Journal of Qualitative Research in Health Sciences
Volume:10 Issue: 3, Autumn 2021

Midwifery is a profession characterized by physical and psychological stressors. It is mostly practiced by women. Midwifery is one of the essential elements of community health. Besides, midwives’ health and performance are important in their self-care, improve service delivery, and encourage other women to engage in health-promoting behaviors. Analyzing factors affecting self-care by exploring midwives’ experiences can be a step towards improving their health and ultimately community health.

The present study was conducted using a qualitative approach. The data were collected through 22 semi-structured individual interviews with midwives working in hospitals or health centers. Sampling was continued until data saturation. The collected data were analyzed using a conventional content analysis approach and simultaneously with sampling. The four criteria proposed by Lincoln and Guba were used to establish rigor in this study and validate the findings.

Two themes (health as a self-care outcome and different perceptions of health) and 5 main categories were extracted from the data in this study. The first theme was subdivided into three categories including the desire for a healthy life, preferring prevention over treatment, and inefficient self-care, which explains midwives’ awareness of and positive attitudes towards self-care and facilitators of self-care. The second theme (different perceptions of health) was divided into two categories including lack of risk perception and disregard for health behaviors that can account for barriers to midwives’ performance.

To promote midwives’ health, special self-care programs need to be developed by policymakers by taking into account midwives’ motivation for self-care and existing job barriers.

Establishing an appropriate and effective professional relationship in social work practices is always emphasized, but sometimes this relationship is likely to be exposed to violence. The purpose of this study was to explain the experiences of social workers in utilizing professional capital to deal with clients’ violence.
The present study was conducted using a conventional qualitative content analysis approach through 20 semi-structured interviews with 17 social workers selected via purposive sampling. The interviews continued until the data saturation and the identification of related themes and categories.
Based on the findings from the data analysis, four main themes (knowledge, experiences, techniques, and commitment to professional principles and values) and 14 subthemes related to the professional capital were identified.
The results of this study showed that the social workers try to cope with the violence of clients by utilizing knowledge, experiences, professional techniques and their commitment to professional principles and values in such a way to cause the least possible harm to the clients and themselves. Promoting the education and learning of violence coping skills, especially during internship courses, is one of the issues that need to be addressed from a social, organizational, and academic perspective.

Since school sports are the main cause of students’ injuries, awareness of the causes and factors underlying these injuries can pave the way for the development and planning of injury prevention strategies. The present study was conducted in two quantitative and qualitative phases using the data in the sports injury surveillance system and the interviews designed by the researchers to analyze the epidemiological indicators and causes of students’ injuries.
This mixed-method study was conducted using qualitative and quantitative descriptive techniques. The injuries made to male students of physical education high schools in Kerman were recorded for 6 months in a sports injury surveillance system developed by the researchers. Then, the qualitative data were collected using in-depth and semi-structured interviews to explore the possible causes of sports injuries. The collected data were analyzed using a content analysis method via descriptive statistics and the chi-square test with SPSS software (version 21) at a significance level of P=0.05. Besides, the qualitative data were analyzed using a conventional content analysis technique.
The results of data analysis indicated that most of the injuries occurring in sports movements to the student-athletes were caused by collision. Moreover, muscle strain injuries were the most frequently found sports injuries. Improper techniques were also reported as the most important cause of sports injuries. Pain was found as the most significant indicator of the early post-injury symptoms. An analysis of the quantitative-descriptive data recorded in the sports injury surveillance system showed the injury incidence rate of 33.3 injuries per 100 student-athletes and 63.3 injuries per 100 hours of training and competition. Furthermore, the lower extremity with 51.6% and minor injuries with 45.3% showed the highest rate and improper techniques accounting for 25% of the injuries were the most important risk factor for injury.
Given the high prevalence of muscle strains and the highest percentage of lower extremity injuries in students caused by using improper techniques, addressing sports injury indicators, as well as explaining their causes and underlying factors can significantly contribute to reducing students’ injuries. Moreover, regular systematic reviews of epidemiological studies can be effective in developing practical programs for injury prevention in students.

Medical malpractice is generally attributed to the lack of individual competence of physicians, but from a sociological point of view, it is a problem that arises in a social context influenced by external factors and variables. The purpose of this study was to determine the structural factors that underlie the formation of medical malpractice.
This qualitative study was conducted using the content analysis method in 2018. The research population consisted of practitioners and experts in the fields of medicine and social sciences in Iran. The participants were selected using purposive sampling and the sample size was determined based on the theoretical saturation. The data were collected through interviews with a total of 13 experts who participated in the study. The data from the interviews were transcribed and the data were analyzed using a content analysis method to extract related categories and subcategories.
Based on the data analysis, 24 subcategories and 6 main categories including the political economy of health, healthcare system problems, the position of physicians in the socioeconomic structure, weak supervision on physicians, undesirable quality of medical education, and the role of physicians’ civil liability insurance were identified as the structural factors accounting for medical malpractice in Iran.
Structural reform of the healthcare system, provision of amenities, facilities, and human resources, reconsidering the power of physicians by modifying the physician-patient relationship and taking into account patients’ rights, careful and scientific supervision of physicians’ performance, accepting the necessity of medical transparency, improving the quality of medical education, and finally the resolution of the contradiction in the role of civil liability insurance of physicians can be used by health policymakers and decision-makers in planning to prevent medical malpractice.

Given the increase in extramarital relationships and subsequent increase in the number of divorces, the present study aimed to study the contextual factors for extramarital relationships in women.
This study was conducted using a qualitative method based on the grounded theory. To this end, all women involved in extramarital relationships residing in Yazd were considered as the research population. A total number of 40 women involved in extramarital relationships were selected through snowball sampling and purposive sampling and were interviewed. The data collected through the interviews were then analyzed using a theoretical coding technique.
A total of 58 concepts (codes) were identified in open coding and 14 subcategories were extracted in axial coding. Besides, the contextual factors for extramarital relationships were divided into four main categories including emotional and behavioral gaps, unbalanced sexual relations, immature personality, and the evoking social environment. Finally, the lack of satisfactory relationships emerged as a core category.
Based on the findings, it can be concluded that extramarital relationships in women can be considered a multifactorial phenomenon that is formed by the absence of satisfactory individual, marital, and social relationships.

Every organization needs to develop and use the opportunities and mechanisms to resolve its issues and problems, improve conditions, and take advantage of new opportunities and mechanisms. The health sector, particularly educational and health centers, is not an exception and is more important in terms of its role in enhancing people's health. Thus, the objective of this study was to provide a model for the formation of outsourcing policies in educational centers
This study used an integrative meta-synthesis approach based on the model presented by Sandelowski and Barroso. For data collection, national and international scientific databases were searched to find researches conducted from January 2010 to August 2019 using the following keywords: outsourcing, hospital outsourcing, outsourcing policy formation, outsourcing policy-making in hospitals of internal and external were used. Finally, 37 articles were selected.
A total of 10 main categories and 34 subcategories were identified by reviewing selected articles including outsourcing causes and objectives (five subcategories), outsourcing challenges (five subcategories), outsourcing disadvantages (five subcategories), outsourcing advantages (four subcategories), selection options (two subcategories), opportunities (three subcategories), risks (four subcategories), direct stakeholders (two subcategories), indirect stakeholders (two subcategories), and decision-makers (actors) (two subcategories). Finally, an outsourcing policy formation model was presented.
The results of this study indicated the influence of different components and dimensions on the formation of outsourcing policy in the University Hospitals. Therefore, if the policy-makers have a comprehensive and realistic viewpoint, they can play a significant role in the success of the policies formulated.

The purpose of the present study was to explore how HIV stigma is constructed in the social relationships between healthy people and AIDS-affected people and how the social identity of those who suffer from it is stigmatized. Moreover, given the public negative assessment of AIDS that forms stigmatized and devalued identities for AIDS-affected people and their families, this study examined the impact of HIV stigma on the successes and opportunities of AIDS-affected people.
This study employed a qualitative research method based on an empirical phenomenological approach. The data were collected using in-depth interviews and the interviewees were selected using purposive sampling. Accordingly, 15 AIDS-affected people living in Tabriz in 2017 were interviewed. The interviews were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using Colaizzi’s method.
The findings of this study indicated that AIDS-affected people use five main strategies to manage HIV-related stigmas in their social relations. These strategies include concealment, denial, social isolation, informed group membership, and normalization.
The results revealed AIDS-affected people can continue their normal life and have relationships with healthy people by accepting the reality of their illness. However, the most frequently used strategy by AIDS-affected people to manage their social relationships is the denial of their disease when other people directly ask about it. Even in places such as barbers and hairdressing shops, dental clinics, and hospitals with the high possibility of infecting other people, AIDS-affected people are more likely to conceal their disease, contributing intentionally or unintentionally to spreading AIDS in the community.

Social support by family and community reduces maternal stress during pregnancy and enhances the process of delivery and thus improves maternal health. This study aimed to analyze the concept of social support for pregnant mothers.

This study was a qualitative phenomenological one. The data were collected through in-depth semi-structured in-person interviews with 40 pregnant mothers and health care providers. A total of 40 individual interviews were conducted. The participants were selected using purposive sampling, and the interviews continued until new and rich concepts did not emerge. Conceptual analysis in this study was performed using the Dikelman method.

In the initial data analysis, 1017 codes were first extracted. After comparing the data, the number of codes was reduced to 105, and finally, three categories were extracted. The concept of social support for pregnant mothers from the participants’ perspective was classified into three categories of “information support”, “need satisfaction”, and “spiritual support”.

Policymaking and service delivery for pregnant women considering the dimensions of social support through increasing information, meeting needs, and providing spiritual support for mothers can be an effective step in improving the health of pregnant mothers.