نشریه تاریخ ادبیات
سال چهاردهم شماره 1 (بهار و تابستان 1400)

The aim study was to identify the topics mentioned in the letter books (private letters of prominent peoples to their spouses) and to introduce their role as a primary source of information for users.Methodology of the research: The present research is applied research in terms of its purpose. The qualitative research method has been used which can be done through quantitative content analysis. The research population was 103 books. In this study, 6 books were selected, which was written by Jalal Al Ahmad, Simin Daneshvar, Ahmad Shamloo, Ali Shariati and Farrokh Farrokhzad, containing 859 letters. in order to for analyze the content of the letters, 23 items were selected from the ASFA culture thesaurus. The results of the research indicated that according to the political conditions of that 859 private letters included various subjects. The most discussed subjects in the letters were. Politics (with frequency of 400,) literary works (with frequency of 390), and journals (with frequency of 256). The findings of this study shows that prominent peoples are not at all distant from the community. These individuals deal with a variety of topics in a variety of fields in their private letters, which that include various aspects of information (political, economic, social, literary, etc.), and can be very fruitful to researchers and those who are interested in this field

Abstract The aim of this article is to discuss speech acts as the central core of authenticity in the representation of a real image in Iranian language and culture. The main goal of foreign language teaching is nowadays to develop intercultural communicative skills between the learners. In order to achieve this, a special status must be assigned to authenticity in order to be able to convey an appropriate and authentic picture of daily life in the target language country. The textbooks play an extremely important role in this.After the basic terms "authenticity" and "speech acts" have been defined and determined for the whole article, the Persian translation of two central speech acts "greeting" and "introducing oneself" is analyzed in detail in a dialogue from a German textbook. Furthermore, the results from the entire article are summarized in order to design the criteria catalogue for the analysis of the speech act sequences in the Iranian textbook "Mina 1". The overriding goal of this analysis is to show to what extent this textbook has been used successfully in presenting a real picture of Iranian language and culture. It should not be left unmentioned that the results of this study as well as the catalogue of criteria developed for checking the Persian speech act sequences may be helpful in the future, especially in the conception and production of new Persian teaching materials and textbooks.

Language and culture are inseparable concepts, and cultural implications are indispensable to the teaching of language as a system of signs. Today, the importance of teaching culture is recognized more than ever before. The goal of this paper is to determine the extent to which each of the three series of Persian Language textbooks has reflected different aspects of Iranian culture. In doing so, we have extracted parts of these books which contain cultural references by using the library method. All data was then transferred to Excel to compile a corpus of cultural references found in the books, later being categorized under eight cultural tags based on Byram’s Checklist (1989). Analysis of the data revealed that most frequently reflected aspects were stereotypes and cultural identity. In addition, Farsi Biamoozim showed the highest tendency to refer to aspects of Iranian culture among the three series, with Parfa and Mina following respectively. The presence of elements of “surface culture” was more notable than that of “deep culture”.

In this study, an attempt has been made to examine the extent of usage of semantic primes in Parfa1 textbook to determine the extent to which this book covers the semantic primes that are said to be universal and exist in all languages. Data involve Parfa 1 textbook and the gathered data have been using a content-analysis method. First, type and frequency of words were extracted using Motor Online Utility software and then Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software. The findings showed that 18/73 % of all words of the textbook devotes to the semantic primes. The most frequent semantic primes are assigned to the substantives. Descriptors with a frequency of 41, death and life with a frequency of 20, and similarities with a frequency of 8 are the least frequently used semantic primes in this textbook. The semantic primes "If and Maybe" of Logical Concepts , "Touch" from the class of action, event, movement and contact and "death" from the category of life and death are not used in this textbook.

This article is concerned with the emergence of the verb “pendâštan” and its modal roles in Persian language. Here, the focus is on two linguistic processes, lexicalization and grammaticalization, to analyze data extracted from texts written in Old Persian, Middle Persian, and New Persian and to study changes the verb “pendâštan” has gone through in the history of Persian language. The main purpose of this article is to find the origin and function of the two forms “pendâšti” and “pendâri” both used in New Persian to indicate modality: the speaker’s attitude toward the sentence. In order to achieve this goal, we should study how these two forms function in post-Islamic Persian texts and trace the influence of Middle Persian optative construction on New Persian language. Evidence extracted from Old, Middle and New Persian texts, indicate that the Middle Persian formula “pad ēd dāšt-/ dār-”, gone through phonological reduction and three stages of lexicalization, entered New Persian lexicon in the form of “pendâšt-/ pendâr-”. In Dari Persian, “pendâštan” was known as a lexical main verb containing conceptual content while on the other hand, having lost its verbal features, was reanalyzed as a grammatical device to represent irrealis modality.

Adapting and recreating the meanings and themes of different texts has always been current among the creators of literary texts for centuries. Amiri Firoozkoohi in the field of contemporary poetry, is a traditionalist stylist poet with his own language and expression, who with his delicate and perspicacious talent and with his good knowledge and cognizance on Persian and Arabic language and literature, was able to create and express various meanings and themes of poetry in his poems. Nevertheless, he has been influenced by other texts in paying attention to the themes and meanings of poetry, and in most cases, he has included them in an artistic way in his poems. In the present article, by descriptive and analytical methods, the influence of different texts on Amiri’s poetical works has been reviewed and criticized. The research findings reveal, contrary to opinion of some researchers, Amiri is not simply influenced by Saeb Tabrizi. the poet is influenced by the Quran and hadiths in some of his themes, and in another part he has influenced by the poetic and prose literary texts of other Iranian and non-Iranian poets and writers, especially the poets of the fifth to eleventh centuries AH, Like Khaghani, Saadi, Molavi and Saeb.

Stories and tales as an important part of popular culture are the connection between people now and the past that transmits cultural and doctrinal principles from one generation to another. Based on the approaches of modern historiography and the narrative context of historical narratives, some stories also contain historical contexts that are useful to study alongside historical sources. The myth of Bustan-e-Khayal is a folk tale based on the history of the Fatimid caliphs of Egypt and the Ismaili Shiites, which begins based on historical events that took place during. The author has brought these historical figures into the realm of myth, attributing imaginary stories to them. This article follows the presence of the Ismaili religion and the Fatimid caliphs in this story and critiques it based on historical sources and narratives in a descriptive-analytical manner. The findings of this study and their critique indicate the empirical confirmation of some of the author's narrations Based on the historical and doctrinal sources of this political and religious sect, but in some cases, there were differences. The extraordinary face that the author presents of some of the Fatimid caliphs was very close to the aspect of the sanctity and divinity of these caliphs, which has been confirmed by the testimony of historical narrators

One of the famous figures of Persian literature in the Indian subcontinent is Abulfazl Faizi (AH1004 (1595)), the poet laureate in Akbar Gurkhani's court (AH1014 (1605)). This poet's thinking policy and ideological beliefs have always been a controversial issue among historical documents. Historical reports affected by social and ideological factors have proposed different opinions in this regard. Among different causes, the formation of "total peace" theory coinciding with Faizi's service in Akbar's court can be considered as one of the main criteria for critics to judge his thoughts and beliefs. Many thought that "total peace" was inspired by Faizi. In this study, we investigate the opinions attributed to Faizi and the formation of total peace using a descriptive-analytical method to answer this question: Was Faizi the main inspirer of the theory of total peace, or other factors have contributed to its formation? The research results indicate that although Faizi has affected the prevalence of liberality in Akbar's court, other factors such as Akbar's tolerant character and India's social conditions play a more fundamental role in the

Position of Ministers in Manshaat Salatin moenodin parvaneh-shamsodin esfahani-salahodin ayboubi Manshaat Salatin is a work by an unknown author in the sixth and seventh centuries, written on the subject of the principles of governmental and bureaucratic correspondence (including: greetings, condolences, rites, ranks, government orders, spelling rules, exaggeration methods, etc.). Using a descriptive-analytical method, this article examines the letters of three ministers (Shams-ud-Din Isfahani, Moin-ud-Din Parvaneh and Salah-ud-Din Ayoubi) and explores the social, historical and cultural characteristics of that era. There has been no methodical or academic research on Manshaat Salatin.The results of the research show that Iranshahri ideas have been prominently highlighted in Manshaat Salatin. Through the letters, the authors have called on their audiences to be truthful, just, and reasonable, and in fact have developed an independent and documented code of conduct that has prevented the premature deviation and decline of the government. Keywords: Manshaat Salatin, Content-Based Stylistics, Court correspondence, Iranshahri Ideas

The word "Hekmat"(Wisdom) has different meanings in philosophy and literature, and the title of hakim, in literature, is given to different individuals, even eulogists, and satirists. Whereas, on the face of it, this title does not belong to these poets' poetic atmosphere. Through an analytical-descriptive method and with emphasis on historical, philosophical, and verbal data, the present research tries to analyze the bestowment of the title of hakim to the Persian poets. In this regard, it is observed that the historical era, style of poetry, court ranks, and the level of poets' knowledge and content played an important role in the bestowment of the title of hakim to them. The present article has analyzed the relationship between the title of hakim and admonition, poets' knowledge of then prevalent sciences, public's belief toward proficiency in poetry, and also the reason of bestowment of this title to eulogists and satirists, which is affected by philosophical and verbal discourses. In fact, the bestowment of the title of hakim to eulogists and satirists is related to satirical and eulogy discourses in philosophy According to the Graeco-Arabic philosophy, the satire and the eulogy are related to ''abhorrence'' which is a part of the practical wisdom (civil policy). Literature inherited this philosophical usage. At the same time, the Islamic theologians contributed to the subject; they classified the eulogistic and satirical poetry according to the Sharia', their interpretation of a Quranic verse, and an unauthorized hadith of the Prophet.

Sayeli Qarshi is a poet of the tenth century AH. He is one of those poets who immigrated to the Ottoman lands. He collected his poems in a Collection called Nobave- ye Rome in 908 AH. Moreover, dedicated it to Sultan Bayazid II. One of the manuscripts of this work, is kept in the Fateh Library in Istanbul. Most likely he was also involved in writing and this manuscript is in his own handwriting. The Nobave- ye Rome consists of a preface and 2880 verses of other poems, which have been written in the common forms of Persian poetry, especially sonnets, and it have not been studied and corrected so far. The forthcoming research is devoted to introducing this poet and reviewing his poems after correcting it; it has been done in a descriptive-analytical way and with reference to this manuscript and other library sources. The results of this study show that Sayeli is one of the average poets of the Maktab-e Voqou in Minor Asia. Approach to the beloved, anti-rivalry, exaggeration in the pleasure of harassment, Sagieh-Soraie, the presence of the male lover, etc., along with the simplicity and mentality of the language and usage of slang, are the characteristics of the Maktab-e Voqu that can be seen with high frequency in Nobave- ye Rome.