نشریه اکوبیولوژی تالاب
سال سیزدهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 48، تابستان 1400)

Anzali International Wetland is a natural and freshwater wetland located on the southwest coast of the Caspian Sea in Guilan province. The purpose of this study is to investigate the trend of the Anzali Wetland territorial sequence by examining the temporal changes of the landscape pattern and the driving forces of these changes. For this purpose, TM and OLI satellite images of 1994, 2008 and 2018 were used to produce land cover changes maps and to quantify and phenomena occurring in the land using NP, CA, PD, LPI and PLAND metrics. Then, DPSIR was used to provide appropriate solutions for wetland conservation, resuscitation and management. According to the results of this study from 1994 to 2018 at forest-agricultural class level with increasing NP and increasing CA creation phenomenon, at the level of wetland and wetland plants classes with decreasing NP and increasing CA aggregation phenomenon and due to metric decrease PLAND, PD, NP, CA and LPI for water class have witnessed the elimination and disappearance of this class. The driving forces identified in this research are agriculture, population growth, industry, and tourism, with many adverse effects including increase cultivation area of wetland margins, the introduction of domestic, industrial and agricultural wastewater into the wetland, reducing groundwater quality, Reduced habitat for aquatic species, birds. Investigation of changes in the landscape pattern indicates that natural sequences of human origin have occurred in the area under study, which has gradually become the dominant human sequence.

The present study was done in 2019 to investigate the effect of nutmeg hydroalcoholic extract and white Piper nigrum hydroalcoholic extract In amounts of 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 ml per liter for anesthesia 72 carp with a medium weight 34/45±3/33 grams and its effect on some blood indicators were examined. For this purpose, for each extract, 30 fish in 5 treatments and a total of 60 fish in 10 treatments and a group of 12 fish as a control were not affected by any of the extracts. Blood samples were taken from the fishchr('39')s heart during anesthesia and 24 hours after the fish regained consciousness, and blood parameters including white and red blood cell counts and hemoglobin and hematocrit levels were measured in the fishchr('39')s blood. The time of loss of balance (onset of anesthesia), complete anesthesia, and time of return of consciousness showed a significant difference. The average number of red blood cells, hemoglobin, and hematocrit in anesthesia with the nutmeg hydroalcoholic extract during anesthesia and 24 hours after anesthesia were not significant compared to the control group, but there was a significant difference in the amount of white blood cells 24 hours after anesthesia. In common carp fishing with white pepper hydroalcoholic extract, it was found that the mean number of red blood cells during anesthesia and 24 hours after anesthesia was not significantly different from the control group, but in the number of white blood cells 24 hours after anesthesia and Significant differences were observed in hematocrit and hemoglobin during anesthesia compared to the control. Due to less changes in blood factors in anesthesia with nutmeg extract, this substance can be used as a more suitable substance for anesthesia.

Bojagh wetland is a large water area with suitable water depth locating in the Bojagh National Park, Gilan province. Considering the importance of this wetland in preserving the biodiversity of endangered species, the present study has been conducted to calculate the environmental water demand of Bojagh Wetland and providing appropriate solutions to supply it in different climatic conditions, based on a comprehensive method in year 2019. Comprehensive studies of all hydromorphological, ecological, biological, economic, and social indicators were performed, and finally, by analyzing the questionnaires, evaluating the indicators and selecting the desired indicators for each section, the Common pochard with the highest degree of importance has been selected as the final socio-economic index. In order to estimate the wetland area, LandSat satellite images were classified and interpreted using ENVI and ArcGIS software. Also, to calculate the environmental water demand of the wetland, the relationship between the number of Common pochard and the area of the wetland in the targeted conditions was investigated at three levels. It was concluded that the volume of water demand to achieve the desired conditions is acceptable and at least, respectively equal to 340, 285, and 235 thousand cubic meters. Furthermore, to investigate the rate of water scarcity in drought, normal and wet season scenarios on a monthly scale, all components of the balance equation were considered to achieve optimal ecological levels and at least as a long-term average. The results have been shown that in the normal and drought conditions, the volume of the wetland is even far from the minimum ecological conditions. So that annually there will be about, respectively 539.4 and 933.9 thousand cubic meters of water shortage compared to the corresponding conditions. Therefore, as a management solution, by creating new sources of water entering the wetland, the required water of the wetland can be provided without harm to other consumers from Sefidrood and Ashmak rivers, and the water level of the wetland can be brought to the targeted ecological level.

Groundwater is one of the main sources of drinking water, industry and agriculture in Iranchr('39')s arid and semi-arid regions. Improper harvesting and entry of pollutants into these waters have caused changes in the quality of these waters in different regions. The purpose of this study is to compare definitive introspection and statistical methods for zoning qualitative data of Borkhar plain in Isfahan province. In this study, the qualitative information of 29 groundwater wells was used to evaluate the qualitative parameters including: EC, TDS, Cl, SAR, SO4, Na, Mg and HCO3 in 2006 and 2016. GS + software and GIS environment were used to determine and map zoning maps using different introspection methods. Then, the qualitative parameters were evaluated using definitive internalization methods and zoning statistics and using error evaluation criteria, the best method for each qualitative parameter in each period was determined and their zoning map in the GIS was drawn. The results showed that in definitive internalization methods in all qualitative parameters, the RBF method provided less error. However, in the geo-statistical method, the results of fitting the models to the mutual variogram showed that different qualitative elements in 2006 and 2016 follow different models. Also, a map of qualitative characteristics was drawn during the study period and the results showed that the average qualitative characteristics of EC, TDS, Cl, SAR, SO4, Na, Mg and HCO3 in 2006 were equal to 942, 281.7, 27.28, 6.428, 10.409, 22.602, 8.936 and 4.178, which in 2016, this amount is equal to 1002, 352.4, 21.604, 6.059, 10.645, 18.869, 5.185 and 7.126, which indicates a decrease in water quality.

Currently, the Beshar river water is the source of aquatic life and water resource for wildlife and inhabitants around it and it is one of the major tributaries of the Karun river. This study aimed to access the water quality of a part of the Beshar river which pass through the Dena Protected Area (DPA). In this study, eleven stations were selected along the Beshar river in the study area and this 19068 meters’ route was sampled during three consecutive days in February 2017 with three replications in each station and a total of 33 samples were collected. The samples were finally transferred to the laboratory in covered glass containers and the parameters of Nitrate (NO3), Phosphorus (P), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) and Fecal coliform were extracted. The data were analyzed by One Sample T-test, Independent Sample T-Test, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Spearman Correlation Matrix. The results showed that the mean of P (0.672±0.68) and fecal coliform (4.01±0.17) in the water was higher than the standard limits (p≤0.01) and in some parts of the river with simultaneous presence of several human, agricultural and industrial uses around it, the two parameters of P (all stations except 2, 4 and 9) and fecal coliform (three stations of 7, 8 and 10) was higher than the standard limits (0≤p≤0.05). Also, the spatial variability of all five factors resulted from the simultaneous entry of untreated wastewater of crusher sites, aquaculture, villages and agricultural lands to the river water. On the other hand, a positive significant correlation between P, TDS, BOD and fecal coliform indicate an increasing load of them from the pollutant sources around the river water simultaneously. Therefore, Beshar river water has deteriorated while passing through the DPA around the stations of 7, 8, 10 and 11 which were simultaneous adjacent to multiple human, agricultural and industrial uses and due to the human and wildlife consumption of its water along the route in the area, the risk of infection, disease and death threat them.

Aquatic plants have a high and different capacity to absorb heavy metals. Therefore, their use is recommended as an inexpensive and environmentally friendly method to remove metals from contaminated environments. In this study, accumulation, bio-concentration and transfer factors of two heavy metals nickel and cadmium by three plant species Scirpus tabernaemontani, Phragmites australis and Typha latifolia by applying three levels (nickel with levels of 20, 50 and 150 mg/kg and cadmium levels of 10, 35 and 85 mg/kg) cultured in pot culture medium with a sandy bed for 60 days in winter of 2017 were studied. After preparing the substrate, adding nutrient chemicals and concentrating the substrate to the studied metals, each culture medium was randomly assigned to one treatment in three replications. The results showed that the effect of different levels of concentration of both metals and type of aquatic plant on accumulation in plant organs was significant. Also, the accumulation of the two studied metals in the underground organs was far more than the same values in the aerial organs. Maximum amount of nickel accumulation was observed in underground and aerial organs related to Typha latifolia with values of 71.6 and 35.8 mg/kg and 34.6 and 12.5 mg/kg in dry matter for cadmium. The highest transfer factor about nickel and cadmium were recorded for Typha latifolia with values of 0.44 and 0.34. In terms of bio-concentration factor, Phragmites australis and Typha latifolia with values of 0.68-0.78 and 0.71-0.84 for cadmium, and 0.48-0.70 and 0.58-0.70 for nickel are in ranges are considerable. Due to the fact that the present experiment was conducted in the warm season in Khuzestan, due to the high air temperature, high evapotranspiration of aquatic plants can be a good reason to absorb more heavy metals.

The effects of garlic (Allium sativum) as an effective indicator of hematology and blood serum indices in fingerlings farmed trout (Onchorhynchus mykiss) were studied in the Shahid Motahhari Genetic and Breeding center of coldwater fishes in 2014. 5 diet treatments tested on a diet without garlic as a control, and four diets with different amounts of garlic oil (.05, 1, 1.5, 2) g per kg in three replications. Treatment was designed. 900 fingerling farmed fish with an average weight of 3.41 ± .0.01 mg for 8 weeks and were fed with prepared diets. At the end of the 8th week,  growth and blood serum indices were measured. Specific growth rate (SGR) and percentage of weight increase were affected and in all treatment were improved in comparison to control (P<0.05). The highest specific growth rate was determined in treatment 1 %. The total number of erythrocytes, hemoglobin and hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume of red blood indices in different treatments showed significant changes in fish fed the diets containing high utility plant garlic powder (P<0.05). Cholesterol showed significant difference compared to the control. Glucose showed no significant difference (P>0.05). Blood serum globulins and albumin levels in fish fed diets containing garlic powder were higher than the control group and triglyceride level increased compared to the control diet.

The BMWP Biological Index (Bioligical Monitoring Working Party) is one of the most common indicators taken from Macrobenthos, which uses quality scores on collected families to assess the quality of the health of river ecosystems. In this study, sampling was carried out in nine stations from Varanghehroud and Dizin along the Karaj Rever to the Bilqan station near the city of Karaj, seasonally from Autumn 2018 to Summer 2019. Macrobenthos were sampled with sorbers sampler and after fixation with 5% formalin and staining, the samples were identified and separating. Based on results out of total 38,400 macrobenthos samples collected, 51 taxa from 42 families were identified. The average annual density in the Karaj River was 2911 (number/square meter). The Arthropoda and Ringworms populations together account for 97% of the identified macrobenthos density. The average of the total BMWP index in Karaj river is 48.8 and the range of changes of BMWP index based on station is (4.0-109.0). The maximum annual average value of this index (73.83) was observed in Varangehroud station and its minimum value (26.50) was observed in Shahrestanak station. The trend of changes in this index from upstream to downstream of the river is decreasing. Classification and zoning of quality status of Karaj river using BMWP index showed that downstream stations such as Bilqan, Pol-e Khab, Asara and Shahrestanak are in poor condition, upstream stations including Shahrestanak, Hassankadar, Gachsar and Dizin are in average condition and station 9 (Varangehroud) is in good condition. The Pole Chobi station after Karaj Dam, despite being downstream of the river, has been of medium quality. It seems that stations where poor ecological status has been assessed need to be prioritized by management programs to protect and reduce pollution load.