فصلنامه اخلاق در علوم و فناوری
سال شانزدهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 57، تابستان 1400)

One of the basic ethical issues in the field of civil liability is the degree of compatibility of civil liability and social justice and what is the principle of social justice in the field of civil liability? In the field of civil liability, the purpose is to compensate the victim and in Iranian law, fault is the main basis of this type of liability. Therefore, the purpose of this study is the degree of compliance between civil liability and social justice and whether social justice can be achieved by relying on the element of guilt? 

In line with the changes in society and the emergence of new values, the law of civil liability is also evolving because of the need to establish social justice. Justice is one of the prominent concepts in the field of philosophy of ethics that philosophers, politicians, jurists and other thinkers have explored the ways to achieve it in society throughout the era. Justice depends on the time, place and transformation of social relations, and the first step in ensuring social justice is to establish the right law so that everyone is aware of their rights and is hopeful and confident in achieving what they deserve. In the field of civil liability, one of the ways to achieve this justice is to use the concept of intentional fault. Various divisions have been created by jurists for fault. Guilt is divided into intentional and unintentional faults based on the spiritual element. Intentional guilt can be the basis of actions and rulings in action that no common sense can deny. One of the most important effects of intentional fault is the effect on the causal relationship. The causal relationship is an essential element and a vital element of civil liability. That is, there must be a connection between the damage inflicted and the fault of the mystics, so that if it were not for the fault (act and omission of the act), there would certainly be no harm. Finally, the theory of fault alone cannot be considered the sole basis of civil liability; because sometimes justice requires that someone who has not been at fault be harmed, the division of responsibility should be based on the degree of guilt.

Humor is an important quality, which is highly effective in human communications. Despite its advantages, if humor is not used correctly, it may have unethical outcomes, springing to the mind a vague picture of humor’s intrinsic morality. Therefore, the current study sought to explain the nature of humor and compare it with similar concepts in order to establish its limits as a behavioral quality. To this end, the paper conducted a narrative review of existing definitions and theories in the relevant papers and books as well as English and Persian dictionaries. 

The results showed that humor (a quality) and sense of humor (a combination of personal attributes) are positive ethical concepts that may produce negative outcomes in case of the following: (1) imbalance and (funny) content violation (exceeding the humor limits), (2) excessive use of humor (in terms of frequency and periodicity). As a result, humor is likely to have unethical outcomes, but sense of humor is always a positive behavioral quality. To demarcate humor morally, it is necessary to compare it with similar and related concepts; such a comparison requires the following: (1) intention and purposefulness (positive and well-meant), (2) minor violation. In line with this, this paper compared humor with several similar concepts including witticism, jokes, sarcasm, irony, mockery, derision, teasing, etc.

Big data refers to a huge set of data so that collecting, analyzing and managing data could be beyond the ability of PCs over a given period of time.  Big data as an enormous source of information can affect the various dimensions of social and moral life of human beings. Along with the development of big data and technologies based on big data, the social, political, economic and general aspects of contemporary world information ecosystem have undergone fundamental changes that have led to emerging and various ethical issues and challenges. One of the most important ethical challenges is the impact of big data on the moral agency of the human agents in the information society. 

In this article, by referring to technical resources, the concept of moral agency is introduced and the big data implications on moral agency are investigated. The development of big data and its related technologies, the following quadruple components are effected strongly: 1) free will and choice possibility, 2) knowledge of the results of action, 3) the causal relationship between action and its results, and 4) the ability of ethical agents. However, these components are introduced in traditional ethical systems as the most important conditions for the realization of moral action and agency. Next, the impact of big data on the four components of moral agency be explained at three levels: 1) weakening traditional concepts, 2) changing traditional concepts, and 3) developing new concepts. Accordingly, it is concluded that Big Data changes, evolves and develops the four essential conditions of moral agency in traditional ethical systems.

The lack of ethical leaders and the escalation of unethical behaviors is one of the most serious challenges that organizations face and therefore the study of the role of leadership in the formation of ethical behaviors has been highlighted. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to identify and prioritize the most important behavioral characteristics of ethical leaders that can guide the implementation of ethical leadership in the organization.

This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey in terms of data collection. The first statistical population was academic and organizational experts with a sample size of 15 people for interviews (selection by purposive sampling method up to the stage of theoretical saturation) and 37 people for distribution of questionnaires (selection by snowball method). The second statistical population was the basic, middle and senior managers of government organizations in Isfahan province with 2000 people with a sample size of 322 people (using Cochranchr('39')s formula) who were selected by cluster random sampling. Data were collected through library studies, interviews and review of texts and questionnaires, and Friedman ranking test, correlation analysis and factor analysis were used to analyze them.

101 indicators were identified and prioritized as the most important behavioral indicators of ethical leaders, which are classified into 18 key characteristics for these leaders. The results were evaluated and confirmed in the statistical population of managers of government organizations in Isfahan province. According to Friedman ranking test, the characteristics of fairness and justice, honesty and integrity, respect, altruism, service, role model of moral behavior, optimism and benevolence, behavioral stability and moral advice and guidance are the highest priority.

As a result of this study, the most important behavioral characteristics of moral leaders were identified, which are categorized and prioritized in key characteristics. These indicators are a practical guide to the implementation of ethical leadership in the organization and clearly define the behavioral pattern of leaders.

Identifying students’ ethical expectations of higher education will help higher education administrators to meet students’ expectations and nurture their interest and academic motivation, which helps them to advance their academic and scientific career and ultimately leads to community development. The goal of the present research is to identify the ethical expectations of Iranian students of higher education.

This study is a qualitative research that was conducted using grounded theory approach. The population under study included postgraduate students, and sample was saturated after 20 interviews. For sample selection, non-randomized purposive sampling method was used. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews. Data analysis has been done through open coding, axial coding and selective coding.

After collecting and analyzing the data, key phrases of interviews were extracted and by open coding 128 primary components were identified and categorized in 11 dimensions including: quality of life improvement, observance of studentschr('39') dignity, special place students, attention to the differences in academic level of students, scientific support of students, preference of elite students for receiving services, respecting students, desirable character and appropriate function of professors, empathy and collaboration between students and university, organizational commitment, effective management, and three themes of focus on growth and self-efficacy, emphasis on the importance of the studentchr('39')s place and role, and focusing on scientific and educational services.

The results of the research show that students have diverse ethical expectations of higher education, which requires planning and accurate targeting.

Today, attention to the environment and ethical issues around it has become increasingly important. Also, consideration of ethical issues in the field of environment and the production and sale of green products, as the main source of strategic change, is one of the vital requirements for organizations. So that their activities can minimize their negative environmental impacts. The purpose of this research is to identify the drivers of green purchase intention with emphasis on environmental ethics.

The present research is applied in terms of its purpose and is descriptive-survey in nature. It is quantitative in terms of collecting data. The statistical population of the research is Tehran citizens. Given that the statistical population of the research is unlimited, the sample size should be at least 385 persons using the Cochran formula with 5% error. In this study, 390 citizens were studied by convenient sampling method. The research tool is standard questionnaire. Structural equation and confirmatory factor analysis were used to analyze the conceptual model. In the inferential statistics section, reliability, validity, hypothesis testing and path coefficient were performed. For statistical analysis, SPSS and Smart PLS software have been used.

The results of statistical analysis indicate that the relationship between environmental knowledge, environmental concern, organizationchr('39')s green image and green perceived quality of the product with green purchase intention is confirmed, but the perceived price and quality of the product on the relationship between environmental knowledge, environmental concern and organizationchr('39')s green image with the customers’ green purchase intention don’t have a moderating effect.

Customers’ green purchase intention is affected by environmental knowledge, environmental concern, organizationchr('39')s green image and green perceived quality of the product.

Whistle blowing can be considered as an ethical act that plays a prominent role in preventing organizational violations. Therefore, better identification and understanding of the factors associated with ethical whistleblowing will play an important role in preventing potential harms caused by organizational errors. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between self-control, decision-making styles and ethical whistle-blowing in banks.

This is an applied descriptive-correlational study and its statistical population consists of employees of public and private banks in all organizational categories of branches. The statistical sample includes 306 people who have been selected using the accidental sampling method. The research variables were measured using standard questionnaires, and finally, structural equation modeling and confirmatory factor analysis were used to analyze the collected data.

The findings show that self-control has a positive and significant relationship with social desirability, informed decision making and ethical whistleblowing in banks. On the other hand, the effect of self-control through social desirability on the ethical whistleblowing is also positive and significant.

According to the results, it can be said that people who have higher self-control, seek higher social desirability among colleagues and the organization under their supervision and are more likely to whistleblowing. Accordingly, it is better to strengthen the positive personality traits (self-control and conscious decision-making ...) of bank employees by creating ethical instructions, providing booklets and holding motivational courses so that they can benefit from its positive results at the individual and organizational levels.

Centers of long-term care and their caregivers are the most important resources. The aim of this study is to identify factors affecting the professional ethics of official caregivers in old age centers.

The type of qualitative research and its method is theoretical. The statistical population included experts familiar with the management of geriatric human resources and formal caregivers working in nursing homes and the research environment of nursing homes. Fifteen caregivers and 20 experts were selected from the target population by theoretical sampling method. The extraction of variables done with the Strauss and Corbin technique and the analysis method was a constant comparison with the opinion of the experts (Delphi technique).

The codes derived from the analysis of interviews in 6 subcategories: knowledge of care, caring and elderly personality traits, workload experience, effective communication between caregiver and elderly, support system of colleagues and management, each of which facilitated or prevented by nature In the process of care. Subclasses were categorized into the main threefold of individual factors and working factors and factors related to the elderly.

Based on the findings of the participantschr('39') experiences, facilitators and inhibitors factors, based on their nature, by facilitating or enhancing the care of the elderly, can be effective in respecting the observance of professional ethics by caregivers. Strengthening the facilitators through advancement of caregiverschr('39') knowledge by educating how to care, providing facilities, equipping them with care and designing older age care systems will lead caregivers to fulfill their duties.

Professional ethics is the missing link in government agencies, and due to the lack of mechanisms for linking individual and organizational interests, some types of misconduct such as organizational bullying have spread to such organizations. This study investigates the relationship between organizational bullying and reduction of professional ethics of employees in government agencies of Lorestan province.

This is a descriptive-correlation research.The statistical population of the study was 1317 employees of general offices of Lorestan province located in Khorramabad city. Based on Morgan table, a sample size of 297 was selected by stratified random sampling method. In order to measure the variables of the research, organizational bullying questionnaire and professional ethics questionnaire have been used. The reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed by Cronbachchr('39')s alpha. For data analysis, structural equation modeling and PLS software have been used.

The results indicate that at 95% confidence level, organizational bullying reduces professional ethics.

According to the findings, organizational bullying can play a significant role in reducing professional ethics and its dimensions including responsibility, honesty, respect for others,  respect for social values and norms, justice and fairness, sympathy with others and loyalty. However, it leads to an escalation of supremacy and competing in government agencies

Every organization needs planning for progress and career path planning is very important in this field. Therefore, the aim of this study was the ethical pathology of career path planning with a high performance approach and to provide a suitable model in the region of ten gas transmission operations in Iran.

The present study was applied and with a mixed approach (qualitative and quantitative). In the qualitative part, theory-based data was used. The community consisted of experts (managers and experts) in the field of job planning in the region of ten Iranian gas transmission operations, from which 15 people were selected by snowball and saturation fear as a sample. The research tool was a semi-structured interview and the data were evaluated using coding methods and Maxqda software. In a small part, it was a descriptive-correlation method. The statistical population included all managers and experts in the region of ten Iranian gas transmission operations, from which 350 people were randomly selected as a sample. The research tool was a researcher-made qualitative questionnaire and the data were analyzed using equation, structural and LISREL software.

In the qualitative section, 132 indicators were identified in 37 categories and a research model was developed. The results of the quantitative section showed that the factor load on the main category was 0.74 and its t-statistic was 9.75, the underlying factor load on the strategies was 0.56 and its t-statistic was 2.10. The factor load of interfering factors on strategies is 0.59 and its t-statistic is 2.06, the main category factor load on strategies is 0.52 and its t-statistic is 6.07. Finally, the factor load of the strategies on the consequences is 0.87 and the TN statistic is 9.06. Therefore, it can be said that the research model was approved.

If career path planning goes wrong with lack of proper ethical management, dissatisfaction and discouragement of employees and qualified managers, lack of meritocracy, reduced organizational flexibility, etc., and ultimately reduced organizational efficiency are the most predictable results.

Due to their nature and purpose, public organizations need employees who, despite many threats and employees under various pressures such as losing some points, still maintain their ethical courage when making decisions. This study was conducted to present a model for developing the ethical courage of employees in the railways of the Islamic Republic.

The present study is a developmental and applied approach that is done by qualitative method (directional qualitative content analysis). The statistical population was railway experts. 20 people were selected as a sample using snowball sampling method and through the existing knowledge in the field of moral courage and semi-structured interviews, effective dimensions and components were counted. The components were selected and the pattern of development of employeeschr('39') ethical courage was explained by interpretive structural modeling.

In this study, a total of 66 components of the development of employeeschr('39') ethical courage were counted. Then, using an interpretive structural model, it was divided into 5 dimensions (individual, organizational, occupational, managerial and environmental dimensions).

In this study, a model is presented in order to develop the ethical courage of employees. This model has two levels, in the first level it includes the dimension (environmental) and in the second level it includes the dimensions (individual, managerial, organizational and professional). Also, due to the impact and dimensions of dimensions in this model, the environmental dimension is considered as a key independent variable and dimensions (individual, managerial, organizational and professional) are considered as intermediate or link variables in the development of employeeschr('39') ethical courage that have high impact and effectiveness.

Abusive supervision is one of the unethical leadership styles that has many negative consequences on individual, group, and organizational levels. Accordingly, in this research, we investigated the effect of this unethical leadership style on organizational citizenship behavior by considering the mediating role of psychological contract violation and organizational cynicism.

This research is applied in terms of purpose and is a descriptive survey. The statistical population of the study consisted of employees of public institutions in Arsanjan city. Using Morgan table, 132 samples were selected. Sampling method was also available randomly. A questionnaire was used to collect data. To analyze the collected data, Vertical Factor Analysis and Structural Equation Modeling and Smart PLS software were used.

The results of the research confirm the positive and significant relationship between abusive supervision and psychological contract violation and organizational cynicism and there was a negative and significant relationship whit organizational citizenship behavior. Also, the negative and significant relation between psychological contract violation and organizational cynicism with organizational citizenship behavior was confirmed. Finally, it was revealed that two variables of psychological contract violation and organizational cynicism played a role of mediator in the relationship between abusive supervision and organizational citizenship behavior.

The results of the study indicate the destructive and negative effects of abusive supervision on organizational citizenship behavior, which psychological contract violation and organizational cynicism to increase the intensity of this effect.

The presence of ethical managers can have far-reaching effects on the organization. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between ethical leadership and employee creativity with respect to the moderating role of the relationship between managers and employees among managers and industrial accountants in Fars and Hormozgan provinces.

The present study is descriptive-correlational Research and its population consists of all managers and industrial accountants of Fars and Hormozgan provinces. The selected sample consists of 126 people who were selected using available sampling. A standard questionnaire was used to examine the research variables and finally the structural equation method by Smart PLS software was used to analyze the findings in the form of two main hypotheses.

The findings of the test of research hypotheses show that there is a positive and significant relationship between ethical leadership and employee creativity. Also, the relationship between ethical leadership and employee creativity is positively adjusted to the relationship between managers and employees.

According to the findings, it can be claimed that with increasing the level of ethical leadership, employee creativity will increase. As a result, the issue of professional ethics must be considered in order to increase the competitiveness of the organization, which is the result of creativity. Also, the relationship between manager and employees needs attention to strengthen the relationship between ethical leadership and employee creativity.

Social responsibility is an essential element of professional ethics. Corporate social responsibility is an important element in the debate between companies and stakeholders and affects the work plan of companies. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the relationship between voluntary and legal forms of social responsibility as an essential pillar in professional ethics with customer attitudes.

The method of the present study was mixed. In the qualitative part, in the qualitative part, the research was conducted in two stages. In the first stage, a hybrid strategy was used, which used the theme analysis method to analyze the texts selected from the articles. In the second stage, orthogonal analysis and simultaneous analysis were used (using SPSS software). Quantitative experimental method was used in a small part. The statistical population of the study included all major customers of food production companies in Khorasan province, from which 220 people were selected by cluster random sampling as a research sample. The research tool was a standard questionnaire and in order to analyze the research data from t-test It was used in SPSS software.

The results showed that the customerchr('39')s attitude towards businesses that have high social responsibility (in both voluntary and legal forms) with stakeholders is different from businesses that ignore these issues. Also, the customer attitude towards businesses that have high discretionary social responsibility with stakeholders is different from businesses that have high legal social responsibility.

The organizationchr('39')s attention to the component of social responsibility in both its legal and optional forms affects the attitude of customers by facilitating and accelerating the service process to them.

In todaychr('39')s world, the promotion and institutionalization of ethics, culture and social responsibility for the legitimacy of the organization is more necessary. The purpose of the present study is to mining of ethical, cultural and social institutional demands of Sarcheshmeh Copper Complex to gain legitimacy and social satisfaction.

The present study was applied and developmental. The statistical population was the members of Sarcheshmeh Copper Complex in 2018, the statistical sample was equal to 115 experts, the sampling method was purposeful, the data collection tool was interview and the statistical method is social network analysis.

The ethical, cultural, and social demands were categorized into three groups and 11 sub-categories. The top priority institutions demands were supported for cultural programmes, seminars, festivals, ceremonies, housing, assisting groups and people in need, servicing services, building maintenance and installations.The main institutions were artistic, religious and quranic institutions, universities, educational institutes, resistance economics headquarters and entrepreneurs.

Based on the findings of the study, In order to institutionalize ethics, culture   and social responsibility, more and more effective interaction with the aforementioned institutions is necessary. Public relations and social services, monitoring of contractors, education and human resources affairs can play an important role in accomplish institutional demands, in this context, using regulatory, normative and cultural-cognitive processes are effective steps in legitimizing and sustaining the organization.

In Iran, within educational contexts, especially in justice literature and on the studentschr('39') point of view, there has been little research, so that there is a significant gap in this field. Therefore, the present study investigated the relationships between college students’ perceptions of instructor credibility (competence, morality, and caring) and their perceptions of classroom justice.

This study is applied in terms of purpose, and in terms of data collection is canonical correlation. The statistical population included all high school students in Urmia. 528 people were selected by stratified random sampling. Data were gathered through relative stratified sampling way by using 4 scales: Student perceptions of instructor credibility, student perceptions of classroom (justice distributive and procedural justice), interactional justice and informational justice questionnaires. Hypotheses were analyzed using Pearson correlation matrix and focal correlation.

Results indicate that perceptions of instructor credibility positively predicted perceptions of classroom justice. Instructor competence, caring and morality predicted classroom justice. Specifically, instructor morality character (versus competence or caring) was the most consistent predictor of classroom justice. Also, instructor credibility was most strongly related to interactional (versus distributive and procedural) justice.

Teachers who want to increase studentschr('39') perceptions of justice in the classroom should strive to identify students as teachers with expertise, consideration, and high ethics.

Credit risk is one of the most important issues of the banking system that can cause financial and economic crises at micro and macro level. Accordingly, a number of studies have shown that ethical variables can minimize bankschr('39') credit risk. However, many empirical studies are not available. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to examine the components of business ethics based on the credit status of bankschr('39') legal customers.

This study is one of the post hoc studies. The statistical population of this study includes all legal customers of Pasargad Bank Northwest who received credit facilities from Bank before 2019. The sample size of 157 legal clients is divided into two groups of current and past clients. Purposive sampling was used. Questionnaire was used for data collection. Its validity and reliability were confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis and Cronbachchr('39')s alpha coefficient. Multivariate analysis of variance was used to analyze the data.

Findings show that there is a significant difference between the ethical components of business between current and past customers and the average score of current customers is higher than past customers.

The results show that ethical components can determine the credit status of legal clients and it is necessary to use ethical components in credit risk assessment models. Considering these components in lending can reduce credit risk.

The purpose of this study is to design a comprehensive system of performance management based on ethics approach in three layers (individual, group and organizational) in government organizations.

The present study was performed by mixed method. The qualitative part was done by the data method of the foundation. The statistical population of academic and organizational experts was familiar with the topics of performance management and organizational ethics. Using purposive sampling, 12 academic experts and 8 organizational experts were selected as a sample. Data collection tool was semi-structured interview and data analysis was performed in three stages of open, axial and selective coding and based on that, a qualitative research model was designed. In a small part, the statistical population was the employees and managers of government organizations in West Azerbaijan province, of which 273 people were selected using Morgan table using stratified cluster sampling. Structural equation modeling and measurement model evaluation, quality test, redundancy index in the form of Emus software were used to evaluate the model fit.

The results led to the identification of 20 organizational components, 8 individual components and 5 group components. The results showed that individual dimensions (motivation, healthy and effective communication, work discipline, work commitment, responsibility, self-power, individual skills, individual personality), group dimensions (facilitating group participation, achieving group goals, correct group rewards and Fair, ethical participatory management) and organizational dimension (human resource management, internal processes, customers and stakeholders, financial ethics performance, information systems management, service quality, management support).

According to studies in this field, so far no comprehensive study on comprehensive performance management based on ethics approach in government organizations has been conducted. As a result, the proposed structure is the first model for comprehensive performance management based on the ethics-oriented approach in these government organizations, which has the ability to formulate and implement strategies according to the current changing situation.

Researches show that organizational justice is promoted in organizations, then ethical whistle-blowing increase by employees. Contribution to theoretical foundation of whistle-blowing in ethical literatures is the first aim and specification of the relationship between organizational justice and ethical whistle-blowing is the second aim of this study.

The research method is descriptive-correlative. Auditors employed in Iranian audit firms and Audit organization in 2018 were the sample of this study and we select 275 auditors as statistical sample. Questionnaire was used in this study. Multiple linear regression was used in order to data analysis and research hypotheses testing.

The results of this study show that organizational justice   has a significant and positive relationship with the whistle blowing other outcomes of this study show that there is a significant relationship between auditorchr('39')s job ranks with the whistle blowing. In other word, when auditorchr('39')s job rank increase then they intend to report wrongdoings.

According to the findings of this study, in order to increase whistle blowing in audit profession, audit firms should enhance organizational justice. Due to that whistle-blowing are very important in auditing profession, policy makers of auditing   could participate to develop rules   and facilities in this regard.

Educational system in each society is basis for practicing moral principles and enriching the culture and teachers are ethical role models for the next generation.  The main purpose of this study is analyzing the factors related to professional ethics of teachers with regard to the leadership style of principals of girlschr('39') elementary schools in the fourth district of Tehran.

The present study was a descriptive correlational study. The statistical population of all teachers and principals of girlschr('39') primary schools in District 4 of Tehran in the academic year of 2019-2020 was 800. The statistical sample was selected using stratified random sampling method and 260 people based on Cochranchr('39')s formula. The tool was a standard questionnaire. Statistical analysis was performed using structural equation method using SPSS software version 3 and Smart-Pls software.

The regression coefficient of transformational leadership style of educational managers with professional ethics of teachers is 0.79 and its significance level is less than 0.05. Also, the regression coefficient of interactive leadership style (trader) of educational managers with teacherschr('39') professional ethics is 0.103 and the significance level is 0.03. The regression coefficient of leadership style of educational managers is 0.05 with a significance level of 0.132.

Transformational leadership and communication (trading) leadership styles of educational administrators have a significant positive relationship with the professional ethics of primary school teachers in the fourth district of Tehran. While the leadership style of Bari in any way has no significant relationship with the professional ethics of primary school teachers in district 4 of Tehran.

In an organization, ethical intelligence, self-esteem and job performance have always been adaptive and have a meaningful relationship with each other. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the role of mediator of self-esteem in the relationship between ethical intelligence and job performance of Ardabil University of Medical Sciences.

The research method based on the purpose of the applied type is descriptive-correlational and in terms of data type collected quantitatively. The statistical population of this research is the staff of Ardabil University of medical sciences. The Morgan Table number of 201 people was selected for statistical sample. The data gathering tool was a questionnaire and for data analysis, Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) and semi-least squares (PLS-SEM) and software (SMART-PLS) version 21 were used.

The present paper has four hypotheses and the results of the research findings confirm all the hypotheses. The values of standard coefficients show that about 44 percent of changes in self-esteem variables are explained by moral intelligence. Also, 26% of changes in the variables of job performance are also explained by moral intelligence. Also, 25 percent of the changes in job performance are done by self-esteem, and ethical intelligence also accounts for 11 percent of the changes in job performance through self-esteem for job performance.

The results showed that moral intelligence has a significant relationship with self-esteem and performance as well as self-esteem on job performance. Self-esteem also affects the relationship between ethical intelligence and job performance.

In recent years, attention to human resources in some project-based organizations has been on the agenda. Examining work ethic is essential to aligning human resource values ​​with organizational concepts. In this study, the relationship between human resource practices and project success through the work ethic modifier variable in a private ethics-oriented company is investigated.

The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-correlational in terms of data collection. The statistical population of the study included all employees of a private ethics-based organization 1100 people, from which 285 people were selected using simple random sampling method and finally 227 questionnaires were analyzed. The required data were collected using standard questionnaires. Data analysis was performed using structural equation method and SPSS and LISREL statistical software.

The results of testing the hypotheses showed that work ethic has a moderating role in the relationship between human resource management practices and project success.

The results of path analysis show that all components of the model and the relationships between it are significant and there is a good correlation between variables.

Ethics in banks can be a factor in raising the level of human resource performance of the banking  system, and the lack of it will strengthen the deteriorating factors of human resource performance The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between types of ethical climate on the human resources traumas of banks and financial institutions.

The research method was mixed and in the qualitative section of the topic analysis and the statistical society of the official staff of Iranian banks, a sample of 11 non-random bankers was used by semi-structured questionnaire, interview and Delphi method. The quantitative part was the descriptive and correlation type, the statistical population was the bank’s staff and the sample 384 people were selected as probable and based on Morganchr('39')s table. The researcher-made questionnaire was used for gathering data. The path analysis method was used for data analyzing.

In the qualitative section, 18 indicators were identified for measuring 5 types of physical climate and 9 indicators for 3 types of human traumatic factors. In the quantitative part of the climate, the effect of the tool has a positive and significant effect and the climate of professionalism, regulation, independence and care have a negative and significant effect on the human traumatic factors of the bank.

The ethical climate of a tool is the strongest moral climate in the bank. The direct and indirect impact of the climate has a reverse effect on the human resources traumatic factors. Therefore, in order to improve the human resource performance of the banks, the staffing and development of the culture should reduce the climate of the tool and increase the response of four other types.

One of the most important economic goals of countries is to create the conditions necessary to promote sustainable economic growth. The fundamental elimination of corruption, the encouragement of economic growth and property rights in line with the practical motivations of economic growth, will not be possible except with the increasing linkage of economic morality. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between property rights and economic indicators on economic growth.

The research method is applied and correlational. Major indicators of degree of openness, corruption and political risk, index of intellectual property rights, ICT indicator, economic growth, human development index and government expenditure index of Iran have been selected as the statistical population that in the years 2018-2008 As an example, the research was selected. World Bank Data Measurement Tool, Fraser & Heritage Institute and International Transparency Institute. For testing, the ARDL method was used.

The fitting of the research model, which included a major hypothesis, was confirmed. Ethics, economic indicators and property rights have a meaningful relationship with economic growth and during the time the effects of shocks are adjusted.

According to the estimate, it was found that all variables are stable or with a stable difference. Economic growth has a positive and significant relationship with all economic indicators and has a negative and significant relationship with moral corruption, while the long-term relationship has also been confirmed.