مجله علوم گیاهان زراعی ایران
سال پنجاه و دوم شماره 1 (بهار 1400)

Acidification of cell wall is the most valid cause of fast cell expansion. Expansins are a kind of wall loosening protein that can expand wall through pH changes. In this study AtEXPB2 genewas transferred to tobacco plant. Regenerated plants were cultured in selective medium (contained kanamycin) then transgenic plants were selected and afterward transmitted to greenhouse. To confirm transgenic plant DNA was extracted from them and PCR was down via specific primer of AtEXPB2. Seed was collected from transgenic plants and seed of three transgenic lines were cultured in MS selective medium. Transgenic seedlings tolerate medium which contain kanamycin. Subsequently some of these seedlings were grown in greenhouse and others were grown in Hoagland nutrient solution for evaluating root morphology. The results indicated that transgenic lines had bigger organs in most of the measured traits. For example capsule number, total seed weight, root length, root fresh weight and so on were increased in transgenic lines in comparison to wild type plant. These results suggested a specific role for this gene as a common growth regulator that could be used to produce transgenic plants with larger organs as well as tolerant to stresses like drought and salinity.

Limited ground water resources provide the large portion of required water for agriculture in Khorasan Razavi province and negative balance in the exploitation of these resources has threatened the continuity of agricultural activity. To reduce water consumption in the agricultural, 4-year study (2011-2014) was conducted in Agriculture and Natural Resources Research and Education Center of Khorasan Razavi on barley. Replicated trials was carried out as split plots in a randomized complete blocks design with three replications, so that planting dates were main plots and barley varieties include Yousof, Nik, Goharan, Kavir, Reihan003, Loot, Bahman and line No. 17 were subplots. Grain yield of the first dating in second year and pending culture in third and fourth years of experiment was 4734, 3199 and 4018 kg/ha, respectively compared to grain yield of autumn culture (check) in third year (4735 kg/ha), decreased 0, 26.2 and 27.4% respectively, whereas 3 times of autumn irrigation (equal to 50% decline in irrigation) was deleted from production cycle. Results showed that by shortening the growing season, yield and yield components of barley were affected and proportionally reduced but in some planting dates and spring cultivars of barley, grain production potential was acceptable and reduction of the growing season of barley and elimination of the autumn irrigations is possible and recommended. On this base, optimal barley planting date with autumn irrigation elimination is pending culture but this date could expanded to 20 of February; although the recommended planting date is the same. In this relation, selection of suitable varieties of barley (adapted spring cultivars such as Goharan, Nik and Yousof) is the next priority to ensure the success of production.

To find the direct defense of seedling resistance of common beans, by resistant mechanisms, morphological and physiological attributes of ten cultivars (Naz, Dorsa, Akhtar,KS41128, 65-062-107, 65-071-98, 65-071-306, 65-071-410, 65-071-400, and 65-071-405) were evaluated against two-spotted spider mite in 2017 at Bu-Ali Sina university, Hamedan, Iran. Among four kinds of resistant mechanisms such as antixenosis, antibiosis, tolerant tests and PRI index, both antixenosis and tolerance mechanisms determined to be the most accurate tests in the evaluating of common bean resistance against TSSM attack. Germination delay, development and fast growth, early maturity, erected posture, small cotyledon area, the more leaf thickness along with the dark-colored demonstrated were the escape mechanisms of common beans tolerant genotypes against TSSM attack. Some epidermal traits such as the first defense barrier on common bean like hook-shaped and high density of trichome especially on abaxial epidermis by having trapping behavior showed high relation with tolerant genotypes. In fact, in tolerant beans, related-traits to trichome on leaves entrapped the body parts of TSSM such as leg tarsi, mouthpart and ovipositor and prevented to move, feed and reproduction of mites and therefore, these features decreased damage to leaf area of Phaseolus vulgaris as well. The 65-071-98, 65-062-107 genotypes and NAZ, were certainly categorized as the most tolerant cultivars while Akhtar and 65-071-400 were introduced as the most susceptible accessions of common beans, respectively.

Given the importance of estimating combinability, heritability, genetic variance components and gene performance in designing breeding programs, an experiment based on the line×tester method with fifteen hybrids of oilseed rape derived from crosses of five average yielding cultivars includes SPN3, SPN9, SPN36, SPN30, DH4, with three spring and high yielding testers (SPN34, RGS003, SPN1) was performed using a randomized complete blocks design with two replications. The differences between hybrids for all traits, except flowering time, were significant. In the genetic control of traits, the importance of addictive effect of genes for all studied traits were estimated except for stem diameter and grain yield. The general heritability of the traits was very high and was estimate from 86.03% for stem diameter to 98.53% for the days to end of flowering. Minimum and maximum of the private heritability were also moderately high for the studied traits were56.83% and 91.63% for stem diameter and number of branches, respectively. Among the studied genotypes, SPN1 as a tester and DH4 and SPN30 as lines had the most combinability. Due to the superiority of DH4×RGS003، RGS003×SPN36 and SPN30×RGS003 hybrids, they can be recommended for hybrid cultivars production in the future breeding programs.

Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) belongs to Poaceae family and is also the sixth most important cereal in the world after wheat, rice, maize, barley, and sorghum. In order to stablity analysis of pearl millet, five new pearl millet cultivars were cultivated in six locations (Karaj, Birjand, Varamin, Yazd, Gonbad and Sari) across two years in a randomized complete block design with three replications. the results of combined analysis for number of tillers, number of leaves, days to flowering, height, fresh and dry forage yields and seed yield showed that the cultivars and the environments main effect  and their intractions were significant. The total mean  offresh forage yield was 40.19 t/ha and the average of all cultivars except KPM1 and KPM4 was lower than total mean. Results of the stability analysis by GGE biplot partitioned the testing environments into two mega-environments with KPM4 and KPM5 as winning genotypes. According to discriminate ability and representativeness, the E2 and E4 environments were perfect. Overall, the results showed the superior performance and good stability of KPM4 genotype in all experimental environments.

To investigate the quantitative and qualitative traits of forage in row cropping with pure corn and fenugreek and the effects of various nitrogen fertilizers (chemical, biological and combined), an experiment was carried out based on a randomized complete block design with four replications in the Southern Khorasan province during 2016-2017 cropping year. Different levels of fertilizers including without nitrogen fertilizer (control), 50% nitrogen chemical fertilizer by urea (75 Kg/h), 100% nitrogen fertilizer by urea (150Kg/h), biofertilizer by nitroxin (Azosporium-Azotobacter), combined fertilizer including nitroxin and 50% of chemical fertilizer as main factor and different composition of cultivation in six levels including pure fenugreek, pure maize, additive intercropping of corn and fenugreek in four components (100% maize + fenugreek with 25%, 50%, 75%, 100% ratio) as sub factor were the treatments. Quantitative traits were affected by crop and fertilizer types and their interactions. The greatest effects on quantitative traits were observed in pure cultivation with fertilization. All of the qualitative traits were significantly affected by the interactions of the treatments. Pure cultures showed the highest and lowest values ​​in different qualitative traits and row crops were formed intermediate groups. The highest DMD was in pure culture of fenugreek with chemical fertilizer 100% (83.47%), the highest CP was in pure culture of fenugreek with 100% chemical fertilizer (19.01%), the highest ash was in the pure culture of fenugreek with biofertilizer (64.6%) and CF and WSC were observed in pure crop cultivation of maize with100% chemical fertilizer (34.41% and 33.58%). The results showed that the land equivalence ratio in row crops was more than one and the highest land equivalence ratio (1.557) was observed in 100% maize and 100% fenugreek row cropping. In general, the combination of higher densities of fenugreek resulted in improved forage quality in additive intercropping.

The response of  Iranian new promising  transchromosomal secondary tritipyrum lines with one Iranian  wheat cultivar (Roshan) and a promising transchromosomal non-Iranian primary tritipyrum line{(Ka/b)(Cr/b)} were evaluated in normal soil (EC=1ds/m2) with normal (EC=0.8 ds/m2) and saline water (EC=15ds/m2) at field condition in  completely randomized block design with three replications. The analysis of morphological/physiological traits showed that there was significant differences between all Iranian new promising transchromosomal secondary tritipyrum lines for all traits. Interaction between salinity and genotypes was significant in all physiological and morphological traits, too. Although the lowest reduction in plant yield, relative water content and chlorophyll a under 15ds/m2 salinity belonged to the non-Iranian promising transchromosomal primary tritipyrum line (Ka/b)(Cr/b) and Iranian promising transchromosomal secondary tritipyrum line derived from the Omid × (Cr/b)(Ka/b) cross but the highest ratio of reduction in these traits was belonged to Iranian wheat cultivar (Roshan) as male parent. Three Iranian promising trans chromosomal secondary tritipyrum lines derived from  Omid × (Cr/b)(Ka/b), Nikenejad ×(Cr/b)(Ka/b) and Az/b x Roshan  crosses with one non-Iranian promising trans chromosomal primary tritipyrum line (Ka/b)(Cr/b) showed the highest tolerance for all physiological traits at EC=15ds/m2, too. Therefore based on this research results, it could be storngly recommeded that the Iranian promising trans chromosomal secondary tritipyrum line derived from Omid × (Cr/b)(Ka/b) and non-Iranian promising trans chromosomal primary tritipyrum line (Ka/b)(Cr/b) as its female parent, are the appropriate candidates for grain and forage production, respectively, in the salt effected soils and brackish water with 15ds/m2 salinity.

Effective fertility restorer line is one of the essential components of hybrid seed production in rapeseed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the fertility restoring ability in a number of genotypes of rapeseed via test cross. Plant material carrying the fertility restorer gene (Rf) consisted of four lines (two Polima and two Ogura), seven rapeseed hybrids, 14 candidate promising fertile lines and 40 fertile plants selected from F2 populations of two rapeseed hybrids. Cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) plant material consisted of three lines (two Polima and one Ogura) and sterile plants observed in F2 generation of a hybrid with Polima system. Crosses between fertile and male sterile genotypes were made. The progenies were planted in the field and number of fertile and sterile plants, pod density, shape andlength and number of seeds per pod were evaluated. Number of fertile to infertile plants ratio confirmed monogenic inheritance of fertility restoration and a strong relation between the male sterility system and Rf gene in parent. Genotypes carrying Rf gene had larger anthers, longer filament and bigger petals than sterile plants flowers. Based on homozygosity of fertility gene and the traits studied, promising genotypes of R'1.1, R'4.2 and R'2.1 were selected as effective restorer lines in Polima system.

The objective of this study was to predict the hydrothermal time parameters of five rapeseed cultivars germination using Bradford’s approach. The experiment was a completely randomized in a factorial arrangement of treatments with three replications. The factors were temperature at 6 levels (5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30°C) and 5 levels of water potentials (0, -0.3, -0.6, -0.9 and -1.2 Mpa). Application of this model had the highest performance in germination predicting of two cultivars RGS003 and Hayola 4815 with 0.904 and 0.900 coefficients of determinations and the 0.084 and 0.081 mean squared errors, of  respectively. Base temperature was 2.37°C for Hyola401 and in other cultivars was 0°C. Optimum temperature was variable from 23.36°C in Zabol10 to 29.76°C in Hyola401. The mean base water potential varied from -0.3 in Zabol10 to -0.134 MPa in Hyola4815 between cultivars. The Bradford model fit well with data from different rapeseed cultivars. Model prediction of germination indices indicated Fitting of the model showed that indicators such as temperature-humidity coefficient in the population followed the normal distribution. While a large percentage of the population is around the average, large variances in cardinal temperatures and hydrotime parameters within cultivars necessitate further reaserches to improve the germination uniformity of rapeseed cultivars.

In order to investigate the light absorption and radiation use efficiency and grain yield of maize varieties in irrigation different levels, split plots experiment in randomized complete block design were conducted with three replications at Ilam University Research Field. Irrigation at three levels was assigned to the main plots (irrigation after 70, 105 and 140 mm evaporation from evaporation pan Class A) and four single cross corn hybrid varieties (524, 666, 677 and 704) were sub plots. Irrigation levels were significantly different in grain and biologic yields and harvest index. Grain yield decreased by 19% and 42% at I105 and I140 irrigation levels, respectively. Harvest index decreased by 0.8% at I140 Irrigation level. Results showed that maximum grain and biologic yields were observed in SC704, SC677 varieties, respectively. The effect of irrigation levels was significant on radiation use efficiency. The highest radiation use efficiency was observed in the studied varieties at I70 irrigation level (with an average of 2.43 g/mJ). Water deficit at I140 Irrigation level, radiation use efficiency was reduced by 25.11% relative to optimum moisture conditions. Based on the results, although all maize varieties showed reduced radiation use efficiency under drought stress, SC677 variety had the highest radiation use efficiency under stress and optimum irrigation conditions, compared to other varieties and cultivation of this variety is recommended, especially under stress conditions.

To investigate the effects of late season drought on yield components, seed and oil yields and some physiological indices related to drought tolerance in promise genotypes of safflower, an experiment was conducted as split plot based on a randomized complete blocks design with three replications in saline areas of the East Azarbaijan Agriculture and Natural Resources Research and Education Center during the cropping season of 2018-19. The experimental factors included drought stress (non-stressed and stressed from flowering to maturity) and six safflower genotypes (Padideh, Gazagi, 59, 68, 97 and 132 lines). Drought stress decreased yield components, seed and oil yields, leaf chlorophyll index, stomatal conductance and RWC and increased leaf temperature significantly. Amounts of these traits were significantly different among genotypes. Correlations among these indices and with seed and oil yields were significant. Also all yield components had important role in productivity. In all water conditions, Padideh variety and promise line 68 had higher amounts of physiological indices and indicated higher seed and oil yields. Therefore, Leaf chlorophyll index, stomatal conductance, RWC and leaf temperature are able to reflect the effects of water deficit on safflower genotypes and could be used in the drought tolerant genotypes selection.

To investigate the effrct of various densities of wild oat, application time and type of herbicide on wild oat control and yield and yield components of wheat, a split spilt plot experiment was carried out base on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 3 replications in a field in Fars Province )Marvdasht city) in the cropping year of 2014-2015. The different densities of wild oat (0, 20, 40, 80, 160 and 320 plants m2) as the main plot, two herbicides including mesosulfuron + iodosulfuron + mefenpyr-diethyl (Atlantis18 g a.i. /ha) and clodinafop-propargyl (Topik, 64 g a.i. /ha) as sub-plot and application time (18 (8 leaves) and 23 Zadoks (tillering) stages) as sub-sub plot were considered. According to logistic model (parameter Den50), 127 and 95 wild oats per m2 was required to reach a 50% reduction in dry weight of wild oat in clodinafop-propargyl herbicide treatment at 8 and 23 Zadoks stages, respectively, whereas, for 50% reduction in dry weight of wild oat in mesosulfuron + iodosulfuron herbicide treatment were 141 and 149 wild oats/m2, respectively. The regrowth of wild oat in clodinafop-propargyl compared to mesosulfuron + iodosulfuron herbicides was higher in tillering compared to 8 leaves in all densities. Hyperbolic model for grain yield showed that in Topik herbicide treatment at both application times, 50% reduction in the yield was observed in 118 and 83 wild oats/m2 and in mesosulfuron + iodosulfuron herbicide treatment at both application times, 50% reduction in the yield was observed in 423 and 221 wild oats/m2.At higher wild oat densities, of mesosulfuron + iodosulfuron application is recommended at 18 Zadoks stage.

Pharmacological properties of Papaver family plants referred to Benzylisoquinoline alkaloid (BIAs) production. The BIAs alkaloid are a diverse group of nitrogenous compounds which have a limited distribution among various plant species. In addition to their medicinal property, they have a crucial role in the plant defense mechanisms. In the current study, the effects of elicitors including Green silver nanoparticles, chemical silver nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, graphene coated by chemical silver nanoparticles, and combination of graphene and green silver nanoparticles investigated on the relative expression of BIAs biosynthesis pathway genes (DBOX, COR, and T6ODM) in the cell suspension of Papaver orientale L. with the concentration of 50 mg/L at 48 and 72 h after the elicitor applications were evaluated. There were significant changes in the relative expression of these genes due to the use of elicitor. However, the highest transcriptional activity of DBOX and COR genes observed at 48 h after utilization of graphene coated by chemical silver nanoparticles with the values of 57.96 and 8.34 fold, respectively. While, there was an up-regulation of T6ODM gene in the application of graphene and Green silver nanoparticles combined with the value of 45.77 fold. These results suggest that application of various elicitors in this plant can accompany by diverse changes in the expression of alkaloids biosynthesis pathway genes, which depends on the toxicity level of elicitors and elicitors’ mediated-activation of signaling paths.

Changing rice cultivation system from puddled-transplanted rice production to direct seeded rice greatly reduces labor and crop production cost. A field experiment was conducted at Rice Research Institute of Iran-Rasht in 2018 as split plot based on a randomized complete block design to evaluate the effect of seeding date and planting method on growth and grain yield, cv. Hashemi, in direct seeded rice. Main plots included seeding date (1, 8, 15, 22, 29 May, 5 and 12 June) and sub plots were planting method (broadcast seeding, row seeding and hill seeding). Moreover, transplanting plots were included to the experiment as control treatment. Analysis of variance showed that seeding date had significant effect on paddy yield, but planting method and the interaction effect between them had no significant effect on paddy yield. Maximum paddy yield were recorded at the dates of 1 and 15 May (4414 and 4325 kg ha-1, respectively). Paddy yield was significantly reduced when seeding date delayed, as grain yield reduce by 41, 43, and 70% at the seeding dates of 22, 29 May, and 5 June compared to the seeding date of 1 May. There was no significant difference in paddy yield between direct-seeded (4295±215 kg ha-1) and transplanting (4414±184 kg ha-1) production systems. Moreover, seeding date and planting method had no significant effect on weed biomass. In general, results revealed that optimum paddy yield in direct seeding was recorded at the seeding date of 1–15 May.

In the present study, 18 lines and cultivars of chickpea were evaluated in three cold dryland stations including Maragheh, Kurdestan and Shirvan for three years (2014-2016). Results showed that the environments, genotypes and genotype × environment interaction effects were significant. Interaction analysis using the AMMI model indicated that the two principal components (IPCAs) significantly accounted for 67.9% of the total variation. However, these two components accounted for about 65% of the changes in the GGE biplot method. Evaluation of genotype yield stability using AMMI statistics were very similar to AMMI2 biplot. This similarity was also partially observed between the AMMI and GGE biplot methods. In both models the environments were subdivided into groups with separate superior genotypes and the behavior of some sites in the selection of genotypes was similar across years, while in some other sites it was different. Therefore, it is concluded that the reproducibility pattern of superior genotypes in each site is challenging under dryland conditions. Control cultivars of Samin, Gazvin and Jam showed good grain yield and stability. Although, the ability to select high yielding and stable genotypes among the lines was poor compared to control cultivars. However, genotypes 1, 3, 6, 12 and 14, due to their high yield, can be used in specific adaptation and suitable genetic sources for introducing drought and cold tolerant cultivars in the studied fields.

Considering the ecological adaptation of vetch (Vicia sativa) to dryland cultivation in subtropical regions and the importance of dry land regions for increasing forage production while preserving water and soil resources, it is necessary to conduct agronomic researches regarding vetch production under conservation system in these regions. The current study was conducted to investigate the influence of planting density, starter nitrogen level and tillage practices (conventional and conservation) on vetch (vicia sativa) growth and yield under rain fed semi tropical conditions (Gachsaran dryland research station). The experiment was laid out as a strip split plot in three replicates for three years. The treatments included residues of preceding wheat (with or without), planting density (100, 150 and 200 per m2) and applied nitrogen as starter fertilizer (0, 15 and 30 kg ha-1 N). Based on the results of analysis of variance, none of treatments had significant effect on early growth, days to flowering and ripening and plant height. The results showed that retaining preceding wheat residues caused significant increase in fresh forage and grain yield. For the most studied traits, adding starter nitrogen fertilizer didn’t cause any significant effect especially when the residues were retained upon the soil. If producing forage is the main purpose of seeding vetch, 150 seed per m2 planting density is recommendable while for seed production 100 seed per m2 seeding rate leads to better seed yield.

The aim of this study to evaluate the response of wheat cultivars to salt stress on some physiological and biochemical characteristics and more understand about the mechanisms of resistance to salinity and access to tolerance genetic resources. To evaluate the effects of different concentrations of salinity (control and 16 dS m-1) on morphological and physiological aspects of 5 wheat cultivars, an experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design with factorial treatments in three replications. The results showed that salt stress causes a significant reduction in shoot and root dry matter, the concentration of K+ and K+/Na+ ratio of different varieties of wheat and this reduction was more severe in higher levels of salinity. The sodium content of the plant increased in high salinity. so that the negative correlation (-.828) between the concentration of sodium ions shoot and shoot and root dry matter. In addition, salt tolerant cultivars compared with the susceptible cultivars showed high K+/Na+ ratio in shoot and root keep better performance in salinity stress. So K+/Na+ showed significant positive correlation (0.747) with the shoot dry matter. salt tolerant cultivars transfer Less sodium in their shoot. shoot K+ ion concentration was positively correlated (.747) with shoot dry matter. The observed negative correlation between sodium concentration and the chlorophyll content (-0.946) indicate that the plant metabolism has been adversely affected by salinity stress.