نشریه نامه انسان شناسی
پیاپی 30 (بهار و تابستان 1399)

The socio-political participation of citizens and legal people like crafts, guilds and humanist organization is very important in the process of decision making and performing. This matter in Iran face a lot of obstacles because of social, cultural, historical and religious reasons. Therefore, this study has been done with the goal to identify socio-political obstacles in Iran relying on elites point of view. After a review on sources and developing a conceptual frame about participation, data with qualitative method and semi-structured interview with 4 group of people including: former and present members of Islamic City Council of Tehran, Senior managers of Tehran Municipality, members of science committee in public universities and city councils experts with theoretical and targeted sampling has been chosen. The criterion in the end of sampling was theoretical saturation, after 30 interview was obtained. Data have been analyzed and coded with qualitative content technic by applying to software Maxqda-12. The result of analyzing showed 4 main categories and 10 sub-categories as obstacles in participating including historical obstacles (historical despotism and experiences in the beginning of the revolution), religious paradigm (religious teaching), society’s alienation with participating (elusive participation society, participation being neglected in socialization, and undesirable quality of participation) and political-structural challenges (lack of civil society, damaged mechanism of participation, outlook towards participation, low prosperity in government-people interactions). So we can say that a stable and cohesive way of participating has not been formed in our country; and participating in Iran has alwayes been being faced with social, cultural, historical, religious obstacles and lack of an environment for practicing and assiduity.

In archaeological excavations, the archaeologist's observations and interpretations of the data are new. In addition, we can never create the conditions in which prehistoric or historical humans lived. Ethno-archaeology examines different conditions and structures and changes in living communities that we cannot check it on archaeological sites. This article uses the descriptive-analytical method done by field survey of ethno archaeology and questionnaire and direct observation in Years 2014 and 2015 to explore remote rural architecture aiming to investigate and analyze a similar archaeological site excavation report. So it seems evolution of houses at the ancient site of Shahdad resembles the textured houses of Makhunik.

Each socio-political structure has its own hierarchy of power. The tribal structure as one of the most important traditional structures of Iran has also had its own hierarchy of power. The Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad tribes, as one of the most important and oldest tribes in the south of Iran, have yet been less studied and historically analyzed. The purpose of this article is to analyze the structure of political power in the traditional context of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad tribes from the perspective of historical sociology. Kohgiluyeh tribes include six tribes of Boyer-Ahmad, Basht and Bavi, Bahmaei, Charam, Taybi and Deshman-e-Ziari. The method of this article was a combination of documentary methods based on library resources and field research and the researchers' life experience. Based on the research findings, it can be said that social organization and stratification in this tribe is based on kinship nervousness, severe gender inequality and attributional characteristics and a kind of relatively static social mobility. The structure of power is based on a kind of hierarchical organizational pyramid, which respectively, from the base to the top of the pyramid includes: tribal people, elders, kadkhodians, khans. The nature of hierarchical command-obedience based on the influence of superiors and respect to them along with tribute to the lower classes.

The comparative study of chlorite works' motifs of Halilroud basin and art works of Mesopotamia clarifies the fact that the images engraved on the surface of these stone works are regarded as a bridge between the ancient Iranian art and civilization and the art of neighboring civilizations, signifying the cultural relationship of these regions. Historical and literary documents of Mesopotamia in the Sumerian and Akkadian periods indicate the broad commercial, political, and cultural relationships between the rules of Mesopotamia and the geographical area of southeastern Iran. On the other hand, the form and content similarities of the epic of Gilgamesh with motifs of Halilroud basin indicate the existence of a myth similar to Gilgamesh in this cultural area. The investigation and analysis of the mythological components common between these motifs and the epic of Gilgamesh reveals similar beliefs in the mentioned geographical areas. By providing a brief description of the epic of Gilgamesh in this research, the relationship between the motifs of Jiroft civilization and the narrative fiction of this epic is investigated. The semantic analysis of motifs are also carried out using comparative symbolism.

On the grace of biotechnology, childbearing is possible with no experience of pregnancy, childbirth and lactation. The mediatory role of technology makes the mother-child dual link to a chain of concepts: intended mother, biological mother, surrogate mother and child.Thus, a created distance between mother and child results the lack of maternal identity elements such as genetic link, pregnancy and breastfeeding. Under such circumstances how the maternal identity is constructed? In this article, the pattern of identity construction have been revealed by asking continuous questions about data which have been collected by deep interviewing. The conceptual tools like “self”, “dramatic performance” and “distance” in Mead, Goffman and Simmel theories make it possible to discover expilit connections to articulate identity patterns. The results show that the construction of maternal identity is based on a dual link of mother’s body and fetus during pregrancy, but with the presence of biological surrogate mother in the biothechnology based childbearing cycle, there is everlasting gap between intended mother and child. Thus, although a dramatic pregnancy performance is temporarily successful in relieving the stigma of infertility and making it invisible, the construction of individual and social maternal identity articulates as a stranger through the process of confrontation-doubt-separation.

Propp’s morphological pattern is one of the outstanding and precise methods of classifying and analyzing the stories, structures and formats. By having studied Russian fairy tales, Propp deduced that these stories bear resemblance and unity. Studying the characters of the folktales in South Khorasan is the chief goal of our research. The qualitative approach and Propp's structuralism method were applied in the presented research. The statistical population consists of all the folktales in South Khorasan, 39 of which were collected and sorted out. Thirty-one of them were picked out in order to demonstrate how the aforementioned stories and their characters correspond to Propp’s method and structure, and also to present an overall structure and the dominant rules of the stories.The outcome of the research indicates that Propp’s method does correspond to the folktales in South Khorasan. Moreover, his seven identified functions do correspond to the stories as well. In addition, all these tales begin with an initial tension, and they contain at least a few words of wisdom.

One of the recent concepts in the field of cultural heritage, introduced by UNESCO as the most important international organization for protection of human cultural heritage, is "intangible cultural heritage" (ICHC) which In its definition, the cultural heritage is not limited to monuments, buildings, materials and tangible objects but special attention has been paid to the non-physical, spiritual or intangible dimensions of cultural heritage. Iran is an important member of this international convention of whom sixteen works have been included in the UNESCO world heritage list so far (december 2016). One of the works of Iran that is included in this list is the traditional skills related to water launch making and guiding by Iranians in Persian Gulf. In this article, we will answer the questions of what characteristics or elements this work has. In this way, it is possible to have a deep research on the concepts of intangible cultural heritage by focus on a work that according to experts has been one of the most successful cases in Iran and has been widely used in Nowruz and also examine the necessary components for successful registration of an intangible cultural case in the UNESCO world intangible heritage list.

This article begins with some questions; What are the historical and sociological characteristics of the wood scripts of house ceilings in Ashtian? How is their geographical and neighborhood dispersion? What are their most important meanings? What has been the important role of calligraphy in creating them? The data gathering in this descriptive analytical research, is based on field observation and documentation including images and photos taken from the houses, study on wood scripts, having benefits of local experts and also some library resources. The wood scripts may be known as written documents that have been carved on the ceilings by native peoples in contingency to their understanding of surrounding culture and natural environment and also to their believing, religious and social affairs. In addition to religious beliefs written in these script, they also point to some historical events such as the high costs of common goods (with the mentioned date and cost) and famine, which from a sociological and historical point of view can propbably show to us many pure and original informations.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the status of Bakhtiari women and their problems and injuries in Beebee Maryam-e- Bakhtiari's Memoirs as the main research tool. Research Method was historical-analytical and documental. the findings are got compared to other related texts and Finally, explaned and analysed. This study has evaluated the problems and injuries of Bakhtiari women, many of which have been raised in the context of Maryam's infant life.The findings of this study indicate that: According to the evidence presented by Beebee Maryam, women in Bakhtiari patriarchal society have faced numerous problems. The lack of inheritance, the illiteracy of the majority of them, and the lack of emancipation were the general problems faced by Bakhtiari women, in Maryam's view. Also in marriage, women have the least rights and there is no guarantee of their happiness or even the smooth release of the difficult life.