فصلنامه پژوهش و برنامه ریزی شهری
پیاپی 45 (تابستان 1400)

Cities usually have a series of facilities and services such as airports, rail and sea terminals, entertainment centers, shops, medical centers, etc., depending on the geographical, political, economic and cultural location and appropriate to the civil society. In the tourism industry, in most cases, they are considered as entry and exit points and providing accommodation for tourists, while today, cities can become a destination by benefiting from a variety of attractions and events and being adjacent to a series of surrounding attractions. They have a tourist attraction. The main purpose of this study is to present a geomarketing model based on the development of urban tourism infrastructure in Tehran using geographic information systems (geomarketing) tools that it is possible site selection of urban tourism infrastructure in Tehran and therefore, it is led to facilitate and strengthen the relationship between the tourist (customer) and the host community (seller). It also assists city managers in making metropolitan decisions. The methodology of this study is qualitative and grounded theory approach. It is used semi structure interviews to collect data and analysis were done by Strauss and Corbin method and paradigm model. sampling method was by theoretical sampling and was done using targeted (judgmental) techniques. The statistical population was selected from among active experts and managers that are worked in public and private sectors of tourism and urban management. The results of data obtained from interviews during open, axial and selective coding process that led to identify geomarketing model based on the development of urban tourism infrastructure in Tehran was based on grounded theory. The finding of this study indicate that managers and Private tourism activists and urban management in Tehran to turn Tehran into an urban tourism destination must attention to identified all of factors and indicators. Using the present model and geomarketing data and information for urban land use planning and tourism and urban needs site selection, design and execution of all projects to have a sustainable tourism annex. So that designs, elements and urban events must have attractive option for attract tourists and it is possible accessing them through digitals maps.

Housing indicators, as the main foundation of a comprehensive program and an essential tool for expressing various economic, social, cultural, environmental and physical dimensions of housing, have a special place in housing planning. Therefore, recognizing the status of appropriate housing indicators and trying to achieve the desired housing and reduce inequalities is considered important in the discussion of sustainable urban development. In this regard, the aim of the present study is to measure and analyze the physical characteristics of housing in the metropolis of Tehran with the approach of spatial justice. The research method is descriptive-analytical and its purpose is practical. To analyze the data, quantitative models of Shannon's entropy, TOPSIS, C.V scattering coefficient, Moran spatial self-correlation statistics and Arc GIS software were used. Findings from the study show that there is inequality within the region in having physical housing characteristics among the metropolitan areas of Tehran, so that the spatial distribution pattern of physical housing characteristics in the 22 regions The city of Tehran is in the form of a cluster, and regions 1, 3, and 2, with a score of 0.855, 0.447, and 0.385, respectively, are ranked 22nd among the 22 regions in terms of physical housing characteristics. First to third. On the other hand, Zone 21 is in the last place with the lowest amount of TOPSIS 0.038. Statistically, about 0.4 percent of the regions are in a privileged position, 0.23 percent are in a semi-privileged position, and 0.73 percent are in an inefficient position. Based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that the inequality within the region and the gap between the regions of Tehran in terms of having physical housing characteristics.

The imbalance in the world's urban hierarchies has created problems, especially in developing countries, such a situation that is intensity and weak, but is most commonly seen in most parts of Iran. Because of existence of the first urban phenomenon in Kermanshah, this fact has caused that more than half of the population to be concentrated in the first city. The method used in this research is applied research. Rank-size model, rank-size-adjusted law model, Lorenz curve, mean annual growth, Gini coefficient and entropy coefficient model were used for data analysis. The results show that during the census period from 1991 to 2016, the city of sarpol-e Zahab is one of the medium-sized cities and the results revealed that due to the first presence of Kermanshah city, the urban hierarchy has not complied with the law of size and the inconsistency and lack of equilibrium in the urban hierarchy of the province has been determined. Studying the trends of urban changes and urban population during the five censuses from 1991 to 2016 in Kermanshah province and analyzing them shows that urban growth has gradually intensified and the ratio of urban to rural population has increased, Survey of urban hierarchy in the province shows that in this province as in most of the provinces in the country has a heterogeneous and unbalanced urban network. The case study in this research was sarpol-e Zahab which, looking at the demographic and physical developments of these cities to achieve the optimal urban and spatial hierarchy, to ensure equity in the distribution of facilities and services as well as to create equal opportunities for small and medium-sized cities of the province, including the city of sarpol-e Zahab, is needed. Keywords: Small towns, Lorenz Curve, Gini Coefficient, Kermanshah Province, sarpol-e Zahab City.

Principal growth and development of cities is facilitating the sustainability process. To accomplish this Policy-making and stakeholders are the most important component. For this purpose the present study with the aim of identifying and analyzing key factors Influencing in policy- making for environmental (physical) development of Urmia, Trying that by applying policies and changing the power of actors, direct the city development process in the right direction. The purpose of this study is practical and data collection has been descriptive-analytical. In this research the Holdern model has been used to investigate the physical development of the city of Urmia, and by using the MicMac software, effective indicators have been identified for the development of the city, and then key actors have been analyzed In the Mactor software, and action has been taken to determine the degree of competitiveness, convergence and agreement between key actors. The results of the research based on Holdern model calculations showed that about % -25.8 of the growth was in the city of Urmia between 1355 and 1395 due to the Spiral horizontal growth of the city and about 74.2 percent of the rest of the city's development was due to city population growth this has led to an increase in population density and a decline in urban land use. 31 factors were used to analyze and evaluate the policy- making for environmental (physical) development of Urmia. Using MicMac software, eight key drivers in policy- making have been identified and 5 key players to advance these policies. Those have had urban managers and urban firms in the highest order of competitiveness, competence, influence.  Eventually most of the actors agreed on the physical development bug  on the likelihood of the city becoming a land exchange for housing and housing, and a focused policy.

The complexity and complexity of the vendors in the city due to the multidimensional reality illustrates the need to design a unified and coordinated management structure for local policy and planning and eventually to intervene to organize it. The fundamental issue we face in this research is the proportional organization of sellers by creating seasonal markets based on environmental, physical, and urban biodiversity. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of seasonal and participatory local markets on tourism development and the domestic economy by studying a case study of local seasonal market in kan district, Hemmat Highway. The method of this research is descriptive-correlational and the type of parametric test is used with one sample t-test. The method of data collection was based on the library-documentary method and in the literature and literature studies section and the survey method was used to assess citizens' opinions using a questionnaire (regular questions). GIS software was also used to draw the maps and field visit to verify the available data. Finally, SWOT identified weaknesses, strengths, opportunities and threats to market life of the residents in the area in question. The four axes of physical, socio-cultural, economic, environmental and natural and finally the network of passages and study traffic have been analyzed. In testing the hypotheses based on the K-S test, we find that the index of market building and highlighting the role of home business in the community (q6) with a positive load of 0.194 is accepted. And with significant coefficient (Sig = .016), it has significant relationship with model.

With the advent of the industrial revolution and the changing attitudes and exploits of nature, there has been a rift between urban spaces and natural systems. This has led to the formation of ghostly urban spaces that have nothing to do with the morals, needs, and inherent dependencies of nature on nature. The myriad problems caused by this disruption have become one of the major concerns of urban planners. In this regard, biophilic approach as a new and holistic approach based on nature-based approach in urban spaces, by applying environmental indicators, citizenship and management, seeks urban ecological sustainability. The purpose of this study is to localize the global biophilic indices in the 9th and 10th districts of Tehran metropolitan, while trying to analyze the internal relationships between these indices, to present a model of biophilic city. The research population consists of a group of experts and experts in the fields of geography and urban planning, environment and urban planning. The research method is descriptive-analytical. Using structural equation modeling and pls software, a model is presented to explain and explain the relationships between the biophilic indigenous indices of the city and how the model variables are linked. The results show that biophilic entities and organizations index with path coefficient (5.330), biophilic infrastructure and conditions with path coefficient (4.314), biophilic attitudes and knowledge with path coefficient (3.423) and finally Biophilic activities with path coefficient (2.109) have the most influence on biophilic pattern design, respectively. Based on these results, the principles of moving towards biophilic can be provided by institutions and organizations, managers' policies for nature conservation, formulation and monitoring of biophilic model laws, partnerships, and partnerships. The grassroots activist pointed out the changing attitudes of citizens towards environmental issues, environmental education and more.

Religious tourism, commonly referred to as tourism in the religion, is a form of tourism in which religious people (individually or in group) travel for pilgrimage, religious propaganda or cruise (exploratory). Hence, nowadays religious tourism has been considered in order to earn money as well as to preserve the cultural heritage. This article attempts to investigate the effects of the presence of non-Iranian religious tourists on various aspects of citizens' lives living in the Samen area of Mashhad. The research method in this study is applied and methodologically descriptive-analytical. Data collection was done based on library and field methods, and data analysis was done as descriptive (mean, standard deviation) and inferential statistics (single-sample t-test and factor analysis method). The research population consisted of 118 households in Samen region, which according to the Cochran formula, 90 households were selected. The findings of the study show that the presence of foreign religious tourism in the Samen area of Mashhad has had one of its greatest impact with an average of 3.353 on the economic dimension of citizens' lives. Factor analysis results show that 6 factors are more than 1. Also, according to the cumulative percentage of variances, the total number of factors from 1 to 26 explains 51.59% of the total variation. The effects of foreign religious tourism on the Samen area of Mashhad after categorizing in factor analysis shows that "economic prosperity and job creation" in the region with 15.2% of variance are known as the most important factor. According to the findings, solutions such as creating suitable job opportunities, creating culture for maintaining social identity and reducing the negative effects of tourists' presence, suitable location for projects in the change of use and construction in the region, etc. are suggested.

The social ecology of the city portrays the social and economic practices of the city and emphasizes the identity of the social environment of the city and seeks so that all citizens can achieve a proper life. Socio-spatial segregation is one of the most important current issues in cities and one of the causes for this phenomenon is the presence of immigrants in cities who choose certain places in the city for their residence according to their circumstances. Separation of the migrant population in the form of spatial, spotty and point patterns in certain parts of the city and especially informal settlements has been formed and spread. Rasht city is the largest and most important city in the northern region of Iran, and is an immigrant city that its population has increased 6.2 times during the years 1956 to 2016 from 109491 to 679995 people, under the influence of intra-provincial and extra-provincial migrations. The purpose of this study was to analyze the settlement pattern of the immigrant population with a social ecology approach in Rasht, which was applied and descriptive-analytical study in terms of purpose and also methodology and nature, respectively. The population of the study was the technical experts of the municipalities of the five districts of Rasht city, which the required data and information have been collected along with documentary studies using the design and completion of 38 questionnaires by Delphi method. Findings and results showed that the settlement pattern of the immigrant population has been spatial, spotty and point which this pattern was reversed in neighborhoods with a high proportion of immigrant populations, such as some neighborhoods in districts four and five. Planning through the preparation of immediate lands of Rasht city in accordance with comprehensive and detailed plans as well as structural-strategic plans will help the physical-spatial development and especially socio-cultural development of the pattern of spatial, spotty and point settlement of immigrants.

Assessing the social and cultural effects of neighborhood management on the lives of Tehran's citizensIn the recent years , following the emergence of the problems caused by weakening social ties in cities and exacerbating the alienation of residents towards each other, the issue of the neighborhood and local communities has attracted the attention of managers and authorities. The present study examines the social and cultural impacts of the neighborhood management plan on the lives of citizens in Tehran. Accordingly, hypotheses have been derived from the theories made by Pathnam , Jacobs and Parsons. The research is a survey and the unit of analysis is an individual. The research population consists of citizens over 15 years of age in Tehran. In this research, the samples were selected through multi-stage cluster sampling. The sample size is estimated to be 633 persons using Sample SPSS Power software, and a questionnaire was used to collect data. Data were analyzed on two levels (descriptive statistics and inferential statistics). The results showed that there was a significant relationship between the neighborhood management variable and the variables of social partnership of citizens, neighborhood identity and social trust. However, the greatest impact of the neighborhood management was on social participation of citizens(0.42) and after that it has influence on social trust(0.32) and community identity(0.22), respectively. Of the indirect consequences of neighborhood management can be referred to the sense of security and satisfaction

The massive influx of sewage and waste from human activities has made it one of the world's most polluted rivers. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the role of urban management in water infrastructure in order to regulate Rasht city rivers. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the role of urban management in water infrastructure in order to regulate Rasht city rivers. This research is based on the nature of a descriptive-analytical type used to evaluate and rank components of the fuzzy Swat technique which is actually a combination of the Swat table with the network analysis process method and fuzzy theory. Evaluation of the four factors of the Swat model showed that among the strengths, the presence of the Zarjub and Gohroud rivers as the two main natural edges in the range are of high importance. Overall, it is important to highlight the weaknesses of the Gohroud River, Zarjub and Aynak wetlands with environmentally friendly uses. From the set of opportunities studied, the vast natural landscapes (rivers and wetlands) have a unique opportunity to enhance the urban visual beauty. Finally, among the studied threats, water resources pollution and tourism potentials of these resources were of the highest importance due to pollution of water resources. The results of fuzzy Swat fuzzy models showed that weakness and threat strategies were given the highest priority and then the threat strategies, opportunity weaknesses and threat threats gained the next priorities. The results of the research also include policies such as prevention of discharge of municipal, industrial and hospital wastewater and protection against damaging the river marginal environment, regulation and monitoring of the river bed in order to prevent inconsistent land use, protecting the river is by designing a natural green wall with an indigenous ecological axis.

Financing of urban development projects in developing countries is mostly the responsibility of public sector institutions and the private sector for various reasons has not been very willing to provide such services, but changing the costs and economic benefits of urban development projects and increasing demand for some urban services, The economic benefits of some of these investments have increased so much that they encourage the private sector to join such projects alongside the public sector. The main purpose of this study is to identify and rank the factors affecting the financial participation of the private sector and its role in sustainable urban development. This research is applied based on the purpose and descriptive and survey type according to the data collection method. The statistical population of this study was 140 experts and specialists of contracting companies in the field of investment of public and non-governmental organizations in Yasuj. The sample size was determined using Cochran's formula equal to 109 people and the available non-random sampling method was selected. Data collection tool was a standard questionnaire of Azizi et al. (2016) with a five-point Likert scale. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by experts in terms of content and its reliability was confirmed by using Cronbach's alpha for all variables. Friedman test was used to rank the factors affecting financial participation and a one-sample t-test was used to test the research hypotheses. Findings showed that the effect of influential components on private sector participation in project development is not the same and in this regard, the relationship between the significance of the goal in the first place and organization, attitude, foresight. , Policy, economic and socio-cultural policy and motivation (incentives) are in the next ranks of components affecting the participation of the private sector in the development of Yasuj city projects, respectively.

In this study, artificial neural network (ANN), frequency ratio (FR) and evidential belief function (EBF) methods were used to prepare the flood susceptibility map. For this purpose, the parameters of ten, slope, land curvature, topographic moisture index, distance from river and geology and type of lands in Haraz watershed in Mazandaran province were performed. Eleven conditioning factors including slope, land curvature, distance to river, river density, elevation, rainfall, stream power index (SPI), topographic wetness index (TWI), lithology, land use and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) were used in Haraz watershed in Mazandaran province. In addition, 201 floodplains were located in the area. The points were randomly divided into groups of 141 points (70%) and 60 points (30%) for training and validation, respectively. Furthermore, the probability of flooding for each class of each factor was calculated. Hence, the weights obtained for each class in the Geographic Information System (GIS) were applied in the respective layers, and the flood susceptibility maps of the study area were obtained. Based on the flood susceptibility map, the area was divided into 5 classes with very high, high, medium, low and very low sensitivity. These methods were evaluated by area under the curve (AUC) method. The results indicate that the lower and near elevation to river have a high probability and sensitivity to flooding. The results of the current study showed that the frequency ratio (AUC = 0.97) and evidential belief function (AUC = 0.94) and artificial neural network (AUC = 0.87) methods had the highest accuracy in predicting flood occurrence, respectively. The results suggest that these models can be useful and reliable in predicting flood risk potential, especially in different areas, including urban spaces, due to their high efficiency.

Today, the impact of information technology and artificial intelligent can’t be ignored in any aspect of human life. From the beginning of the third millennium until now, convergence of technologies such as Nano technology, Biotech, Information and Communication and Cognitive Sciences into a unified area, which is called NBIC, and using it in urban management and smarting up existing cities or designing new smart cities has been a growing trend. Smart Economy, Smart Transportation, Smart Environment, Smart Citizens, Smart Lifestyle and Smart Office Management are some items that require in a smart city. From these, smart parking, as one the most impressive item in smart transportation, is very important. Smart parking has 6 criterion consist of: hardware, software, detection system, payment system, sensors and stands. The total of these criteria has 32 components. Regarding to the smart projects carried out, less smart parking can be found that has all of these components. Therefore, prioritization of these components in the process of smart parking in Marvdasht city from experts view points has been studied by experts in this paper. This research is theoretical from method viewpoint, and is based on analysis and description, that its analyzation is a combination of quantitative and qualitative analysis that in it prioritization of smart parking indices was performed using Friedman test and implementing using SPSS software. The results of this research reveal that 81 percent of Marvdasht parkings use smart cards, and 80 percent of them use parking management system.   .Also,  the results of this research show that smart parking of Marvdasht city aren’t in a good situation from smarting viewpoint, and in the best cast the amount of smarting in Marvdasht parking is only 47 percent.