فهرست مطالب

Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences
Volume:20 Issue: 4, Jul 2021

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1400/05/30
  • تعداد عناوین: 20
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  • M. Yazdanpanah, E. Sotoudeh*, H. Mansouri Taee, H. Habibi Pages 926-944

    This study investigated the effect of Sargassum angustifolium and Gracilaria pulvinata extracts on the growth performance, body composition, antioxidant status and gut microbiota of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fry. For this purpose, 540 fry of rainbow trout (initial weight 0.23±0.04 g) were distributed in 12 fiberglass tanks. Fish were fed with experimental diets containing 500 mg kg-1 of Sargassum extract (SA), 500 mg kg-1of Gracilaria extract (GL) and 250 mg kg- Sargassum + 250 mg kg-1 Gracilaria extract (SA+GL). The control diet was a commercial diet without seaweed extract. At the end of experiment growth and feeding performance including final weight, specific growth rate (SGR), weight gain (WG) and feed conversion (FCR) in all treatments were not significantly different (p > 0.05). Whole body protein, ash and moisture contents of fish were not significantly affected by dietary macroalgae extracts (p > 0.05). However, lipid content was significantly lower in fish fed of extract Gracilaria and Sargassum compared to control (p < 0.05). The seaweed extract-fed fish utilized efficiently the body lipid and suppressed body weight loss during starvation. No significant difference (p > 0.05) in serum total protein, creatinine alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and blood superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were observed in all treatments. Whereas serum albumin, glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and catalase specific activity were higher in SA, GL and  SA+GL treatments compared to the control group (p < 0.05). ACH50 level was significantly (p > 0.05) increased in GL and SA+GL treatments as compared SA and control group. The addition of Sargassum and Gracilaria extracts to feed did not affecte total bacterial population but increased lactobacillus bacteria levels (p < 0.05) in the intestine. These results revealed the potential antioxidant enhancing and health-promoting effects of dietary Sargassum angustifolium and Gracilaria pulvinata extracts.

    Keywords: Macroalgae extract, Immunostimulant, Bacterial population, Antioxidant status, Rainbow trout
  • B. Zarei Darki*, S. Bigham, R. Patimar Pages 945-960

    Diatom species diversity and cell abundance are influenced by environmental factors. The effect of physico-chemical factors on interseasonal dynamics of planktonic diatom community structure was examined along Noor shore of Caspian Sea to determine which of the variables impact more on the diatom diversity, distribution and cell number. Overall, 144 samples were collected during four sampling campaigns along four transects of 2 km long each with three sampling sites in 2014 (February, May, July and November). In total, 62 diatom species were identified, of which 27 species were typical marine or brackish-water and the rest were marine-freshwater or freshwater. In the present study, diatom species diversity was highest in winter. As a result, Shannon-Wiener Index was 3.5 in winter, while in spring it was reduced to 0.8. Among the revealed species, the centric Thalassiosira caspica was the most abundant (up to 2.75×106 cells L-1). Comparison of species and their abundances between coastal, middle and offshore stations, as well as all stations as a whole, showed that they differed (Test χ 2, p<0.05) except for Navicula sp. (in summer) and Ulnaria ulna (in autumn and winter). Canonical correspondence analysis results showed that in particular temperature and salinity, in the second place transparency, phosphates and to a lesser extent dissolved oxygen and pH can affect diatom species diversity and abundance. Diatoms Thalassiosira fasciculata, T. caspica and Melosira caspica may be recommended as biological indicators along the shore of Caspian Sea.

    Keywords: Abundance, Bacillariophyceae, Caspian Sea, CCA analysis, Diatom diversity, Phytoplankton
  • A. Khalili*, H. Tavakoilpour, L. Roozbeh Nasiraie, A. Kalbasi Ashtari Pages 961-985

    Fish as a main source of omega-3 and protein is widely consumed across the world. However, fish muscle is susceptible to putrefaction during storage. The aims of this study were to compare the effect of free and nano capsulated saffron petal extract on (bio) chemical, microbial and sensory properties of rainbow-trout fillet. Free saffron-petal extract (FSPE) and its nano capsulate (NSPE) were prepared by enzymatic-hydrolysis and coating with the core (FSPE), wall (50:50 maltodextrin/whey-protein concentrates MD/WPC) ratio of 1:4 respectively. The fillets were soaked into three solutions of FSPE and NSPE at 10% w/v as well as ionized water (control), dried with ambient-air, packed in aerobic condition and polyethylene bags and kept in refrigerator (15-day at 4±1ºC). Scanning-electron microscopy and Fourier-transform infra-red spectroscopy of NSPE confirmed the successful coating of particles and interactions between the FSPE and MD/WPC. The total-viable and psychrophilic bacteria-count of samples treated with saffron-petal extract was significantly lower than those of control samples. The difference between NSPE and FSPE samples was not significant (p>0.05). The lowest thiobarbituric-acid reactive substances (TBARS) and total-volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) value obtained in NSPE samples was 1.44 mg MDA/kg and 16.44 mgN2/100g after 9 days at 4ºC storage (p<0.05). The best sensory score was obtained for NSPE samples. The shelf-life of control fish was 5-8 days, while this time for NSPE and FSPE samples were 9-13 and 8-13 respectively. Overall, encapsulation of free saffron petal extract with maltodextrin/whey protein concentrate is recommended for its higher protection against chemical and microbial degradation.

    Keywords: Rainbow trout fillet, Enzymatic saffron-petal extract, Maltodextrin, Whey protein concentrate, Nano-capsulation, TBA, TVB-N
  • N.W. Rasdi*, M. Ikhwannuddin, C.A. Syafika, N. Azani, A. Ramli Pages 986-1003

    Copepods are suitable to be used as a starter feed for prawn or fish larvae in hatchery. Nowadays, farmers are still having problems sustaining growth of Macrobrachium rosenbergii production since the use of commercial diets such as micro-pallet. This study was carried out for 30 days to determine the best enrichment formula for copepods. Five dietary treatments with triplicates each were used in this study to test efficacy of enriched copepod (Oithona sp.) to M. rosenbergii larvae. The enrichments used were Tetraselmis sp., Nannochloropsis sp., mixed algae (Tetraselmis sp. and Nannochloropsis sp.), yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and micro-pallet (Dindings Shrimp Feed 2203) diet that acts as the control. Copepods were enriched twice per day (10:00 a.m. and 4:00 p.m.) at 500 mg L-1 concentration for each diet. Postlarvae were fed at 6-7% of body mass per day. The growth, survival and proximate analysis of M. rosenbergii larvae were conducted to compare effectiveness of each consecutive diet. Higher specific growth rate result of M. rosenbergii was observed when fed with copepod enriched with mixed algae 4.96±0.02% and the lowest was when fed with copepod enriched with Nannochloropsis sp. 4.58±0.03%. The greatest survival rate for M. rosenbergii was seen when fed with copepod enriched with mixed algae 95.16±1.04% compared to that fed with copepod enriched with micro-pallet 89.16±1.89%. Among used enrichments, mixed algae produced the best result compared with other enrichment, especially in the proximate analysis of the M. rosenbergii larvae. Mean value of protein, lipid, moisture and ash of M. rosenbergii were found to be 70.45±1.22%, 8.55±1.11%, 15.30±0.16%, and 9.05±0.59%, respectively. The results indicated that it is highly recommended to use copepod-enriched with mixed algae to feed giant freshwater prawn larvae (PL5 and above).

    Keywords: Copepod, Giant freshwater prawn, Enrichment, Proximate analysis, Microalgae
  • Sh. Mehrzadeh, L. Roomiani* Pages 1004-1021

    This study attempts to investigate the variations in pH, thiobarbituric acid (TBA), total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), free fatty acids (FFA), colorimetric parameters (L*, a*, b*), total viable bacterial count (TVC) and textural profile analysis as a function of storage time to evaluate the effect of gamma irradiation (0, 1, 3, 5, 7 kGy) and modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) on the shelf life of white shrimp (Metapenaeus affinis) stored for 15 days at 4 ºC. Compared to the control group, increasing radiation dose (up to 7 kGy) and storage time (up to 15 days) led to an increase in pH index (P< 0.05). TBA, FFA and TVC increased with higher radiation dose and storage time. Prolong the storage time, increased the TVB-N to the end of the fifteenth day, while higher gamma doses from 0 to 7 kGy reduced the TVB-N content (P< 0.05). According to the results obtained from comparing colorimetric parameter, increasing radiation dose did have an influence on L*, a* and b* indices of shrimp samples. Furthermore, increasing the storage time (P< 0.05) reduced L* and b* index while increased a*. Increasing the gamma radiation and storage time reduced the hardness and chewiness treated shrimp samples (P< 0.05). Based on the microbiological and chemical results, the optimal storage time for shrimp under various radiation doses was measured in 7 kGy treatment and on day 12. This treatment could improve the storage time by 6 days compared to the control treatment.

    Keywords: Gamma irradiation, Shelf-life, Modified atmosphere packaging, Metapenaeus affinis
  • S.A. Taghavi Motlagh, S.A.R. Hashemi, M.R. Mirzaei* Pages 1022-1034

    Population dynamics and fishery status of Trichiurus lepturus were estimated by landings data on the northern waters of the sea of Oman (Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran). A total of more than 3000 fish samples were weighted and measured during one-year study period (October 2016 to September 2017), the growth indices were obtained as follow: L∞=176 cm, K=0.5 (yr -1), to=-0.2 year, M=0.67(yr -1), F=3.52 (yr -1), Z=4.19 (yr -1), and E=0.85, respectively. Exploitation rate (U), 0.53, annual total stock at the beginning of the year (Bv), 32264 t, Annual average standing stock (B), 4827 t, Maximum Constant Yield (MCY),10260 t, maximum sustainable yield (MSY),15390 t, fishing mortality rate that maximizes equilibrium yield per recruit, Fmax: 0.8 and Exploitation ratio maximum sustainable yield, Emsy: 0.54 were calculated for this species. Results of this study showed exploitation ratio of the Largehead hairtail stock is overfishing and decreasing of exploitation rate proposed.

    Keywords: Largehead hairtail, Catch trend, Exploitation rate, Oman Sea
  • A.M Sotoodeh, A. H Bahri*, A.R. Salarzade Pages 1035-1048

    Nutritional value and some special properties of Artemia have led to this creature being considered as a living food and biological model in aquaculture industry and research. L-carnitine and L-arginine as nutritional supplements are conditionally essential nutrients that play vital role in energy production and fatty acid metabolism. In this study, effects of different concentrations (0, 1, 10, 100 and 1000 mg/L) of L-carnitine and L-arginine on growth process and profile of fatty acids of A. franciscana were investigated separately. Artemia larvae were fed using L-carnitine and L-arginine enriched with N. Oculata microalgae separately for 30 days. Results of this study showed that total share of SAF saturated fatty acid of A. franciscana fed with N. oculata rich in L-carnitine was 157.99 mg/g and rich in L-arginine 148.64 mg/g and total share of MUFA rich in L-Carnitine was 74.89 mg/g and rich in L-arginine 78.87mg/g (p<0.05). Also in biometric results, double mutation of the 1000 mg/L-carnitine concentration treatment on the sixth day compared to the third confirmed the high effect of this supplement in instar 6 stage (p<0.05). Results of this study showed that the use of appropriate and complete diets as well as growth stimulants can be effective in increasing the qualitative and quantitative volume of production in aquaculture farms, including zooplankton such as A. franciscana, which have many applications as live food.

    Keywords: A. franciscana, N. oculata, L-carnitine, L-arginine, Fatty acid profile, Growth
  • S. Esmaeili Rineh*, S.A. Mirghaffari Pages 1049-1063

    A new subterranean amphipod (N. hegmatanensis sp. nov.) belonging to the genus Niphargus Schiödte, 1849 is described and illustrated. It was collected from Boghati spring in Hamedan Province, Iran. Materials are examined based on the morphological and molecular analyses. Molecular data derived from the nuclear gene 28S rDNA recovered relationships new species. N. hegmatanensis sp. nov. is placed within Iranian clade and phylogenetically has most similarity to N. alisadri. A relatively equal length of distal to proximal article in uropod III, equal size of rami in uropod I, trapezoid shape of propodi in both gnathopods and the short palpus that does not reach the tip of the outer lobe in maxilla I, are the major characteristics which serve to distinguish the new species from its congeners.

    Keywords: Niphargus hegmatanensis sp. nov., Taxonomy, 28S rDNA, Boghati spring, Hamedan Province, Iran
  • M. Parvizi, M. Moosavi Nasab* Pages 1064-1079

    Fish burger was produced from sarm (Scomberoides commersonnianus) surimi and other ingredients. The physicochemical (chemical composition and pH, free fatty acid, peroxide value (PV), shrinking and cooking loss) and sensory attributes of the product were investigated during 90 days of frozen storage. Results showed that shrinkage in size increased significantly in fish burger from 7 to 8.47 percent at the end of frozen storage. Cooking loss increased significantly from 8 to 13.23 percent in fish burger after 90 days of frozen storage (p<0.05). The peroxide value (PV) in fish burger was 0.6 at the beginning of the storage but increased significantly to 2.4 meq/kg after 90 days of frozen storage. The level of free fatty acid and weight loss increased significantly in fish burger after frozen storage (p<0.05). Fish burger maintained the sensory properties after 90 days of frozen storage (p>0.05). SDS-PAGE confirmed more intensity of the protein bands in raw surimi than in fish burger. SDS-PAGE, indicating stability of the proteins, showed that protein bands in raw surimi were more intense than fish burger. SDS-PAGE indicated no major change in the intensity of protein bands in surimi and fish burgers after 90 days of frozen storage. Overall, the results revealed that fish burger produced from sarm surimi possessed desired sensory properties during frozen storage.

    Keywords: Fish burger, Surimi, Chemical composition, Sensory analysis, Physicochemical properties, Frozen storage
  • S. Yedier* Pages 1080-1096

    Aims of the present study were to evaluate otolith shape and estimate the relationships between total length and otolith dimensions of S. sphyraena from the Mediterranean coast of Turkey. Two shape analysis methods were used for otolith shape and also two regressions models were used to estimate total length-otolith dimensions relationships. In the present study, 97 fish were examined during 2020-2021 fishing season. Otolith shape indices such as form factor, aspect ratio, ellipticity, circularity, rectangularity, and roundness were calculated for each S. sphyraena sample. Otolith contours were obtained using wavelet functions and ten otolith morphological characters for S. sphyraena. Morphological characteristics of S. sphyraena otoliths were variable both between left and right side of the otolith and total length groups. Otolith width and area measurements differed statistically between left and right otoliths (p<0.05). High-level morphological differences in anterior, posterior and dorsal part zones of the otoliths of S. sphyraena were detected between right and left otoliths. The relationships were determined between total length and otolith dimensions. The highest correlation value was calculated between otolith length and total length (r2: 0.876). This is the first study to determine the otolith shape and relationships between total length and otolith dimensions of S. sphyraena from the Mediterranean coast of Turkey.

    Keywords: Sagittal otolith, Shape indices, Sphyraena sphyraena, Otolith dimensions, Mediterranean Sea
  • M.N.G. Amin*, M. Rizky Distiawan, M. Herlina, R. Cholifatun, F.N. Rohim, C.D. Anggraeni, M.A. Alamsjah, T. Wahju, S. Sri Pages 1097-1113

    Caulerpa racemosa (sea grape) is an abundantly growing algae in Indonesia which contains high amount of protein and has a seafood-like flavor. This species is not widely used by people due to the lack of information on its functionalities. Therefore, this study was objected to optimize the production of protein hydrolysate based flavoring agent by using a response surface methodology. The ratio of bromelain enzyme to substrate of 21.72, 30, 50, 70, 78.28 %w/w and hydrolysis time of 0.17, 1, 3, 5, 5.83 h was designed using a central composite design by developing a quadratic model to yield the highest protein yield. The air-dried sea grape was preincubated and poured with bromelain enzyme, incubated at 50ºC, followed by heating at 95ºC to terminate the enzymatic reaction. The hydrolysate was collected by centrifugation, and then filtered. This study revealed that the valid optimal solution of protein hydrolysis was obtained as the ratio of bromelain enzyme to substrate of 78.28% and hydrolysis time of 3.49 h with 0.3215% (w/w) yield. The present study showed that hydrolysis could release the volatile compounds originated from air-dried seaweed and even formed new products, such as hydrocarbon, aldehyde, alcohols, ketone, and fatty acid, which were resulted by thermal degradation of fatty acid during hydrolysis and Maillard reaction. By inferring with prior studies of sea food flavor, this study suggested that sea grape protein hydrolysate enzymatically produced by bromelain was highly potential as sea food flavoring agent.

    Keywords: Caulerpa racemosa, Hydrolysis, Bromelain, Central composite design
  • O. Jafari*, S.A.A. Hedayati, H. Poorbagher, R. Ghorbani, H.A. Abdolhay, M. Zeinolabedini Pages 1114-1127

    The present study was done to investigate the phenotype-environment associations of common carp in the southern coast of the Caspian Sea (Gomishan, Miankaleh, Rezvanshahr, and Anzali Wetland) during winter 2016. The morphometric data of the specimens were procured from their left sides using the Image J and TpsDig2. Both geometric and morphometric methods were applied. The two-block partial least squares was used to examine the relationship between morphological and environmental characteristics. Significant positive correlation (p<0.05) was found between two data sets of morphology and environment, indicating a high level of adaptation for C. carpio in the southern basin of the Caspian Sea. The observed correlation between geometric and environmental data (0.74) was higher than the traditional morphometric-environment correlation (0.50). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study trying to make a comparison between two methods of morphometric studies in relation to environment, by doing an evenness function on the raw data. The higher level of correlation obtained by geometric data with environmental parameters may imply its advantage in future morph-environment association studies. The obtained results in the present study also can provide basic required information for the wild population conservation strategies in common carp in the southern basin of the Caspian Sea.

    Keywords: Body shape, Environmental adaptation, Geometric morphometric, Two-Block PLS analysis
  • M. Chesalin*, N. Al Abri, A. Al Marzouqi, S. Al Shajibi Pages 1128-1137

    The Japanese blunthorn lobster Palinustus waguensis was recorded in the coastal waters of Oman in April and May 2015, and November 2018. The total length of lobsters ranged from 11.4 to 14.0 cm, weight was 48-109 g. The present report represents the first record of this rare species from the Gulf of Oman and expands its known range to the north-west of the Indian Ocean. Descriptions, illustrations, and morphometric data for specimens caught in 2015 are presented.

    Keywords: Lobster, Palinustus waguensis, Morphometrics, Oman
  • E. Yazdani Anaraki, S.S. Mirzargar*, H. Rahmati Holasoo, A. Sharifzade, H.A. Ebrahimzade Musavi Pages 1138-1148

    Ichthyophthirius multifiliis is one of the parasitic diseases of fish infecting both farmed and wild freshwater fishes at all ages. This parasite penetrates into the fish skin epidermis and creates white spots on the skin accordingly, the disease caused by this parasite is also called white spot disease. Formalin, chloramine-T, malachite green, and other chemical compounds may be used against this disease; however, each of these compounds leads to harm to humans and the environment in some way; hence, it seems necessary to find natural alternative compounds to treat this disease. This study aimed at determining the effectiveness of alcoholic extract of Terminalia catappa L. at different concentrations (0-850 mg/L) and exposure times (1-3 h) in vitro. The findings were statistically compared with those of the control and positive control groups (formalin at a dose of 15 ppm). The results of the present study revealed that the effectiveness of T. catappa L. alcoholic extract on the theront stage of the I. multifiliis parasite is a function of time and concentration and with increasing concentration and time, its effect will enhance. The results of this study indicated that after two hours, a dose of 850 mg/L killed 100% of the theronts and it is the most appropriate dose, even though the possibility of applying this dose to treat live fish should be investigated.

    Keywords: White spot disease, Terminali catappa L., Ichthyophthirius, Acute toxicity, Fatality rate, Antiparasitic effects, Theronts
  • M.J. Zorriehzahra, M. Adel*, S. Kakoolaki, M. Seidgar, P. Akbari, M.R. Mehrabi, S. Jadgal, F. Sakhaie, M.S. Fereidouni Pages 1149-1164

    This study was carried out to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of garlic (Allium sativum) extract on growth parameters and hematological parameters and immune system response of Mugil cephalus larvae encountered with Photobacterium damselae. Two hundred and forty M. cephalus larvae with a mean weight of 5g were randomly divided into 12 equal groups, each containing 3 replicates. Fish were fed with diets containing 50, 100 and 200mg garlic extract/Kg of food for 8 weeks. Based on the results, significant difference was observed comparing final weight, specific growth rate (SGR), daily growth rate (DGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of 100 and 200mg garlic extract/Kg of food treatments and other treatments (p<0.05). Also, in 100 mg garlic extract/Kg treatment, red and white blood cells, hemoglobin, PCV counts, globulin, total protein and albumin were significantly higher than those of control and 200mg garlic extract/Kg of food (p<0.05). The immune indices (lysozyme activity, serum total immunoglobulin (Ig) content, phagocytic activity and respiratory burst activity) significantly increased in 100mg garlic extract/Kg treatment compared to those of other treatments, especially control (p<0.05). The results revealed that treatments containing 50 and 100mg garlic extract/Kg food had the highest survival after challenging with P. damselae compared to survival of other treatments (p<0.05). In conclusion, results suggested that dietary administration of garlic extract; especially in 100mg garlic extract/Kg concentration is recommended for enhancing growth performance, nutritional function, immunity and resistance of M. cephalus larvae against the bacterium P. damselae.

    Keywords: Allium sativum, Mugil cephalus, Hematological parameters, Immune response, Photobacterium damselae
  • M.R. Ebrahimnezhadarabi, R. Changizi*, S.M. Hoseinifard, S. Vatandoust, S. Ghobadi Pages 1165-1178

    This study assessed the effects of diets supplemented with canola protein hydrolysate (CPH) on growth performance, blood biochemistry, immunity, and gastrointestinal microbiota of beluga (Huso huso) juveniles. CPH concentrations of 0, 300, 400, and 500 mg kg-1 diet were denoted as control, CPH300, CPH400, and CPH500, respectively and were added to fish basal diet. 840 beluga juveniles (30±6 g) were assigned into the four dietary treatments and fed for 56 days. The diet supplemented with 500 mg kg-1 of CPH significantly decreased food conversion ratio (FCR). Condition factor (CF), specific growth rate (SGR), body weight gain (BWI), standard length (SL), total length (TL), survival rate, and food consumption demonstrated a CPH dose-dependent increase, with highest values in the fish treated with CPH500. Concentrations of blood (serum) cholesterol, triglyceride, and glucose decreased in a CPH-concentration dependent manner as well. Red blood cells (RBC) and white blood cells (WBC) increased and decreased, respectively in all fish treated with CHP, especially in CPH500 treatment. Moreover, gastrointestinal population of Lactobacillus spp. and total bacteria were significantly enhanced in the treated groups, with the highest loads of total bacterial (2.1×106 CFU) and Lactobacillus spp. (1.6×104 CFU) in CPH500 treatment. Taken together, CPH could be introduced as an alternative for fishmeal in beluga diet, although more studies are needed to be conducted to elucidate the underlying mechanisms by which CPH improves fish growth.

    Keywords: Bacterial population, Canola, Growth performance, Hydrolyzed protein
  • S. Bazari Moghaddam*, M. Pourjaafari Pages 1179-1191

    In the present study, the effects of specific and native probiotics were examined on growth factors, liver enzyme indices, and immunity of Persian sturgeon (Acipenser persicus) in the juvenile stage. Three hundred juvenile Persian sturgeon with a mean weight of 92.5±0.5 g fed with 4 different diets (3 replicates for each) were in 500-l fiberglass tanks (25 fish per tank) for 8 weeks. Treatments included: 0 (control), 1.5×107 (treatment 1), 3×107 (treatment 2) and 4.5×107 (treatment 3) CFU kg-1 specific probiotic per kg of feed. At the end of the experiment, the results indicated that there were remarkable differences between treatments, in terms of condition factor, food conversion ratio, specific growth rate, and weight gain percentage compared to the control group (p<0.05). In addition, no mortality was observed in probiotic-treated groups. There was no significant difference between probiotic and control groups in liver enzymes included ALT, AST, ALP, and LDH (p>0.05). IgM and lysozyme were significantly higher in probiotic-fed groups compared to the control group (p<0.05). Overall, the results indicated that growth factors, biochemical and immunity indicators of fish fed with diet containing specific probiotic and mainly treatment 2 (3×107 CFU kg-1) were in the acceptable condition in comparison to the control group.

    Keywords: Growth factors, Probiotic, Acipenser persicus, Liver enzymes, Immune indices
  • A. Azari, M. Shamsaie Mehrgan*, M. Tatina, H. Rajabi Islami Pages 1192-1205

    A 56-day feeding trial was conducted to find the potential effects of trisodium citrate (TSC) on the growth performance, immue response, and digestive enzymes of goldfish. The fish (n=150; 2.51±0.11 g) were randomly distributed into five groups with triplicates and fed with a basal diet without TSC (control diet) and four levels of TSC (5, 10, 15, and 20 g kg-1) for eight weeks. Results showed that TSC supplemented diets markedly enhanced the final weight, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, and feed intake (p<0.05). Moreover, serum immune parameters such as total immunoglobulin, lysozyme, and complements (C3 and C4) were significantly increased with the supplementation of dietary TSC (p<0.05). Furthermore, protease, lipase, and amylase values were profoundly increased with the increments of dietary TSC compared to the control group (p<0.05) and they were almost doubled in the fish fed with TSC at 20 g kg-1 TSC compared to the control. Taken together, the optimum dosage of TSC supplementation was 20 g kg-1 in terms of growth efficiency, immune parameters, and digestive enzymes for juvenile goldfish.

    Keywords: Acidifier, Digestive enzyme, Growth, Goldfish, Innate immunity, Trisodium citrate
  • R. Ghorbani Vaghei*, A.R. Shenavar Masoule, R. Kazemi, J. Jalilpour, A. Hoseinpour, M.H. Sayed Hassani, M. Alizadeh Rudposhti Pages 1206-1217

    This study was carried out to determine effects of diets supplemented with two bacterial strains (Lactococcus lactis and Weissella confusa) on the growth performance, immune indices and intestinal microflora of great sturgeon juveniles. At the beginning of the feeding trial, the mean weight (±SD) of the fish was 79.44±3.18 g. At random, 15 fish were stocked per each fiberglass tank (1m×1m×0.5m) containing 300 L freshwater. The diets were prepared through spraying 50 ml bacterial suspensions containing 150, 300, and 450 mg of the bacterial strains per kg of pelleted diets to make certain concentrations 1.5×109 cfu/g (T1), 3×109 cfu/g (T2), 4.5×109 cfu/g (T3). The blood neutrophils in the T1 and T2 significantly increased as compared to the control group and T3. Lymphocytes in the control and T3 were significantly more than T1 and T2. However, eosinophils showed no change between the fish fed with the supplemented diets and control group. Monocytes in T3 considerably decreased when compared to T1, T2, and control. IgM and C3 in the experimental treatments were significantly higher than the control. Lysozyme, C4, and ACH50 in T1 an T2 were significantly higher than T3 and control. Colony count of lactic acid bacteria in the intestine of fish in T1 and T2 was significantly higher than the control and T3 groups. Colony count of the aerobic and facultative anaerobic bacteria in the intestine of fish in the medium of TSA in control was significantly more than T1 and T2. Since the TSA medium is a kind of non-selective environment and provides sufficient nutrients for a wide range of microorganisms, the medium indicated that intestinal microflora condition was worse in the control fish. The growth performance indices (weight gain, biomass increase, specific growth rate, daily weight gain, and condition factor) demonstrated no significant difference between treatments and control. There was no significant difference in term of FCR between control, T1, and T3. Overall, it can be stated that the two bacterial strains could induce favorable influence on intestinal microflora, immune indices, biochemical parameters, and growth performance at two levels of 150 mg (T1) and 300 mg (T2) especially in the T2.

    Keywords: Huso huso, Probiotic, Growth performance, Intestinal microflora, Immune indices
  • A. Sajedkhanian, M. Mohseni, M. Norouzi Pages 1219-1233

    This study aimed demonstrating the effects of  total and 50% dietary fish oil  replacement by canola oil on growth performance, carcass analysis, some blood parameters and serology in 135 juvenile Caspian Sea Salmon (Salmo trutta caspius) (4.25 ± 0.68 g) for 60 days. Triplicate groups of 15 fish in 9 fiber glass tank held under identical culture conditions (14.7 ± 1.5 ° C, aerated, dissolved oxygen was 7.6 ± 0.86 mg / l, 12-h light/12-h dark photoperiod) were fed three times daily. Three diets were formulated to replace dietaary fish oil containing the same protein level 43% and fat levels of 14% by canola oil (100% fish oil, 100% canola oil and 50% fish oil with 50% canola oil). Fish fed with 50% fish oil and 50% canola oil diets had significant differences on growth performance with other treatments (P<0.05). FeeThis study aim was demonstrating the effects of total and 50% dietary fish oil replacement by canola oil on growth performance, carcass analysis, blood parameters and serology in juvenile Caspian brown trout (Salmo caspius, 4.25±0.68 g) for 60 days. Triplicate groups of 15 fish in nine fiberglass tanks held under identical culture conditions (temperature, aerated, dissolved oxygen and photoperiod) were fed three times a day. Three diets were formulated to replace the dietary fish oil containing the same protein level 43% and fat levels of 14% by canola oil (100% fish oil, 100% canola oil and 50% fish oil 50% canola oil). Fish fed with 50% fish oil and 50% canola oil diets had significantly different growth performance compared with other treatments (p<0.05). Feed conversion ratio was significantly different in all treatments with the highest FCR value in 100% fish oil treatment (p<0.05). There was no significant difference on survival rate, carcass protein, fat and moisture. Levels of liver enzymes (Lactate dehydrogenase and Alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase) were significantly higher in 100% fish oil than other treatments. Canola oil improved the immune system and enzymes including ALP, AST, ALT and LDH. Based on the obtained results it can be inferred that replacing 50% fish oil with 50% canola oil in the diet was a suitable for Caspian brown trout which not only had positive effects on growth indices but also can reduce feed formulation costs.d conversion ratio, was significant difference in all treatments and the highest amount was observed in 100% fish oil treatment (P<0.05). There was no significant differences on survival rate, protein, fat and carcass moisture content. The levels of liver enzymes (LDH and ALT, ALP, AST) were significantly higher in 100% fish oil than other treatments. The amount of liver enzymes in treatments containing canola oil was less than treatment with fish oil. Canola oil improved the immune system and enzymes. The result showed that replaced 50% fish oil with 50% canola oil in the diet was a suitable dietary lipid source for Caspian Sea salmon and the  positive effect on growth indices and it can reduce costs by reducing the length of the breeding season.

    Keywords: Canola oil, Fish oil, FCR, Liver enzymes, Salmo caspius, Survival rate