مجله تاریخ نگری و تاریخ نگاری
سال سی‌ام شماره 26 (پاییز و زمستان 1399)

One of the main components and in fact the basic element of research through which the researcher explains the research problem is "problem expression”. Due to the lack of a correct definition of "problem expression" and its confusion with other components of research, such as the title, subject and main question of the research, it is often ignored in historical research. This problem can be mostly attributed to the inadequacy and incorrect definition of the basic concepts of research in the methodological research texts, in particular, historical research that its reflection can be seen in the dissertations of history students. This study seeks to examine the pathology of lack of transparency or deficiency in the concept of "problem expression" in dissertations and historical researches. The findings of this research show that due to the lack of correct definition of “problem” in the methodological research texts in history, has led to serious shortcomings in academic dissertations in the field of history. In this research, , however, it has been tried , based on the library resources , dissertations collection (GANJ) from IRANDOC site and using descriptive-analytical method as well as statistical method to analyze the Pathology of “Problem expression” in historical research by case study of history dissertations of Ferdowsi University graduate master degree students.

Apostasiography is a literature whose main focus would be to prove the invalidity of a belief or a specific claim. This type of literature can be seen among Islamic works of the second century onward. Although the majority of this literature has been destroyed, the study of mere titles can open new windows for the researchers to read and discover the history, type of conflicts among the Shiite speakers and different ideologies in the Islamic society of that time. To this day, some of these ideologies have been the basis of faiths in different sects in Islam; therefore scrutinizing them from all aspects is of great importance. ‬The present study relies on written references and focuses on theological apostasiography of Shia cults using the early scholar list of works namely Rijal of Najashi, Tousi and Kitāb al-Fihrist of Nadim. Quantification of the information in Apostasies, extrareligious, extrasectious and intersectious typology and their frequencies are used as research methods through which the arrangements of the Islamic society are analyzed. The results show that the majority of apostasiographers are Imami among which Shaikh Mofid is the most prolific. Extrareligious Apostasiography has not been popular among Shiite authors and scholars. In extrareligious apostasies, above all, the Mu'tazilites have been subject to criticism and rebuttal while in interreligious apostasies, The exaggerants. The number of apostasies produced in the third century exceeds that of the other centuries.

No methodological polemic has taken shape among the advocates of history in Iran until now, for they have not had enough command of different methods, paradigms, and theories. After having command of different methods, it is necessary to engage gradually in methodological dialogues so that we will be able to move forward to test them in case studies to ascertain the weak and strong points of each methodological paradigm through the criteria of experience. Hence, this paper is an attempt to deal with the following methodological problem: What is the most crucial disciplinary task of the historians? The hypothesis of this research is as follows: The most crucial disciplinary task of historians is to provide a proper description of the past human events, for history’s power of knowledge lies in this very issue. Moreover, proper description follows answers to the questions on whatness (quiddity) and howness; questions in which the historians are keenly interested.

The present article examines the writings of Dr. Nasser Takmil Homayoun, a prominent contemporary historian and sociologist, with a special emphasis on his works on the Qajar period. Most of his writings are researches on the history and society of Qajar. Thus the main question of the present article is whether Takmil Homayoun been able to adhere to the principles of historiography and especially sociology in his writings؟ Despite his specialized education in sociology, he seems to have considered himself mainly a historian and he did not pay much attention to the principles and rules of sociology so that his works in the field of use of sociological concepts, methods and theories and sociological explanations are devoid of such criteria and even in some of his most important writings, a conflict with sociological methods and explanations is evident.Therefore, the present article evaluates the works of Takmil Homayoun on three levels : definition of concepts and conceptual anachronism, doxa perspective, and poverty of sociological methods and theories.

Mohammad Ibrahim Bastani Parizi (1304-1393) is one of the few researchers who has a special and unique style in the field of historical studies. In this style, reliance on the auxiliary sciences of history has a prominent aspect. Although he has accepted the independent status of history as a scientific discipline and has been teaching and researching in this field for many years,what is the secret of history's need for auxiliary sciences and neglect of them has caused Which defect counts? The findings of the present research which is based on qualitative method and descriptive-analytic approach show that Bastani Parizi, believing in the consumer nature of history as a field of knowledge, contains that the contribution of these auxiliary fields of knowledge will throw light on the hidden corners of the past and put them on the brightarena of clarification and better understanding.The findings of the present research which is based on qualitative method and descriptive-analytic approach show that Bastani Parizi, believing in the consumer nature of history as a field of knowledge, contains that the contribution of these auxiliary fields of knowledge will throw light on the hidden corners of the past and put them on the brightarena of clarification and better understanding.

The present study compares the Rawadids history in the Islamic historical sources and the Divan of Qatran ,the poet of the court of this dynasty rulers. The main issue of this research is to show the importance of Qatran poetic narration for completing, developing and correcting the reports of historical sources from the period of Rawadids. Due to the distance of Azerbaijan from the center of the Abbasid caliphate and the relative independence of the Rawadids from the Buyids, the narration of historical sources about them is short and cross-sectional and lacks temporal and spatial continuity.this narration does not go beyond the political and military spheres and covers only the times when part of the events of the Rawadids is linked to the Caliphate or the Buyids and the Seljuks. Contrary to historical sources, Qatran provides a narrative report that has a half-century continuum. His report includes characters from this dynasty that do not exist in historical sources. Although Qatran does not refer to the lineage and clan of the Ravadids, his poems deal with a part of their intellectual, cultural and social history that does not exist in the narration of historical sources. Much of Qatran's narrative of the history of the Ravadids challenges the narrative of historical sources and shows their numerous flaws and shortcomings. This contemporary and direct narrative can to some extent provide the possibility of verifying the narration of historical sources that have been written mainly within a temporal and spatial distance from that period

Ghahraman Mirza Ein Al-Saltanah, a descendant of Mohammad Shah, can be considered one of the most important memoirists of the Qajar era. He started writing memoirs at the age of eleven and continued until a month before his death.Accurate description of many details in a long period of 65 years, which covers from 1882 to 1945, makes him the longest memoir of the Qajar era, and his work as a valuable encyclopedia of Iranian history, from It has introduced the Nasserite period until the beginning of the second Pahlavi dynasty. This study has a descriptive-analytical approach to pay attention to the characteristics of the memories of the Qajar era, considering the characteristics of the central narrative of the memories, the narrative structure of this work and while using the theories of narratology and considering the question of what are the characteristics of the narrative structure of Ein Al-Saltanah's memoirs? Scene and staging are examined.Having a first-person perspective, a strong one-line narrative, partiality and having a simple narrative style are the features of the narrative structure of these memoirs that can be mentioned as part of the research data.

Among the numerous chronicles that have narrated the history of the Pishdadian during the Ilkhanid period, Rashid al-Din’s Jami‘ al-tawarikh has unique features that are not found in the works of his predecessors. A century after Rashid al-Din, Hafiz-i Abru, imitating him, compiled the Majma‘ al-tawarikh in a much larger volume. This paper seeks to identify the sources of Rashid al-Din and Hafiz-i Abru, as well as to analyze and compare the structure of this part of their book with each other, as well as earlier chronicles. In order to identify the sources used by them, in addition to the Shahnameh, the works of twelve historians from the tenth to the fourteenth century were examined. Although Rashid al-Din follows the model offered by Tabari, who narrates the history of kings during the stories of the prophets, he is the first historian to divide his book into four chapters based on the four classes of Persian kings. Hafiz-i Abru has chosen another model, in which the histories of kings and prophets were narrated separately, but he combined it with the structure invented by Rashid al-Din, and thus his book has a more systematic structure. Compared to the earlier works, the structures of the Jami‘ al-tawarikh and the Majma‘ al-tawarikh are so that they emphasize the importance of kings over prophets.

The complexity of the social and political situation in Iran after the constitutional era led to the emergence of local governments and the weakness of the central government. With the famine of the last years of the last century, riots and insecurities intensified. One of these events that took place in the ruling region of Thalas (Golpayegan, Khansar and Khomein) was the revolt of Agha Mirza Mohammad Mehdi (Seqat-alEslam Shahidi). His disobedience has created insecurity in the region for years. He was eventually defeated by government forces and executed along with a number of his comrades. This research uses surviving documents, references to books and articles written in the field of local history, references to documents in the National Archives and Library of Iran, references to documents in the library and document center of the Islamic Consultative Assembly, as well as interviews with local characters. An attempt has been made to find out the background of the Shahidi family through library and field methods and the reasons for his disobedience to the government of Tehran; Also find out the reasons for his execution. The results of this study show that - contrary to the narrations narrated by Azam al-Wazarah - the local wars had nothing to do with political issues and revolutionary events. These incidents were just a personal dispute between the clergy over the endowed lands and material interests.

Abdolhadi Haeri is one of the famous figures of contemporary Iranian historian that writing ablity and intellectual heritage has left a direct and permanent impact on Iranian historical knowledge. Haeri is a stylistic figure not only in the field of historiography but also in the field of memoirs and theorizing. Haeri's groundbreaking innovations and initiatives require in-depth research. The important point is that her scientific activity took place in a specific context and time when the emotional, emotional, politicized and ideological atmosphere dominated the rationality and historical thinking. This article tries to open a new perspective on some aspects of Abdolhadi Haeri's thoughts and actions by taking a critical look at Dr. Abdolhadi Haeri's book "Life, Works and Historical Thoughts" by Hojjat Fallah Tutkar. Finally, focusing on the political-intellectual context in which Haeri developed and presented his methodological and epistemological ideas, the article concludes that without knowing the characteristics and requirements of this context, . Gain a deep cognition of Haeri.

The Constitutional Revolution of Iran, which was a revolution for law and equality of the public, is one of the events that one can find out the memories of this period from its unspoken facts, especially regarding the people as peasant, nation, masses, … and others, common people. This suggests that, despite the arrival of Iran in a new era of governance and valuing people's voice and position, the people still had a low value place. The most important conditions for causal explaining vulgar looking people based on the grounded theory are lack of political knowledge of people, economic situation of the people, their beliefs and governance system. Sloppy and low-value looking at people has had many consequences including categorizing people of the Iranian society into two groups of properties or commons, the awakening nation against the dormant nation, the ignorant nation against the conscious nation. But the most important of these consequences is the value judgments about the people which considered the people as sheep and lambs, insects, and wandering creatures comparing with animals such as jackals, etc. which has resulted in the fact that in the literature of reminiscence we see the classification of the society into two classes of properties and commons that all the concepts and categories refer to in some way. This suggests characteristics for the common people that expresses the distinction between the commons and properties.

Importance of historiography and its effect on different dimensions of the society's political, social and economic life, highlights the necessity of its popularization for different strata of the society. Researchers have studies about solutions for this society need. One of those solutions is "Alternative History", which tries to challenge probable and parallel historical route of events in historical points of divergence. In fact, the upcoming events after this divergence illustrates a new world by challenging the present world political-economic conditions. This technique, due to its potential characteristics, is of useful applications in historiography. Some of those characteristics are attracting the public, improving the fantasy and reason power of the public in thinking about the past, presenting novel shapes of social realities and shaping historical thinking and improving historical memory of the society. This is a library research and was prepared using descriptive analysis and investigates the necessity of socialization of history, Alternative history and its appearance, development and applications in the history popularization.