نشریه زیست شناسی کاربردی
سال سی و چهارم شماره 2 (تابستان 1400)

Colchicum speciosum is a medicinal plant rich in colchicine and phenolic compounds. In this study, the effect of different concentrations of nitrogen and nano-nitrogen fertilizers were investigated on phenols and colchicine accumulation in the corm of C.speciosum from three regions in Mazandaran province (Philband, Kelerd and Sangdarka). Five fertilizer treatments were performed. The results showed that all nitrogen and nano-nitrogen treatments caused a significant increase in corm phenol in the plants of the Philband region. Comparison of the mean flavonoids of plants in three regions in different treatments showed that the use of nitrogen and nano-nitrogen fertilizers has significantly reduced flavonoids in plant corms of all studied plants. The results showed that nitrogen fertilizer (1.1 mg / l) caused a significant increase in corm anthocyanin in all three populations. Nitrogen fertilizer with higher concentration also increased anthocyanin to some extent, while nano-nitrogen at different concentrations did not have a significant effect on the amount of anthocyanin in corm. Comparison of corm colchicine in nitrogen and nano-nitrogen treatments with control showed that nitrogen fertilizers in both concentrations decreased and nano-nitrogen fertilizers increased the amount of corm colchicine. The present results showed that the response of plants collected from the three regions to the different fertilizers was not the same.

Pistachio is one of the most important export crops of Iran. One of the diseases that damages pistachio trees in most pistachio growing areas is Gumosis disease caused by Phytophthora drescleri. Mycorrhizal fungi are the most successful microorganisms in the field of biological control and one of the effective agents to reduce the root rot diseases incidence caused by P. drescleri. Nutrients are also able to increase the level of tolerance or resistance of plants against to some diseases. In this study, mycorrhizal fungi and various nutrients were used to control the root rot disease. In this study, ammonium sulfate, potassium sulfate and triple superphosphate compounds were used against the root rot disease in vitro. The results showed that the highest amount of growth inhibition of pathogen was related to 2500 ppm concentration of ammonium sulfate with 67.16%. In the second section of the study, the effect of different treatments including mycorrhiza and ammonium sulfate alone and their combination in the reducing P. drescleri disease on characters such as fresh and dry root and shoots and shoots. The levels of phosphorus, nitrogen and potassium were evaluated. Finally, the expression levels of the two peroxidase and catalase genes was measured. The results showed that the combination of fungal mycorrhiza and ammonium sulfate always had the highest dry and fresh weight of shoots and roots among the treatments applied in both cultivars in the absence of pathogen.

In this study, some biochemical compounds taxa of brown algae, belonging to 5 different genera in Lengeh port, Hormozgan province, including Sargassum vulgare (C. Agardh, 1820), Padina australis (Hauck, 1887), Cystoseira myrica (C. Agardh, 1820) Colpomenia sinousa (Derbes & Solier, 1851) and Iyengaria sp. (Borgesen) were studied in winter (February 2019) and summer (July 2018) and algae were collected at low tide. Extraction of protein was performed by Lowry method, lipid by Freeman method, carbohydrate by phenol sulfuric acid method and alginate by Istini method. The highest percentage of protein from algae Cystoseira myrica 2.7 % in February, lipid with 75 % of the algae Padina australis in February, by 3.4%, carbohydrates from algae Sargassum vulgare in February and alginate with 30% was achieved in July. The mean difference of these compounds between February and July was significant (P <0.05). According to the obtained results, considering the high amount of lipid in the algae of this study, they can be used to increase the fat content of animal milk. Also, the alginate obtained in this study has a suitable amount among the brown algae studied and it can be extracted for useing in various industries.

In the present study, the position of aromatic amino acids as important elements in the formation and stability of the tertiary structure of zinc-denatured peroxidase has been investigated with the help of second-derivative graph analysis of spectroscopic data. For this purpose, the second- derivative of absorption and emission graphs with 10 replications in the visible UV range of circular dichroism and fluorescence spectroscopy for the enzyme in the presence of 500-100 μM zinc chloride was prepared and studied with the help of MATLAB software. The results show that zinc ions reduce the compaction of microstructures around aromatic amino acids, especially for tryptophan. However, even at a concentration of 500 μM zinc, tryptophan is not directly exposed to the hydrophilic solvent. In general, tryptophan seems to be more important than other aromatic amino acids in inhibiting the enzyme by zinc metal.

The leaf area plays an important role in growth analysis and photosynthesis. Traditionally, leaf area is measured using the regression equation, network counting method, weighing and planimeter method. In this paper, a simple, fast and accurate algorithm is implemented to measure the leaf area using image processing. The image is obtained from the mobile camera and is stored in JPEG format. Then it is converted into Bitmap format in the software. The converted color image is subdivided using the threshold method. Image noise is removed in the area of the leaf and scale using the region color picker technique. The number of pixels in the square object (scale) and the leaf area is calculated and the leaf area is determined by counting the number of pixels and according to the scale. In this research, six different leafy, leafy, clawed and pulled leaves (grapes, plums, walnuts, figs, corn and peppermint) were used and from each plant, the area of 10 leaves was measured. Using the proposed algorithm at 99% confidence level, there were no significant differences with other measurement methods (constant scanner, drawing on paper and using conventional area measurements).

In the present study, the effect of different carbon and nitrogen sources on the microbial biomass and carotenoid production of Deinococcus radiodurans, one of the most radiation-resistant microorganisms, was evaluated using one-factor-at-a-time approach. The antioxidant, cytotoxicity and antibacterial properties of the pigment were also evaluated. The carotenoid pigment had EC50 (Half maximal effective concentration) of 20.19 μg/mL and EC50 = 3.28 mg/mL in the ferric reducing antioxidant power and free radical scavenging assay, respectively. The maximum amount of carotenoid pigment was achieved in the presence of 1g/L glucose (34 mg/L) and 1 g/L yeast extract (28 mg/L). Based on the approach of one factor at a time, the optimal conditions for carotenoid production were obtained as 37 mg/L pigment in culture medium containing 1 g/L glucose carbon source and 1 g/L nitrogen source of yeast extract. Besides, the pigment had no toxic or inhibitory effects on the human fibroblast cell line and two bacteria Staphylococcus epidermidis and Escherichia coli.

The purpose of this study was eavaluation of morphological and biochemical haracteristics of rice seedlings–Domsia cultivar to various concentrations (0, 0.024, 0.048, 0.076 and 0.1 mM) of extracted phenolic compounds of barnyard grass (Echino crus-galli (L.) Beauv). The experiment was performed based on a completely randomized design in three replications in hydroponic culture. Methanol was used to extraction of the phenolic compounds. In other experiment, different concentrations of hydroxyl benzene synthesis (0, 1.514, 3.054, 4.569 and 6.136 mM) also was applied on this cultivar. According to the results, effects of different concentrations of phenolic compounds of barnyard grass on charactristics of root length, width of largest leaf, relative water content of leaf, protein and total phenols of rice seedlings were significant at 5% probability level. So that, the extent of negative impact on these traits were increased with increasing concentrations of phenolic compouds of barntyard grass in comparison with control. The greatest reduction of these traits was related to 0.1 Mm of phenolic compounds concentration, although there was no significant difference between this treatment and some treatments. According to the results, significant reduction effect of synthetic phenolic compounds concentrations on studied traits in addition to leaf area in plant and content of chlorophyll a, b and total especially at higher concentrations was more than treatments of its natral concentrations in barnyard grass. Due to the observed negative impact of phenolic compounds of barntyardgrass on rice seedlings–Domsia cultivar and also exstance of considerable amount of aromatic groups of benzene derivatives such

In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of serotonin on the lower levels of HPG by blocking the upper HPG axis.90 pieces of three spot Gourami fish with an average weight of 3±1 gram were bought from the Khanmahi fish breeding center. The fish were divided into 6 groups. Intact Control group, solvent (Ethanol 70º) group, bromocriptine control and 3 treatment group received bromocriptine and escitalopram in three doses of 1,5 and 10 milligram per kilogram body weight. The injection was given intramuscular (IM) every other day. The fish were dissected and ovarian tissues dissected for light and electron microscope. After tissue fluids preparation, steroid hormones were measured with a special kit. Based on the results of the second dose of escitalopram and bromocriptine which was the predominant stage of vitellogenesis and gonadal index, it can be concluded that serotonin receptor may be present at the lower levels of the HPG axis.

Green synthesis by plant extract has achieved a growth in interest. In the present study, zinc oxide nanoparticles were synthesized by olive extract.Morphological and structural properties of the synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles have been characterized using UV-Vis spectrophotometer, TEM analysis. Then, the effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles at concentrations of 0, 200 and 400 ppm with pretreatment coronatine (0 and 50 nM) on the parameters of hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde and catalase (CAT) enzymes, ascorbate peroxidase (ASP), superoxide dismutase (SOD), phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) was investigated. Synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles were confirmed by maximum absorption at wavelength of 360 nm. TEM image revealed that zinc oxide nanoparticles were spherical with average size 41 nm. Investigation of zinc oxide nanoparticles on soybean showed that at concentrations of 400 ppm zinc oxide nanoparticles, enzyme activity of ASP, PAL, SOD, hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde increased. The content of malondialdehyde at a concentration of 200 ppm of zinc oxide nanoparticles did not change significantly compared to the control, but the activity of the SOD enzyme increased significantly compared to the control. Pretreatment coronatine improved stress at 200 ppm zinc oxide nanoparticles and reduced the content of hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde, but coronatine increased this content at 400 ppm zin oxide nanoparticles.

In recent years, the use biofertilizers as an alternative to some chemical fertilizers have been considered. On the other hand, chemical fertilizers increase the yield of agricultural products. Also, replacing part of chemical fertilizer with biological fertilizer can bring good economic benefits for farmers, including reducing soil pollution, increasing soil fertility, and improving plant growth. The purpose of this study is to investigate the Azotobacter, chemical, urea, combinations of biological and chemical fertilizer (50/50 and 30/70 ) and, Trichoderma fungi were arranged in the black seeds, so this experiment were randomized complete block design and three replications for each test in the field. all treatments of fertilizers increased shoot and root length, root fresh weight, root dry weight, shoot dry weight, capsule number, seed number in capsule, 1000 seed weight, capsule number, antioxidant activity, and phytosterol. Bio-fertilize increased leaf protein content, leaf catalase enzyme activity, chl b content, and phytosterol combinations of biological and chemical fertilizer increased chl a content, Total chlorophyll, leaf and seed protein content. Trichoderma increased seed protein content. Bio-fertilize and combinations of biological and chemical fertilizer provide plant nutrition and increased growth. Biofertilizers in form of a combination of biological and chemical fertilizer reduced the excessive consumption of chemical fertilizers and the resulting pollution caused by it and will lead to better performance. According to the available results, combined fertilizer treatments and Trichoderma fungi had the greatest effect on the measured parameters.