نشریه پژوهش های علوم و صنایع غذایی ایران
سال هفدهم شماره 3 (پیاپی 69، امرداد و شهریور 1400)

In this study the effect of drying conditions on physical and rehydration properties of foam-mat dried mushroom powder was investigated. Physical properties included moisture content, aw, hygroscopicity, particle size, flowability and cohesiveness, angle of repose, and Tg. The results showed physical properties of mushroom powder significantly (p<0.05) affected by dry temperature. The water activity of mushroom powder was below 0.3, which leads to stable conditions. As decreasing drying temperature, the particle size of mushroom powder increased and led to the increase moisture content and aw. The mushroom powder showed better flowability as increased drying temperature. Tg of mushroom powder ranged from 41.3- 55.6°C. An increase in drying temperature led to increasing wettability and dispersibility. The drying condition had no-significant effect (P<0.05) on the solubility of mushroom powder.

Usage of natural products like herbals, provide unlimited opportunities for novel and suitable additives. Mocheh can be used in fresh form or as an ingredient in soup and salad. This study was aimed to determine the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Mocheh (Lepidium draba) extract. The antimicrobial activity of Mocheh extract was tested against Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Aspergillus niger. The extract showed a strong antimicrobial activity with a concentration dependence and a broad antimicrobial spectrum for all tested microorganism species. The results showed that MIC of leaf extract of Lepidium draba on Aspergillus niger, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus was 128, 128, 128 and 128 mg/mL respectively. The results showed that MBC/MFC of leaf extract of Mocheh on the examined microorganisms was 256, 256, 256 and 256 mg/mL respectively. The values obtained for total flavonoid content and total phenolic contents were 22.13 µg/mL and 18.88 mg/mL, respectively. Measured value in the radical scavenging activity was IC50= 168/21 µL/mL. The results showed that Mocheh leaf aqueous extract is a novel source of natural antimicrobial and antioxidant agents for the food and pharmaceutical industries.

The effect of various levels (5, 10 and 15%) of fish protein concentrate (FPC) in batter formulation was investigated. The physicochemical properties of chicken nugget were evaluated in order to find the optimium level of FPC in batter formulation. Flow behavior showed that the control batter and a treatment contains of 7.5% FPC had higher viscosity. Moisture loss and fat uptake in control sample was higher than all treatments contain FPC in both deep fat and air fryer. Thicker crust resulted by higher level of FPC in batter leads less oil uptake during frying. Moreover, the samples contain FPC had the highest score in terms of texture and overall acceptability. In spite the fact that nuggets contain FPC had the high rate of our research priorities, however, the level around 15% considered as a limitation. Using desirability optimization, the range between 7.5- 8% of PFC in batter formulation was selected as the best level.

The application of natural ingredients in food formulations plays a key role in public health. The application of natural colorants is helpful in human health. Most of the natural colorants have additional roles such as antioxidant or antimicrobial activities. Natural colorants in foods especially in cake formulation, make an attractive view for Childs. In this study, the effects of three natural colorants of lycopene, chlorophyll, and Berberis Vulgaris extracts were investigated in cupcakes. The amounts of 0, 0.5, 1.5, and 2% of extracts were used. The moisture, volume increment, porosity, color parameters, total phenols, antioxidative effects of extracts, and sensory properties were evaluated. Results showed that all-natural colorants increase the final volume, porosity, oxidative stability, phenol content. Also, they reduced the moisture and lipid oxidation of samples. The red, green, and blue parameters of cakes decreased, especially in samples with Berberis Vulgaris extract. The lightness of all samples was significantly reduced after cooking but the lightness of samples with 2% lycopene oleoresin was not high. .Sensory evaluation showed that the color, flavor, and odor of cakes prepared with lycopene, and chlorophyll oleoresin had the highest scores. The cakes prepared with Berberis Vulgaris extract had the lowest scores in color, flavor, and odor, but the texture and porosity were the same as other samples. Finally, it can be concluded that lycopene oleoresin showed significant acceptance, antioxidant effect, and acceptable physical properties. Results can be helpful for researchers and food industries because the lycopene oleoresin showed a significant antioxidant activity after 3 weeks and the total phenols of Berberis Voulgaris extract showed significant stability after 3 weeks. Especially, the panelists have a significant reflection of the colored food. They propose them as an attractive materials for consumption.

Fungal toxins, mycotoxins such as aflatoxins, are compounds produced by different fungi during the growth and reproduction period. The most important fungal toxins that jeopardize human health are aflatoxins, which are produced by Aspergillus fungi and can grow in all crops. With toxic and carcinogenic effects of aflatoxins, many studies were performed using different methods to eliminate or reduce the amount of aflatoxin in cereals and nuts. On the contrary, using different methods for reducing aflatoxins in cereals and nuts make it impossible or difficult for researchers who study one or few related articles. This paper was conducted to review, investigate and do a meta-analysis on the results of the studies conducted and aimed to answer this general question as by which method can further reduce the amount of aflatoxin in cereals and nuts. Results showed that the methods of UV-irradiation, Ozone & UV irradiation and citric acid were the most important methods by 0.469, 0.441, and 0.427 of effect size respectively.

In this research, the chlorophyll content, total flavonoid content (TFC), total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity of aqueous extract of Dandelion was determined. In addition, the effect of aqueous extract of Dandelion, obtained by maceration, was tested on various food borne and food spoilage microorganisms. Antimicrobial activity of leaf extract of Dandelion was investigated using disk agar diffusion, well agar diffusion, minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentration methods. The values obtained for TFC, TPC, chlorophyll a and b were 22.82 (µg/mL), 116.89 (mg/mL), 0.081 (mg/l) and, 0.063 (mg/l), respectively. The result of the radical scavenging activity was IC50= 68.81µl/mL. The results showed that MIC of leaf extract of Dandelion on Aspergillus niger, Salmonella typhimurium, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus epidermidis was 512, 256, 256 and 64 mg/ml respectively. MBC for Aspergillus niger was more than 512, for Salmonella typhimurium, and Bacillus subtilis was 512, and for Staphylococcus epidermidis was 128mg/ml. In addition, the diameter of inhibitory growth zone in well diffusion method was more than disk diffusion. Generally, it can be stated that the aqueous leaf extract of Dandelion on Gram-positive bacteria showed more antimicrobial activity than Gram-negative bacteria, while there is no significant inhibition on mold. Based on the results of this study, Dandelion aqueous extract might be used as a natural agent to prevent the growth of food borne microorganisms, particularly, that cause food poisoning that leading to the reduction of gastroenteritis risk.