نشریه علوم ورزش
پیاپی 41 (بهار 1400)

The purpose of this study was to study the course of Ph.D. Iran Sport Management (in accordance with the latest review of 1393) along with selected countries (America, Canada) to learn the content of the course syllabus in order to achieve fit, consistency and achievement. The methodology of the research was based on the nature of the subject, qualitative and Delphi method, and the method of analyzing the data from the SPSS software. The statistical population includes 41 people who have had a full-time or associate professorship in Iran's sports management with over 20 years of work experience. The headlines of the three countries of Iran, the United States and Canada have been reviewed. In terms of the importance and progress of the universities in the countries under study, the United States of America hosted Ph.D. Sports Management Courses from the North American Sports Management Association, including Troy, Louisiana, Oregon, Michigan, Ohio, Minnesota, New Mexico, North Carolina, Indiana, Kansas, Illinois, Florida and Canada. The universities included Brooklyn, Ottawa, Waterloo, Western, Alberta, Virginia. The research tool has been used to collect the information required by the library, and has been based on it. The results of this study indicate that in the universities of the United States and Canada, compared to the University of Iran, the components of the curriculum are more comprehensive, more in depth, and more scientific and applied. In order to increase the level of application of the headings according to the needs and conditions of the community, a continuous review of the subcontractors is recommended.

The search for a magical substance that will give it a higher competitive level has always been a concern. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of strength training and carbohydrate supplementation on agility, flexibility, explosive power and speed of bodybuilding men. For this purpose, 36 young bodybuilders volunteered to participate in the study and were randomly divided into three experimental, placebo, and control groups. The experimental group received carbohydrate supplementation and the placebo group received placebo, but the control group did not take any supplement. Subjects in all three groups performed selected strength training with 60-80% of maximal repetition for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week and 60 minutes each session. Agility, flexibility, explosive power and speed of subjects were measured before and after eight weeks. Data were analyzed by SPSS software and one-way ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc test. Significant level was p≤0.05. The results showed that there was a statistically significant difference in explosive power between the groups (p = 0.019), but no significant differences were found between agility, flexibility, and speed. According to the results of the study, it can be stated that strength training combined with carbohydrate supplementation increases explosive power and it is recommended that bodybuilders, along with their exercise program, use carbohydrate supplements to improve some of their fitness factors, including their explosive power.

The purpose of this study was to provide a model for the impact of the establishment of a management information system (MIS) on conflicts management styles of sport education managers. The present study is a correlation-descriptive-survey method in terms of purpose. Regarding to the relatively small volume of research in the whole population, the same 220 individuals were identified as the statistical sample. The data collection tool was Robbins Conflict Management Style Questionnaire (1991) and Akbari Management Information System Questionnaire (2011). In order to analyze the data, SPSS 20 and Smart PLS 3 software were used. In this research, the hypotheses are all confirmed and the impact of the establishment of the management information system on conflict management, the impact of the establishment of management information system on the style of cooperation, the style of compromise, the style of self-sacrifice, avoidance style, and competition style has been proved. This study showed that the establishment of management information system with the effect on conflict management styles, on better understanding of the use of this system among the educational managers of the sport leads to decrease conflict and better management.

The importance of resistance training in all sports has been proved by pervious researches. The purpose of current study was to examine and compare the effects of pyramid, reverse pyramid, and double pyramid resistant training on  maximum strength hypertrophy and anthropometric factors of female volleyball players.  To reach this aim, 22 players from Ardabil under 16 years old team, were selected non-randomly and then assigned into four groups: control group (15.28±1.17years old, 59.08±14.83 kg), a resistance training with pyramid loading pattern (15.13±0.67 years old, 56.01±5.16 kg), a reverse pyramid (15.1±1.85 years old, 54.95±8.7 Kg), and a double pyramid (15.44±0.96 years old, 56/72±5/25 Kg). Subjects of experimental groups took part in resistance training programs for 6 weeks. Maximum strength (1RM), percentage of subcutaneous fat, muscle cross-sectional area, and BMI were measured prior and after the experiment. The findings indicated significance increase in 1RM of all three experimental groups after six weeks (p≤ o. o5). According to post-hoc test, the variation was significance and the most variation belonged to double pyramid, reverse pyramid and pyramid group respectively (p≤ 0.05). Finally, there weren’t any significant change in average variation of arms muscular cross-sectional area and the percentage of subcutaneous fat between groups. The results showed that pyramid loading pattern is more effective in improving maximum strength in comparison with pyramid pattern. It seems that the increase in 1RM has to do with neural mechanisms, because no change was observed in anthropometric factors and muscle cross-sectional area.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between coaching style and stressors with athletic performance of football players of the premier league of Alborz province. The research method is descriptive-correlational. The statistical population of the present study was composed of all the players of the football premier league of Alborz province (N = 250). Based on Morgan's table, 148 people were randomly selected (n = 148). Bass and Avilo leadership style questionnaire (2000), Anshel and Satarso stress resources questionnaire (2007), and Ghasemi athletic performance questionnaire (2012) were used. The calculated Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.88 for the variable of transformational leadership style, 0.80 for pragmatic leadership style, 0.59 for non-intervention leadership style, 0.84 for stressors, and 0.82 for athletic performance. Spearman correlation showed a positive and significant relationship between transformational, pragmatic and non-interventional styles with athletic performance. No significant relationship was found between the stressors and athletic performance. Also, the results of multivariate regression showed that transformational leadership style can predict athletic performance.

In recent years the consumption of energy drinks has increased dramatically, especially among athletes. Athletes believe that consuming energy drinks increases their performance due to their ergogenic compounds such as sugars, caffeine and taurine. The age range was 16 to 18 years. The statistical population of the study was 60 male high school students in the third grade of the Malard School of Physical Education, out of which 24 volunteers with the same weight (between 68 and 72 kg) were selected. Participants were randomly assigned to three groups: consumption of 250 ml hype drinks with caffeine (32 mg per 100 ml), placebo and baseline conditions. Interventions were applied for 3 weeks. In the present study, Wall Sit test was used for fatigue. Then, perception of stress through Borg index and mood status was assessed by Broms Questionnaire in two stages of pretest and posttest. The results of Friedman test and repeated analysis of variance showed that consumption of hype drinks significantly reduced perception of stress and temperament in adolescent basketball players. As a result, energy drink hype can be effective in reducing perception of stress and improving mood in adolescent basketball players. The present study also showed that perception of placebo (effect of placebo) can be effective in reducing perception of stress and mood.

The main aim of this study was to modeling the effect of organizational agility on organizational entrepreneurship with the mediating role of the intellectual capital in the Ministry of Sports and Youth of Iran. The statistical population of this study included all employees of the Ministry of Sports and Youth that based on Cochran's formula, 268 of these employees were selected as a statistical sample by stratified random sampling. The tools used to collect research data included three standard questionnaires of Sharifi and Yang's (2004) Organizational Agility, Bonits's (2008) Intellectual Capital and Brown's (1997) Organizational Entrepreneurship. The questionnaire used have 16, 12 and 18 items with a five-point Likert scale, respectively. To evaluate the validity of the research tool, the opinions of 8 PhDs in sport management were used and the reliability of the questionnaires in a pilot study by using Cronbach's alpha for organizational agility, intellectual capital and organizational entrepreneurship was 0.78, 0.81 and 0.83, respectively which indicate their reliability is acceptable. The research findings showed organizational agility had a positive and significant impact on organizational entrepreneurship (t=15.511, β=0.722). The results also showed organizational agility had a positive and significant impact on the intellectual capital (t=46.561, β=0.804). Intellectual capital also had a positive and significant impact on organizational entrepreneurship (t=3.878, β=0.198). Finally, the results showed organizational agility with the mediating role of the employees' intellectual capital had a positive effect on organizational entrepreneurship (t=3.869, β=0.181).

Education involves creating or actuating any kind of perfection in humans that has utility and value. Sports as an acceptable phenomenon for all can be considered as a training tool for the transfer of human and social values. The purpose of this research was to identify and formulate sociological components of education through a systematic approach to data base theory. This research was qualitative and based on an interpretative paradigm.In this regard, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 20 experts from the sociology, management and behavioral of sports. Areas of qualitative data that was the criterion for completing the interviews with theoretical saturation. Qualitative data was analyzed with a set of open, axial and selective coding and was developed based on the generated codes of the paradigm of sport education. The validity of the results was confirmed by the method of control of the members and the evaluation of the participants in the research. Results included (cooperation, consistency, opposition, and agreement), the underlying factors (individual, social) and interventional factors (physical and educational infrastructure)which improvie individual and social skills and promoting the growth and prosperity of educational sport in the country. Also, developing a model and presenting an educational model of sport education can be the subject of future research.

Given the special place to football clubs and their cultural, social, and economic importance in society, it is expected that the issue of professional ethics in clubs will be emphasized., so the purpose of the research was to design a career ethics model in Iran soccer premier league. This is a qualitative approach and grounded theory method has been used as a research method. To collect data, in-depth interviews and semi-structured interviews with 27 knowledgeable experts was used. This study was analyzed by specialist professors . The research findings were analyzed using coding method in three stages: Open, Axis and Selection using MAXQDA 10 software. In the three stages of coding, the main and sub-categories of professional club ethics were identified and related to each other, which are: Causal conditions (structure, law, education, modeling, institutionalization of ethics, political interference); Interactions (lack of transparency, poor oversight, behavior of officials, and encouragement and punishment); And Consequences (Developmental Consequences, Moral and Social Improvement Consequences, and Harmful Consequences) were identified and the relationships between them were presented in the form of a model.

The aim of present study was anticipation motor development of 9- 12-month-old infants. The study was a descriptive- survey. To do this research 856 infants were evaluated. In the present study, the predictor variables included maternal demographic factors (maternal mental health, type of delivery, maternal age at delivery, body mass index and maternal physical activity), and variables of motor performance (gross and fine movements), The applied measures to evaluate predictor variables included biography questionnaire (maternal age at delivery, maternal height of maternal type of delivery), Beak's habitual physical activity questionnaire, General Health Questionnaire,. And the A.S.Q screening scale was used to evaluate dependent variables. The related data were analyzed by independent T, MANOA and step by step regression. Result show body mass index anticipated 0.01 of gross milestone. In gross milestone vaginal delivery was significant. None of variables did not anticipate fine milestone in 3–8-month-old. Also, there was not any difference between vagina delivery and cesarean delivery. Weight of mother in pre-pregnancy can anticipated 0.02 gross milestone in 9–12-month-old. None of variable did not anticipate fine milestone in 9–12-month-old. There was not any difference between vagina delivery and cesarean delivery. The results show that the higher maternal BMI before and during pregnancy decreases the motor development of the child. And also, the natural delivery due to the production of beta-endorphin has a positive effect on the motor development of children.

The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between social responsibility image and the identity of the national team of Iran. The research method is descriptive and correlation of data with respect to the normal regression was used. Statistic population was selected from the president of football federations, league organization, the deputy of professional and championship of the ministry of sports and actual and virtual media in the field of sports. A sample of 77 subject were selected by available sampling . The research tool was a questionnaire and Cheng-Wook (2012) social responsibility questionnaires, Winters & Graf team image questionnaire (1996) and Gunner & Swanson team identity questionnaire (2002) were used. Results showed that the components of the ethical, legal and economic relationship with the most prestige of the national team and team identity is less than the social responsibility component of the moral, economic and legal relationship in the most prestige-in national team. The first step is a moral responsibility to explain 72% of the variance image of the national team. In the second step, moral and economic responsibility for a total of 83% of the variance explained the image of the national team and in the third step, moral, economic and legal responsibility explain total of 84% of the  image of the National team variances. . As well as social responsibility component with a predictive relationship was found identity in this context. Football Association to strengthen the image and identity of the survival advantage of social responsibility could be in the order of priority measures to ethics, economic, legal allocate Federation in this field can also fundamental in terms of social responsibility activities.

Fatigue is a common phenomenon during sports activities affecting athletic performance. Core muscle actions can affect performance of the whole body and extremities. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of core muscle fatigue on female athletes’ agility. 30 healthy female students, active in sports teams, accomplished Illinois, 505 and T agility tests on two sessions. The first was held before and the second after the fatigue protocol. Within group comparisons were determined with paired t test. The results showed that core muscles fatigue can lead to significant reduction in agility tests scores (p < 0/05). Further, Cohen’s effect size value of T (d=0/673), 505 (d=1/925) and Illinois (d=1/873) agility tests suggested a moderate, and high to very high practical significance. According to the results, it is recommended to perform functional exercises simulated to sport activities; including agility and core stability exercises to prevent fatigue and injury.

The purpose of this study was to identify the effective factors of managing the development of the sports tourism with the approach of beach sports in Hormozgan province. To achieve this approach, first the criteria and sub-criteria affecting the development of beach sports tourism through interviews with experts identified and a questionnaire based on 6 criteria and 60 sub-criteria was developed. Population of this study was 100000 sports tourists. Based on Morgan table, the questionnaire distributed among 387 available sports tourists. The reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha test and its validity was confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis. The normality of the variables was evaluated by Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and their correlation with Spearman correlation coefficient. Next, Friedman test was used to rank the effect of the main criteria for developing beach sports tourism and t-test was used to compare the main factors’ mean. Friedman test showed that the criteria of 1) economic-marketing, 2) infrastructure, 3) public relations and advertising, 4) socio-cultural, 5) political-security and 6) managerial have the greatest importance in development of the beach sports tourism in Hormozgan province respectively. Thus, encouraging and supporting private investors, creating infrastructure, and improving quality services and marketing of beach sports has a major role in achieving economic-sports development of Hormozgan coast. The results also showed all 6 main factors’ mean were more than average number 3) sig=0.05).