نشریه مطالعات زن و خانواده
سال هشتم شماره 3 (پاییز 1399)

The requirement for individual freedoms in society is that many restrictions cannot be imposed on individuals, especially in personal affairs. At the same time, the special importance of marriage has led to the limitation of marriageable age in different societies to prevent physical and psychological harm to children. study of the marriage age from the jurisprudential perspective shows that there is no specific age for marriage but certain conditions have been set for marriage Before puberty such as Observing the interest of the child, Prohibition of sex before puberty and The right to terminate marriage after puberty. Considering these conditions can clarify the legal framework in this area so that under the current state of society, less adolescent marriage seems less expedient.Under current Iranian law, marriage before the age of 13 for girls and 15 for boys requires Guardian's permission, expediency, and court permission. But marriage is not forbidden at any age. The root of this prohibition must be traced back to the jurisprudents' view of Guardian's approval of minor marriage .At the same time, there are still conflicts in the legal system of Iran with regard to the legal age of puberty, age of Health capability for marriage, and the age of maturity that requires the legislator's comprehensive approach to addressing these ambiguities and avoiding partial reform of laws.

One of the main goals of marriage and family forming is achieving tranquility, but analyzing the situation of families based on cases referred to counseling centers and family courts as well as the rising divorce rate show that marital life does not bring tranquility for many people. Therefore, as the impairment of the tranquility feeling is a challenge in Iranian families’ marital life and women tranquility has a special significance due to their educational role in the family, the question of the present study is to explain the obstacles of tranquility feeling in marital life from the view of women. In this regard, using qualitative method, with in-depth interview with 60 married women living in Tehran and content analysis of interviews, the factors that disturb the women's tranquility in marital life have been extracted in five main categories. contextual conditions of "disruptive selection", "disruptive attitude", "disruptive performance" and "disruptive structure" lead to the realization of causal conditions of disruption of sense of tranquility that is "the gap between the assets and demands". The extracted content of the categories was the "disturbance in security-based fulfilling the family members’ needs" which is the factor of disturbance in women's tranquility in marital life.

The purpose of present study was to predict extra-marital relationships based on personality characteristics, sexual satisfaction and attachment styles. The statistical population was consisted of betrayed men and women in 2016-2017 in Tehran. We used accidental sampling method to collect 200 samples. The participants fell out marital infidelity questionnaire (Marami and Khademi,2013), sexual satisfaction questionnaires (Hudson, Harrison, and Crosscup,1981), NEO five-factor inventory and adult attachment scale (Collins and Reid,1990). The results of multiple regression test indicated that there was a significant relationship between personality characteristics, sexual satisfaction and attachment styles with extra-marital relationships variable. Among the other variables neuroticism and conscientiousness had a positive significant correlation with extra-marital relationships while there was a negative significant correlation between anxiety style and extra-marital relationships. Extra-marital relationships were predictable based on personality characteristics, sexual satisfaction and attachment styles in women and conscientiousness variable had a positive significant correlation with extra-marital relationships variable while anxiety style variable had a negative significant correlation with extra-marital relationships variable.

English education to young learners has largely attracted the Iranian families during recent years. To meet this demand a large number of private centers have been established, and English has become an indispensable program of most kindergartens and pre-primary school centers. Moreover, there are particular English programs offered to pregnant and breast-feeding mothers to promote English education of their children. Since mothers are the target of these programs, it deems essential to investigate the mothers’ aspirations for early start of English education for their children. For this purpose, the present qualitative research used purposeful sampling and semi-structured interviews among 37 mothers whose young children were learning English. The results obtained from the qualitative content analysis of the data revealed that a series of personal, national and international factors are involved in creating these aspirations. Moreover, this trend is actively managed by mothers at two economic and mental levels. This study has implications for families, experts in women studies, and English education policy makers.

 The study's research is a reflection of the semantic aspects of consumer behavior in those who turn to clothing mesons. Today, the category of consumption goes beyond the category of meeting needs, and consumer behaviors with their specific patterns and symbols express the desires and thoughts of individuals. The present study studies the consumption behaviors of women in the mezons of Yazd city. The research method is qualitative and using the method of thematic analysis with targeted sampling, 30 women in Yazd city have been performed and the sampling process has continued until the data is saturated. Data analysis was performed using the content analysis technique, which included 55 concepts, 26 sub-themes, and 3 main themes. The results showed that some of the consumer behaviors of women in the mason were constructed from their traditional and cultural values and were explained in the form of the concept of believable consumer behavior. The dimensions of believable consumer behavior include authoritative consumer behavior, persuasive, and self-evident consumption. Their lifestyle influences It seems that one of the most important features in the consumer behavior of the studied society has been the adaptation and adherence to the system of moral and doctrinal beliefs of the people of Yazd..

Considering the ever increasing growth of single-parent families and the problems faced by such families which influence the children in this environment, it is important to study their educational and behavioral problems in single-parent and two-parent families. Therefore, this study was conducted to compare the student`s perceptions of the classroom environment, educational vitality, and bullying among two-parent and single-parent students. The research method was causal-comparative. In order to achieve the above-mentioned goals, 69 pupils from single-parent families (40 children with divorced parents, and 29 with deceased parents) who were studying at elementary schools in the city of Yazd, Iran were selected through convenience sampling, and 69 other students from two-parent families were also selected as the control group. The participants in the control group were ensure to be similar to the single-parent students in terms of variables such as gender, educational level, physical conditions, and educational performance were matched with single-parent students. The instruments of the study included Perceptions of the Students questionnaire from Gentri, Gabal & Riza (2002), Educational Vitality questionnaire from Hossein Chari & Dehghani Zadeh (2012), and Illinois Bullying scale (2001). The data were analyzed through inferential statistics, namely paired samples t-test and independent samples t-test as well as Wilcoxon test and Mann-Whitney U test. The results revealed that there was no significant difference between perceptions of classroom environment and educational vitality among single-parent and two-parent students. However, the rate of bullying among single-parent students was significantly higher than the students from ordinary families.

The purpose of current study was to investigate the prediction model of borderline personality disorder based on parent-child relationship and perceived social support. Also the mediating role of self-compassion, forgiveness and self-esteem was examined.The method of the study was structural equation model. In this research 270 women from 20 to 50 year-old women from Esfahan were selected by multi-stage randomize sampling. Research tools include, parent-child relationship scale (PCRS) (Fine, Moreland & Schwebel, 1983), multidimensional scale of perceived social support (MSPSS) (Zimet, Dahlem, Zimet & Farley, 1988), Schizotypal Trait Questionnaire-B from (STB) (Jackson & Claridge, 1991), Self-compassion scale (neff, 2003), Transgression-Related Interpersonal Motivations (TRIM) (McCullough, Rachal, Sandage, Worthington, Brown & High) and self-esteem scale (Rosenberg, 1989) were used. To study the fitness of the proposed model, structural equation modeling (SEM), SPSS 23 and AMOS 23 were used. Results showed that perceived social support, self-compassion, forgiveness and self-esteem have significant and negative relationship with borderline personality disorder. In addition the relationship between borderline personality disorder and relation with father, relation with mother and perceived social support was orderly mediated with self-compassion, forgiveness and self-esteem. Additional to practical and theoretical implies, the results from this research, besides other models, can be used as a beneficial model for prediction and pathology of borderline personality disorder.