مجله پژوهش های راهبردی مسائل اجتماعی ایران
سال دهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 32، بهار 1400)

Infidelity was a social problem that represented in cinema during recent decades and reflected by different narrations in films. In Iranian cinema, marital infidelity entered into films from 80s as a social problem related to family and interpersonal issues. Our aim in this research was to explore the representation of the infidelity by Iranian cinema films during 80 and 90 decades. After reviewing more than 50 films related to the issue, 14 films selected by purposeful sampling method with focus on the films that focused on infidelity obviously. We gathered data through watching the selected films and specially the dialogues. The data analyzed by thematic analysis method. According to results, main themes included sexual and emotional infidelity, marital dissatisfaction, social context, personal anomy, infidelity as vengeance, imperative acceptance, self-disorganization and disruption of family relations. Final theme showed infidelity as life suspension that implied infidelity as a result and cause of this suspension.

The growing trend of cigarette smoking among college students, given the crucial role that students will play in the future of society, has attracted the attention of experts in various fields and has necessitated the need for rigorous and extensive scientific studies related to it. Our aim in this qualitative study was to explicate meaning and interpretations of non-native smoker students in the experience of smoking in university. The research carried out by basic (generic) qualitative research method. The participants selected by Purposeful sampling method with heterogeneous and snowball sampling technique. Thoroughly, Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 27 students. To obtain reliability, two methods of control by members and their scientific peers were used. Interviews manuscripts analyzed in theoretical coding and 7 main categories constructed. Non-Native Smoking Students experience and interpretation described in categories included: Habitus and common action, Weaknesses in university welfare services, The Anomalies of Student Life, Lesson pressure, Risky relationships, Weaknesses parental communication skills, Presence in an unhealthy environment.

The main purpose of this study was to assess the level of adaptation of villagers to climate change and its relationship with social factors. In the process of adaptation to climate change, farmers can be important decision makers. Therefore, this study has focused on the influence of social factors on rural support policy. Population was 2877 people from the villagers that using Cochran's formula and multi-stage cluster sampling, 224 people were selected as the statistical sample. Research data gathering tool was a questionnaire and questions the reliability rate of over 60 percent. Also, the formal validity of the questionnaire has been confirmed by agricultural science specialists of agriculture scinces at University of Agriculture Sciences and specialists of social scinces at Mazandaran University. The results of Pearson correlation analysis showed that there are positive and weak correlation between the area of agricultural land (0.20), knowledge of information resources (0.18), institutional trust (0.17), normative pressure of agricultural experts and local people (0.16) with the adaptation with climate changes. While the normative pressure of the local council, age and income were not correlated with the adaptation of the villagers to the consequences of climate change due to a significant level (more than 0.05). In line with the research findings, improving farmers' knowledge and skills about climate changes and familiarizing them with adaptation strategies and economic, social and cultural assessments of the consequences of climate changes for rural communities can improve their adaptation to the harmful effects of climate changes.

The present study aimed to investigate women's perceived understanding of family issues and using the qualitative method. For this purpose, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 17 women aged 18 to 65 years old in Fasa who were selected by purposive sampling method. The research results have categorized and identified two types of internal and content damages and external and structural issues. Internal and content issues, include the three main categories of " Solitude cocoon formation and individualized world", "Extended parenting and increasing child-centeredness", and "persistent and chronic family disputes and incompatibilities". In addition, the second type, which refers to the external and structural aspects of the family, is classified into three main categories; "Changing family values and beliefs as changes in the family institution", "Spreading social harms into families" and "Challenges related to social welfare". Overall, the findings of this study show that social problems and family issues are an intertwined phenomenon that has complicated family life and increased its challenges.

IntroductionEmployees are the major capital of knowledge-oriented enterprises that have particular and distinct characteristics compared to ordinary employees. Thus, it is not easy to retain them in an enterprise. For this reason, a special leadership style is required. Moreover, specific characteristics of knowledge-oriented enterprises including knowledge centrality in all their activities require an appropriate leadership style. In this regard, the present study aims to investigate a leadership model for knowledge-oriented enterprises in Isfahan City.  Materials and MethodsThis applied-developmental study is exploratory and mixed research (qualitative-quantitative). In the qualitative section, the grounded theory approach and Strauss and Corbin's systematic GTM scheme were used. The statistical population in the qualitative section included managers of knowledge-oriented enterprises at Isfahan Science and Technology Town. Theoretical sampling was employed in this section. Semi-structured interviews were utilized for data collection. The data were analyzed via a three-phase coding process (open, axial, and selective) and finally, it was classified into six classes, that is, causal factors, central phenomenon, underlying factors, intervening factors, strategies, and consequences. In the quantitative section, inferential statistics were employed. The tool of data collection was a researcher-made questionnaire extracted from the results of the qualitative section. The statistical population consisted of experts of knowledge-oriented enterprises in Isfahan City. Then, 220 questionnaires were distributed randomly. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed through content validity and construct validity. The content validity was confirmed by the experts and construct validity was approved using the structural equation modeling with the help of Amos 22 software. Discussion of Results and Conclusions The interviews were examined thoroughly via the systematic method and conducting the three-phase coding. The obtained open codes were 765. The classification of codes continued and they were reduced to 258 codes in the central phenomenon phase. Then, they were reduced to 33 codes in the selective phase. While confirming the validity by experts, one code was omitted and finally 32 codes were considered in six main categories. In the end, the goodness of fit of all components of the conceptual model was explored using the confirmatory factor analysis.The findings of the present study indicated that increased professionalism and specialization, reinforcement of competitive advantage, survival of the enterprise, knowledge nature of the enterprise, environmental dynamism, and capability of the knowledge-oriented enterprise were in accordance with environmental changes of causal variables of the knowledge-oriented leadership style. The dimensions identified for the central phenomenon of knowledge-oriented leadership were guiding of learning by a knowledge-oriented leader, role model as the leader of knowledge-oriented enterprises, creating knowledge space, and support of knowledge-oriented leadership from learning. In the knowledge-oriented enterprises, the dimensions included weak economic grounds and limitation of financial resources, technological ground and infrastructures, interactive and communicative grounds, structural and control grounds, knowledge ground, knowledge employees, and cultural ground. In addition, the identified intervening factors in the knowledge-oriented leadership model were the government and affiliated institutions, social and cultural factors, economic factors and the market, and legal factors.Likewise, given the underlying and intervening variables which were effective on knowledge-oriented enterprises, strategies for implementation of knowledge-oriented leadership in such enterprises were identified including motivation-oriented strategies, education-oriented and cultural strategies, attraction and maintenance of competent labor force, financing based on the use of potential extra-organizational capacities, knowledge creation and knowledge acquisition, improving the atmosphere of participation and interaction, and infrastructure-oriented strategies. Knowledge-oriented leadership could have some consequences such as improved performance and competitive advantage of the firm, enhanced quality of working life and job satisfaction of employees, increased organizational belonging and improved emotional-mental engagement of employees, continuous improvement and development of employees' skills, retention of employees in the firm, and economic and social consequences.

The purpose of the present study is to investigate the factors affecting political violence with emphasis on ethnic cleavage in West Azerbaijan province. Ethnic group relations are often associated with strife and tension in most societies. As long as group relations are normal in a society, there would be no problem for the social system. But when social groups, such as political groups and ethnic cultural interests, are attacked in terms of socio-economic interests, the social system becomes tense and social challenges, such as violence, arise in the society. Political violence means the use of force. It is a kind of inter-ethnic collective relation related to the realm of politics. Violence is a type of power that pursues a specific goal, and that is to define boundaries and prevent the exercise of another power. Aklaef (as cited in Salehi Amiri, 2009) believes that most of the violent ethnic conflicts are of a political nature and result from ethnic disputes over the position of groups in the political structure of such countries, as well as inter-group conflicts over the redistribution of power and the attainment of power. Frederick Barth believes that ethnic distinctions are the product of drawing and protecting borders, not the product of cultural differences that are obvious to the outside observer. Boundaries are always drawn in front of other people and are the basis for separating one group from another. Social boundaries are the opposite of objectified forms of social differences that are manifested in unequal access to resources (material and immaterial) and unequal distribution of social opportunities. Ethnic cleavages are social divisions and conflicts that go back to some manifestations of differences and structural incompatibility in a multi-ethnic society. This cleavage is widened by ethnic groups whose interests are in fundamental conflict with each other. This process leads to the acquisition of self-awareness and special values ​​for individuals belonging to each of these branched ethnic groups. These values ​systematically shape the collective identity of these conflicting groups and produce a blueprint for social behaviors and actions for members of these groups, thus creating a framework for violence and social conflict.

This research is a quantitative survey study. The main tool used in the data collection stage was a researcher-made questionnaire. The statistical population of the study consisted of citizens between the ages of 18 and 65 years in West Azerbaijan province with about 2116684 people. In the present study, the multi-stage cluster sampling method was used. For sampling, Cochran sampling formulas were used based on which 384 samples were selected for the study. After determining the sample size according to the geographical extent of West Azerbaijan province, Khoy (the majority of Turkish-speaking individuals) and Salmas (Turkish and Kurdish-speaking) were in the first cluster from the north of the province, Urmia (Turkish and Kurdish-speaking) from the provincial capital, and the cities of Naqadeh (Turkish and Kurdish-speaking) and Mahabad and Piranshahr (the majority of Kurdish-speaking) from the south of the province were selected. Then, based on the method of geographical division in five geographical regions of the cities, two regions were randomly selected. Sampling was done in which their citizens randomly answered the questions of the questionnaire. To test the research hypotheses, Pearson correlation coefficient, analysis of variance, and multiple regression were used simultaneously with SPSS version 24 software. The reliability of the questionnaire was based on Cronbach's alpha (political violence 0.82, ethnic cleavage 0.81, poor observance of civil rights 0.85, discrimination 0.89, ethnic voting pattern 0.80, and weak identity tolerance 0.71). To test the validity of the questionnaire, structural validity and factor analysis techniques were used.

The results of factor analysis on 14 questions of ethnic cleavage led to the extraction of three factors (ethnic denial, ethnic distance, and ethnic demarcation), with a specific value higher than one. Together, these three factors accounted for 53.55% of the variance of the ethnic cleavage. Also, the average score of political violence was 2.77, which is moderate to low compared to the score range (1 to 5).  The average rate of ethnic cleavage in the opinion of the respondents was 2.76, which is moderate to high compared to the score range (1.29 to 4.71).Analysis of the data from this survey showed that there was a direct and significant relationship between ethnic cleavage and its dimensions (ethnic denial, ethnic distance, and ethnic demarcation), poor observance of citizenship rights, discrimination, ethnic voting pattern, and poor identity tolerance with political violence. Simultaneous regression and path analysis showed that the variables of ethnic cleavage, ethnic voting pattern, weak observance of citizenship rights, discrimination, and the weakness of identity tolerance affected political violence and explained and predicted 28.3% of the variance of political violence.