فصلنامه پژوهش های اطلاعاتی و جنایی
سال شانزدهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 61، بهار 1400)

Nowadays drug trafficking and its relating crimes have been known as an organized crime and has been created as a main problem for most countries of the world. This study was to identify the dimensions and components of crime detection strategies in organized drug crimes so as to improve the current situation.

The present study is applied in terms of purpose and data type a qualitative research and in terms of research method, Thematic analysis. Participants in this study, based on the rule and principle of theoretical saturation, included 22 experts who were available in the field of organized crime, crime detection strategies that selected by purposive and theoretical sampling. Data collection tool is a semi-structured interview and to ensure the validity of the assessment tool, in addition, it was used the content validity and face validity that was based on the data using MAXQDA software, in three stages of open, axial and selective coding, analysis and analyzed. Data validation was done by descriptive and verifiable methods by participants.

Based on the research findings, five specific strategies were examined respectively as follow: structure strategies and drug possess, control and fighting (National), intra -organizational interactions (National environment), extra -organizational interactions (International) and strengthen manpower which were determined as 110components.

The most important results of these strategies include; Strengthen police structure, increase operational budget, The Dominance of Intelligence, intelligence and remote sensing, strengthen police and border diplomacy, plan overseas operations, establish special anti-narcotics judicial complexes, enhance the effectiveness of surveillance and control measures, strengthen Education and preventive measures, etc.

Criminogenic Cognitions have weakened the relationship between moral standards and personal behavior and they emphasize criminal attitudes as the main reasons in the occurrence and maintenance of criminal behavior. The purpose of this study is to identify Criminogenic Cognitions in cybercriminals.

The current study has been implemented in terms of data collection a qualitative research with a pluralistic approach and in terms of research method using Grounded Theory. Statistical population of the study consisted of cybercriminals who arrested by Tehran cyber police in 2017 and 2018 and 23 persons of them were selected by targeted sampling. The main research data collection tools were the semi-structured interviews and the revised form of McAdams, which continued till theoretical saturation, then data was implemented and extracted so as to draw the developed conceptual model. At first those researches which have been done toward criminogenic cognitions and theories are utilized as a source of data then, identified criminogenic cognition components are used for drawing the default conceptual model. In order to develop conceptual model of criminogenic cognitions relating to cybercriminals, it was used narrative analysis with a pluralistic approach.

The findings showed that criminal psychological cognitions (including obsessive-compulsive personality, anxiety, mood, sex and aggression); Individual criminal cognitions (including coping styles, identity styles, schemas, defense mechanisms, etc.), interpersonal and environmental cognitions of the crime (including functional disorders of family, communication with friends, opposite sex, Couples' conflicts and problems with education and school) and finally social-criminal cognitions in cybercriminals are observed.

criminogenic cognitions lead to the formation of attitudes, beliefs and norms in cybercriminals and creation of psychological and personal characteristics affect the motivation (intent of criminal behavior) and committing cybercrimes by criminals. Therefore, it is suggested that due to the nature and characteristics of cyberspace, in spite of identifying techniques and characteristics of cybercriminals, preventative measures will be done by Cyber Police.

As crimes are committed in the context of a society, therefore proper urban design based on architecture can be a preventative measure for committing crimes. This study is to identify the analyzing of environmental factors effect on urban crimes for creating a safe space in accordance with SWOT model and have been implemented in Emam Khomeini square.

Research methodology: 

The current study is applied in terms of research method Analytical Method based on SWOT model. data collection tool is a questionnaire and the statistical population includes of 30 persons who have been selected among present and former urban managers and researchers, experts of urban affairs, they have evaluated internal and external factors of urban situation in 4 dimensions consist of land use, movement and access, physical and urban landscape.

In urban physical system, the most important weakness is related to density factor gained the score of 0.2, the most important strength is for the factor of existence of spatial sets, centers and spaces (old squares and streets) and its score  is 0.664, the most important opportunity belongs to the factor of reconstructing main and historical configuration and hidden values of exclusive buildings and its  score is 0.664, and the most important threat evaluated as the lack of  restoration of historical buildings which gained the score of 0.166.

According to the results of the present research, the most significant sub-criteria are spatial configuration, blocking arrangement, land fragmentation erosion. therefore, ambient light, various uses and increasing the quality of the road network are effective elements which reducing the rate of urban crime in the study area.

Anti-narcotics criminal policy is confronted with conflict of discourses such as zero tolerance, mitigation which aforementioned issues have suggested different methods in order to combat with drugs. The purpose of this paper is to review, conflict between discourses of legislator and Police measures against drugs.

The present research is applied in terms of purpose functional, in terms of implementation method, analytical and in terms of data collection, documentary in which information related to books, laws, dissertations, articles and Internet resources have been collected and examined.

Legislative criminal policy, which is the main base of the fight against crimes, has not been sufficiently coherent with regard to drug abuse, and it has been caused police measures implemented in various missions to collect high risk addicts and drug dealers to be less successful. Incoherence and conflict of discourses are also due to the multiplicity of legislative authorities related to counter-narcotics, traditionalism and lack of expertise and the application of political considerations in law-making.

According to the conflict of discourses in the fight against drugs, by defining a coherent criminal policy for the law enforcement force, police should act immediately upon encountering any types of drug-related crimes and do not wait for committing a crime in connection with drugs, in high crime areas must be treated decisively with any minor violations that later lead to drug crimes.

This paper attempts to show the relation of fluctuations in macroeconomic indicators and robbery based on formal announcement of the country, and also evaluates the influences of relating independent variables.

The present research is applied in terms of purpose functional, in terms of implementation method, quantitative analysis which has been used longitudinal-comparative approach and analysis have been performed in two levels of descriptive and explanatory. Theoretical model of research and secondary analysis of data related to the I.R of Iran Statistics Center regarding robbery has been experimented as a dependent variable and macro and important economic indicators (unemployment, inflation and economic growth) as independent variables of research in a period of 7 years (from 2009 to 2015).

Based on the research findings, the correlation coefficient between robbery and variables (inflation rate, unemployment rate and economic growth) is evaluated 0.757. The ratio of the robbery variance which determined by aforementioned variables is equal to 0.573, and according to significance level, it is said that independent variables are able to explain some of the changes of the robbery variable.

it can be concluded that the independent variables are effective factors on robbery, namely the effect of variables (inflation and unemployment) on robbery are directly and the relationship between economic growth and robbery has been reversed. It is suggested that policymakers try to find the origins of increasing robbery in order to reduce robbery-related crimes.

Drug-related issues as a crime, affect the security of the communities, but all the urban parts are not equally influenced by these crimes. Therefore, the Purpose of the present paper is to determine the drug-related high crime areas and analysis of factors influencing on their formation in the Hashtgerd as a new city.

The current essay is applied in terms of purpose functional, in terms of implementation method, analytical. The statistical population includes jurisdiction of the new city of Hashtgerd. Sample has been calculated 400 persons based on Cochran's formula. For determining high crime areas, standard deviation ellipse and the center of mean, nearest neighbor index, kernel density have been used, meanwhile, for calculating the relation between variables Chi-square and Spearman tests have been applied. Data analysis was performed by SPSS, GIS and Crime Analysis software.

Center of mean of drug-related crimes is located near phase 7. The standard deviation ellipse is located along the east-west of the city. Z score of these crimes confirm that the clustering (-9.008200). According to the results of Chi-square test, there is a positive relation between economic, physical, social and cultural indicators and it leads to a formation of geographical areas related to drugs. In addition, chi-square values are equal to 6.15, 6.52, 4.45 and 3.47, respectively.

Based on the results of Spearman correlation coefficient, all four physical, economic, social and cultural indicators have a positive effect on the formation of geographical areas of drugs in the new city of Hashtgerd. thus, the following solutions are proposed: using smart technologies and the location of police centers in phases 4 and 7, the establishment of counseling and social work centers, Basij bases in vacant areas of the city.

The reasons for persons going missing are many and varied and missing persons have negative consequences of social order. Hence, the purpose of this study is to examine the causes and factors leading to individuals’ missing within the eastern part of Tehran and offer preventive approaches.

this is a practical research carried out by descriptive survey method. The statistical population consists of the commanders, managers and practitioners of east Tehran disciplinary command that are knowable and experienced on the subject of missing people. The sample size is 260 individual chosen through random sampling method and the information is gathered through a researcher-made questionnaire. The reliability of the research instrument was calculated by Cronbach’s alpha and the validity of the research instrument was found through consultation with experts and police executives.

according to the regression test, the following factors with their respective beta value had an effect on the missing of individuals: the criminal factors (.497), the economic factors (.372), accidental factors (.347), personal factors (.338), and social factors (.300). However, the results of multiple regression analysis which used to test the theoretical model of the study indicate that the social, criminal and individual factors have the most effect on the missing of people and the economic and accidental factors, due to their minor effect, were exclude from the model.

based on simple regression analysis, all the factors have a direct and positive relationship with the missing of people, which means that the missing of people decrease by decreasing the circumstances for these factors and vice versa. However, based on the theoretical model test, social, criminal and individual factors have the most effect on the missing of people.

Satellite imaging has been widely considered due to its high ability to reduce the required costs, no risk of death and regular and continuous monitoring of the desired terrestrial phenomenon and has provided acceptable results. The purpose of this study is to identify and explore farms. Poppy cultivation is done using spectral reflections of satellite images and terrestrial information of cultivated areas.

The present study is applied in terms of purpose and with an exploratory approach. In this research, Landsat 8 satellite images (with average resolution) related to the studied geography on three different dates (March 24, 2016, March 9, 2016 and April 26, 2017) and with the opinion of experts, their initial predictions and predictions were made for all terrestrial phenomena. Spectral reflectance was prepared and using this information and supervised classification method, a classification map was prepared and its results were evaluated by terrestrial observations (google earth points) and vegetation indices for all terrestrial phenomena were extracted.

The accuracy of the classified map was obtained from Landsat 8 satellite images with ground cover floors with 87.46% overall user accuracy and 88.02% overall map accuracy. Normal vegetation difference index for agricultural land, non-agricultural land, irrigated areas, roads, rivers and poppy fields in the first picture, respectively 0.47, 0.39, -0.75, -0.10, -0.08 And 0.20, in the second image 0.49, 0.38, -0.74, -0.10, -0.12 and 0.23 and in the third image 0.50, 0.42, -0.71, -0.04, -0.11 and 0.34 were obtained.

The data obtained from remote sensing and the advancement of existing technology and knowledge, have the ability to differentiate various agricultural complications and phenomena, including the level, type and temporal and spatial patterns of cultivation and can be used effectively in identifying and discovering poppy fields.