فصلنامه دانش پیشگیری و مدیریت بحران
سال یازدهم شماره 3 (پیاپی 41، پاییز 1400)

Due to the physical vulnerability of large areas of worn-out tissues in the central and middle areas of cities against earthquakes and the priority of saving the lives of residents, urban regeneration process can be considered as the most important way to increase physical resilience in crisis management cycle. The use of large-scale urban regeneration interventions is a vital necessity given the speed of renewal in worn-out structures.

This research is qualitative in terms of review and practical purpose and qualitative in terms of data type. In this research, the required data are systematically collected from library resources, news sites and open and semi-structured interviews with some experts and managers active in urban affairs, and by comparing and combining the obtained data, the research results The meta-analysis method has been analyzed.

the Renewal of worn-out structures should have been completed in 1994, while the executive operations of worn-out structures not only did not end, but in 1399 the area of ​​worn-out urban structures increased by about 7,000. Hectare has increased to 148 thousand hectares. On the other hand, due to the physical vulnerability of worn and dysfunctional tissues in central and central cities to the possibility of earthquakes, this article seeks to investigate the reasons for not using large-scale interventions to accelerate the process of regeneration of worn tissues and reduce existing vulnerabilities. In order to achieve this, while examining the common concept of urban regeneration in the world, it has made a brief comparison of some large-scale interventions of urban regeneration at home and abroad.

In this study, while examining the history of urban regeneration, the importance of recognizing the concepts and goals of urban regeneration and using the experiences of successful cities in the world in eliminating physical vulnerabilities and using large-scale interventions. Based on the assumptions of urban regeneration research. It is an interventionist process and a strategic plan with a forward-looking vision that considers all economic, social, physical, and environmental dimensions of the target area.

Urban geology uses geological studies to manage risk of natural hazards and sustainable development in urban areas. In the circumstances that the geological hazards caused by the earthquake of November 12, 2017, had been sweeping the Sarpol-e-Zahab region, two underground tunnels were being excavated in the vicinity of the city.  The negative effects of drilling operations of these two underground structures could intensify the crisis in the region.

With the results of field visits and specialized texts review (articles, documents and reports), the geological hazards caused by the earthquake in Sarpol-e-Zahab region have been studied from the perspective of urban geological knowledge. Using the authorschr('39') executive experiences in the water transfer tunnels of Sarpol-e Zahab and Bazideraz, how to manage negative effects caused by drilling these underground structures (preventing the escalation of the crisis in the area) has been discussed.

The occurrence of earthquake has led to the occurrence of other geological hazards such as: "landslides, Rock Fall" and the region has experienced a pervasive crisis. In such circumstances, the tunneling operations intersected in places with surface water flows as well as with the citychr('39')s transportation roads. The destructive effects of drilling operations of these tunnels could cause many problems (reduction of water resources, land subsidence  and the problem of vehicle traffic on roads) and naturally the volume of problems of earthquake-stricken people increase.

The crises that occurred after the earthquake were directly and indirectly related to the geological characteristics of the city, so during the construction of tunnels, operational solutions tailored to the geological conditions were considered so that drilling machines safely cross high-risk areas and from the escalation of the social crises in the earthquake-stricken area be prevented.

Nowadays, Big cities have many problems and challenges in terms of sustainability, which has many negative consequences in times of crisis and sustainable crisis management. These include natural disasters, especially earthquakes, floods, hurricanes, as well as man-made issues such as traffic, environmental, and security disruptions. The metropolis of Tehran is facing many problems in the field of natural disasters, especially earthquakes, as well as traffic, water, waste and energy issues, which threaten its sustainability. In this regard, the idea of ​​smart city can be used with comprehensive programs as an irreplaceable and efficient requirement for the sustainability of cities, especially in critical situations. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to identify smart city strategies from the perspective of sustainability and with emphasis on crisis management issues.

This article is done by descriptive research method and content analysis of texts and logical reasoning and using documentary and library study methods.

Sustainable smart city approach with smart city management and process smartening, benefits such as speeding up management of issues and services, integration of decisions and actions of officials and people, transparency and monitoring and control of violations, reducing unnecessary travel, saving Brings with it energy consumption. Using a comprehensive program and new technology infrastructure, the smart city plays an important role in solving urban problems along with the challenges and threats related to the security and privacy of cyberspace. The metropolis of Tehran, with important issues such as traffic, earthquakes and air pollution, has a suitable context for the development of a smart city.

Smart city can improve the sustainability of cities by benefiting from the infrastructure of new technologies, smart citizens, smart life, smart economy, smart government and smart environment. A review of successful global experiences, especially in the cities of Pittsburgh, Toyota and Seoul, shows that traffic, urban services, environmental and energy issues can be solved with smart city capabilities. Applying these experiences in Tehran metropolis in crisis management due to natural disasters and man-made issues, especially earthquakes, traffic, air pollution, taking into account sustainability and crisis management and passive defense and cyberspace security and Iranian-Islamic culture considerations can lead to sustainable development. Tehran metropolis.

The aim of this study was to identify and prioritize the factors affecting hospital quality management in crises in Kermanshah hospitals during the Covid-19 crisis.

  The statistical population of this study was in the qualitative part of all employees of hospitals in Kermanshah in 1399 and the statistical sample is managers and experts whose theoretical saturation was 17 people. The statistical population in the quantitative ward was all the staff of Kermanshah hospitals in 1399 and the statistical sample of 150 people were selected from the staff by available sampling method. The research tools in the qualitative and quantitative sections were interview and questionnaire, respectively. In the qualitative section, the interview was conducted in person and the questionnaires in the quantitative section were distributed online in the form of Google among the sample members. The questionnaire used in this research was a researcher-made questionnaire designed using the themes obtained in the qualitative section. The qualitative part was done using the theme analysis

and the quantitative part was prioritized using the Friedman test. The software used in the qualitative and quantitative sections were MAXQDA 2018 and SPSS 25.

The results of the qualitative section using thematic analysis using interviews showed that 24 sub-themes were categorized into 4 main themes including structure, staff, process and results. Also, the results of quantitative ward and one-sample t-test showed that all these factors affect hospital quality management.

The results of Friedman test to check the prioritization of factors for the priority of factors according to the average ranks showed the order of priority in terms of staff, process, structure and results.

Crowd behavior patterns in emergencies can affect the evacuation process. Familiarity with these behavioral approaches not only for designers of densely populated urban spaces (such as high-rise buildings, hospitals, public transportation stations, sports stadiums, cinemas, and theaters, etc.) to predict the behavior and movement of the population in hazardous conditions and calculate the actual evacuation time Comparing it with the standards required to evacuate people is an obligation and a necessity, but for managers and space users, for efficient management in critical situations (such as earthquakes, fires, bombings, and terrorist operations, etc.) is inevitable.

In this study, based on documentary studies, four different theories and approaches on population behavior in emergencies have been identified, and then by designing different scenarios and physical and behavioral simulations using hydraulic model, the impact of population behavioral approaches on The time of the total evacuation of a high-rise residential building in Tehran with 17th, 19th, 21st, 23rd, and 25th floors was examined and compared. To validate the data, the simulations were reviewed using pathfinder software based on the agent-based model.

A review of previous studies revealed four patterns of population behavior in emergencies, including mass panic, affiliation approach, normative approach, and social identity approach. According to the simulated results of the scenarios, the behavioral pattern of mass panic has the most negative impact on the evacuation process, and the normative approach is at the opposite point. On average, in communities operating based on mass panic behavior in an emergency, the total evacuation time of the building is 77.6% longer than the evacuation time of communities acting on a normative approach. It was also found that behavioral patterns that reduce building evacuation time significantly impact the evacuation process in taller buildings.

Accumulations of people with the behavioral phenomena of mass panic will cause human catastrophes, although progressive and humanitarian social behaviors such as helping strangers and people with disabilities do not necessarily reduce emergency evacuation time. Because the number of floors of a high-rise building directly relates to the impact of its occupantschr('39') behavioral patterns on the evacuation process, citizenship training and determining evacuation management strategies will significantly reduce the evacuation time of a high-rise building and increase emergency safety.

Systematic recording of earthquake data in the last century has developed new approaches to using innovative methods to maintain, process, and analyze this type of data in order to organize and classify them for seismic risk management purposes. Among these approaches is the use of artificial intelligence technology to discover intrinsic rules and interdependencies between data to classify seismic events or to predict continuous values of time series.

In this research, the applications of various branches of artificial intelligence, especially machine learning and deep learning methods in the processing of earthquake-related data have been analyzed by considering the specific characteristics of this type of data, including the temporal relationships between samples and the highly skewed distribution of classes. Then, a new approach based on deep recurrent networks equipped with cost-sensitive loss function is proposed to model the relationship between seismic time series data and the probability of future earthquakes. In order to evaluate the performance of the proposed model, a case study on the classification of Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) severity in the next time steps has been performed based on the time series related to the seismic precursor of abnormal activity of animals.

The use of deep recurrent networks due to their ability to memorize long-term temporal relationships among samples, was evaluated quite positively in the modeling of seismic time series. However, in seismic data classification problems, in which more serious earthquakes occur less frequently than in non-serious cases, the problem of class imbalance plays a prominent role which, if not properly controlled, can greatly affect the performance of models in favor of the majority class. So that models will tend to label all the samples as a majority one, while in such situations the correct identification of the minority class has the topmost priority.

The results of the case study revealed that the deep learning based approach with an average balanced-accuracy of 81.2% and 59.3% on training and test data, respectively, has left a completely better performance compared to conventional recurrent neural networks in the classification of PGA values. This study also shows that by modifying the loss function of deep recurrent networks using the cost-sensitive approach, the challenge of seismic data class imbalance can be well controlled.

Due to the increasing acceleration of urban growth, providing housing is one of the most important concerns of communities and one of the priorities of governments. In our country, in recent years, in order to provide housing for the low-income groups, the government has adopted a policy of constructing housing and a national housing action plan. Due to the high vulnerability of our country to natural disasters, especially earthquakes, it is necessary to pay attention to crisis management and resilience in Mehr housing projects and national housing action. Since the plans made in the field of crisis management are dedicated to during and after the crisis and less attention is paid to the conditions before the crisis, so in this study with the aim of analyzing the physical resilience of social housing against earthquakes following plans We are before the crisis.

In this descriptive-analytical study, with the aim of evaluating the physical resilience of Poonak neighborhood in Zanjan, which consists of Mehr housings, all indicators affecting physical resilience were identified and examined by content analysis, and after weighting entered the information system. Geographically. Then, with the help of local and global Moran technique, the type of resuscitation dispersion and optimized resuscitation hot and cold spots are determined.

The findings indicate that among the 18 basic indicators for measuring physical resilience against earthquakes, the distance from the fault is the most important and access to medical land uses and fire stations are the least important. In general, neighborhoods consisting of Mehr housing have low physical resilience due to weaknesses in their physical components and despite being new and planned, they are more vulnerable.