical cooling device. This study also showed that Watering Khaarkhane has a better thermal performance compared to Opening Dorche and Opening Kolak. Determination of neutral temperature (31 °C) based on regression analysis and thermal comfort zone for 80% of occupants (27.3-34.6 °C) were the other results of this research. Although these values are far from the neutral temperature and the ASHRAE summer thermal comfort zone (23-27 ° C), this distance can be explained by the compatibility method.

Housing researchers assume this issue more than just a human need for shelter and believe that culture is one of the main factors influencing its shape and form. But since culture is a complex and very general concept, it needs to be developed to measurable components such as lifestyle. Ignoring cultural and anthropological studies in recent years has reduced the satisfaction and loss of cultural identity in housing. Changing the way of life during different historical periods and the direct relationship with the shape and form of housing, enables us to study the impact of its impact on the housing in different historical periods. This paper follows the change of spatiality in Kerman housing through the study on the evolution of lifestyle changes. The descriptive-analytical method is the method of this research. Firstly, by library studies, subject literature and secondly by field studies, gathering of existing samples in Kerman city, including houses in Qajar period, first Pahlavi, second Pahlavi, early Revolutionary and later modernity has been achieved. Then, houses of each period have adapted physically based on interviews and questionnaires collected from their residents to determine the impact of lifestyle on physical structure. Finally, in order to draw a conclusion through analyzing the physical patterns based on the historical changes of lifestyle, the results show that the change of this factor has a direct and visible impact on the body of housing and lack of sufficient knowledge and studies in this field caused them not to be appropriate for users in the latest periods.

Although before Islam each of the educational and worship activities required to have their own physical space, in the early centuries after Islam, places of worship tended to education as a secondary function. From the Seljuk period, the need for educational spaces has been specifically observed and has been followed in later periods and has reached its peak in the Safavid era. Many of these schools tended to be adjacent to mosques. Certainly, the extent of the time and place of establishment of these buildings has caused a great variety in their physical characteristics. This research has been formed to explain the structure, ratio and extent of the connection between educational space and worship space in mosque-schools in the two Qajar and Safavid periods with the aim of answering the question that the configuration of two bodies of mosque and school in relation to How it was formed and what physical variables this issue followed in each of the two periods. The research was conducted using a combination of descriptive-analytical methods and comparative comparison. For this purpose, 43 mosques-schools related to the Safavid and Qajar periods were selected and the variables were the type of access to the two spaces, the relationship between the two spaces and common intermediate spaces such as courtyard and porch, as well as the location of the two spaces on the level and the ratio of mosque area and the school is reviewed in each. Most of the studied samples in both Safavid and Qajar periods have been formed based on the maximum and simplest extent of proximity and interconnection. In these examples, access to two spaces was made from a common entrance, both spaces were built on the same level and located around a common courtyard, and this was not affected by the ratio of mosque and school space in the overall structure of the space. In the Safavid period, the two spaces were closely connected and were simply formed near the courtyard with a common entrance and access. During the Qajar period, the variety of configurations increased and the two spaces progressed towards greater independence, however, the connection between the two spaces was never severed. Keywords: configuration, mosque-school, mosque, school, Safavid period, Qajar period.

Rapid population growth and lack of enough urban land increase the need for high-rise buildings. Due to high energy consumption of highrise buildings establishing energy saving measures is crucial. This paper aims to explore multiple factors that influence energy demand and thermal comfort in high-rise buildings. In this regard the impact of architectural parameters including building form, orientation, and window wall ratio on highrise building’s energy demand and thermal comfort is investigated in three different climate context(Tehran, Bandar Abbas, and Tabriz) by parametric analysis and optimization methods. Moreover the impact of urban density on results are assessed. The results show that the rectangular form with a south orientation with a 40% window to wall ratio in both Tehran and Tabriz is acceptable in the parametric method. On the other hand, in Bandar Abbas, high urban density is ideal in both the energy and comfort sectors, while Tehran and Tabriz need a low urban density context. Architectural parameters including window to wall ratio(WWR), window characteristic, building form, with 15.4%, 9.9%, and 8.8% respectively, showed the highest sensitivity by the parametric method in the energy demand assessments. However, the sensitivity index of architectural parameters on energy demand in Tehran, Bandar Abbas, and Tabriz are 16%, 6%, and 23%, respectively, based on the genetic algorithm. Based on results a higher sensitivity index of the genetic algorithm over the parametric approach is established with 9.4% and 23.3%, respectively, in the energy demand and thermal performance. On the other hand, the parametric method can establish a step-by-step process for the designer to evaluate each architectural variable's impact on thermal comfort and energy demand in the first stages of building design.