International Journal of Preventive Medicine
Volume:12 Issue: 9, Sep 2021

With the onset of Covid 19 disease, the vertical transmission of the disease from mother to neonate was unknown. In this case, a mother affected by a severe Covid 19 a few days before delivery, was examined whether her baby get the disease without breastfeeding and close contact with his mother or not. Finally, the case study show corona virus did not transmitted through blood from mother to the baby and he was completely healthy.

Endometriosis is one of the gynecological disorders and its prevalence is estimated to 8‑10% of reproductive‑age women. In Iran, the frequency of endometriosis was reported at 29% among infertile women. The etiology of endometriosis is still unclear. Numerous environmental contaminants such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) may play important roles in endometriosis development and etiology. Iranian population has relatively low levels of PCBs. However, no studies have evaluated PCBs levels in Iranian endometriosis patients so far. At present, there is no systematic review of the relationship between only PCBs exposure and the risk of endometriosis. The aim of this systematic review and meta‑analysis protocol will be to evaluate the association between only PCBs exposure and the risk of endometriosis. PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar, Embase, key journals, conferences/congress research papers, and the references of included primary studies will be searched. Observational studies (cross‑sectional, case‑control, and cohort) in humans that investigated the association between PCBs exposure and the risk of endometriosis will be included. The outcome will be endometriosis risk in association with PCBs exposure. The primary screening and data extraction will be performed by three team members independently and will be judged by opinion with the fourth member. The modified Newcastle‑Ottawa Scale (NOS) will be used for the quality assessment of studies. Findings from this study will recognize the association between PCBs exposure and the risk of endometriosis. Results may provide a new window for identifying the role of PCBs as environmental risk factors in relation to the development of endometriosis.

Over the past decades, the consumption of fast foods has increased worldwide and became favored by people of most age groups. The objective of this research was to assess the impact of fast foods on liver enzyme levels and body weight.

A cross‑sectional study was conducted at Yarmouk University/Jordan using survey questionnaire and enquired university students about their dietary habits, in addition to laboratory investigations of liver enzymes.

In the cross‑tabulation analysis, only age and body mass index (BMI) were significantly associated with alanine aminotransferase (ALT) enzyme level. However, all differences between aspartate aminotransferase (AST) level and other variables were statistically insignificant. The AST/ALT ratio was calculated and revealed significant statistical association with BMI of participants (P = 0.001). Change in body weight during one year was significantly associated with eating fast food (P = 0.031), drinking beverages with fast food meals (P = 0.001), and ALT level (P = 0.026). However, this association was statistically insignificant with AST level.

Fast food consumption among university students in Jordan was not significantly associated with increasing levels of ALT and AST liver enzymes. However, eating fast food and drinking soft drinks were associated with increasing body weight, which is expected to have adverse effect on liver functions in the long term.

Depression is one of the major psychiatric disorders in the world. The present study was conducted to determine the prevalence of depression among Iranian school students through a meta‑analysis.

All national and international information databases including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, SID, Magiran, Medlib were searched. The search phase was performed without language and time restrictions, but the searched studies were all in Persian and English, and the sources were updated by 03.08.2020. As the selected studies had high heterogeneity, the random effects model was used.

In 51 studies with a sample of 537144 people, the prevalence of depression in Iranian school students was 37% (95%CI: 32, 42). In addition, the prevalence of depression in girl school students was 45% (95%CI: 25‑65) and in boys was 28% (95%CI: 20‑35). The prevalence of mild, moderate and severe depression in school students is 31%, 18% and 11%, respectively. Also, the prevalence of depression in primary school students was 12%, middle school students 32%, high school students 47% and pre‑university students 46%.

About a third of Iranian school students suffer from some degree of depression, and the prevalence of depression in girls is about twice that of boys. The prevalence of mild depression among school students is higher than moderate and severe depression. On the other hand, the prevalence of depression in school students from primary to pre‑university level is increasing, which is very worrying.

To achieve universal health coverage (UHC), the World Health Organization (WHO) Regional Committee for the Eastern Mediterranean (EMRO) reported that the standard requirement for family physicians by 2030 is three family physicians per 10,000 people. The purpose of this study was to select the appropriate method of training family physicians in Iran to achieve this goal.

The present qualitative study was conducted in conjunction with the method of agreement, during three sessions of focus group discussion (FGD) with 13 key persons at the national level to answer two research questions on choosing the most appropriate method of training family physicians and the criteria for this selection. After analyzing the data by content analysis method, a table was designed including family physicians’ training methods and selection criteria and evaluated by participants in a 10‑point spectrum. Then, the scores were summed and the mean was calculated for each method.

The participants cited four methods, as well as 13 criteria. The Family Medicine Residency Program (FMRP) with a score of 93.4 and the Family physician bridging Program (FPBP) with a score of 68.38 were selected as the most appropriate training methods for the family physician to achieve the EMRO‑declared perspective by 2030, respectively.

According to the results of the study, the training of family physician specialist is the best method; but due to the long course and low output of this method, to meet the immediate needs of the health system and achieve the desired perspective, the FPBP approach was agreed as the most appropriate method of training the family physicians in Iran.

Children’s mortality rate reflects the health level of the community. Therefore, accurate mapping of child mortality is one of the most important ways to reduce this rate. The purpose of this study was to investigate the mortality rate of children under 5 in Isfahan province in 2011–2016.

In this analytical cross‑sectional study, all mortalities of children under 5 of Isfahan province related to Child Death Care System Program during 2011–2016 were studied. Mortality rate of children was calculated. Relationship between variables [demographic characteristics, place of death (urban/rural), and underlying cause of death] and child mortality was analyzed using Chi‑square test. Mortality rate in the cities of Isfahan province was plotted on a geographical map.

Whole number of mortalities of children under 5 was 5247 cases. Most of the mortalities (60.1%) were occurred in neonatal. Mortality rate was higher in boys than girls (12.6 vs. 11.1 per 1000 live births) (P < 0.001); “mortality rate in non‑Iranians who live in Iran was more than that of Iranians (21.4 vs. 11.5 per 1000 live birth) (P < 0.001) and rural areas more than urban areas (15.2 vs. 11.4 per thousand live births) (P < 0.001).” Certain conditions originating in the perinatal period were reported as the greatest causes of death (45.9%). Congenital malformations (27.4%) and external causes of morbidity and mortality (6.7%) were the second and third causes of death. Fereidun Shahr had the highest U5MR and Khansar had the lowest U5MR.

Considering the major contribution of neonatal to the death of children under 5 and also the most important causes of death, interventions such as preventing early delivery, genetic counseling in high‑risk couples, and parent training for accident prevention can play an effective role in reducing child mortality.

Determination of the prevalence of intestinal protozoan infection is a fundamental step to set up an effective control program to improve the health status of society and to establish efficient strategies. Intestinal pathogen and even non‑pathogen protozoa consider as major causes of disease in patients with gastrointestinal problems. The objective of this study is to determine the prevalence of intestinal protozoan infection in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) in Isfahan, Iran.

The descriptive cross‑sectional study carried out from 2013 to 2018 in Isfahan, Iran. One thousand nine hundred and sixty‑five samples of feces from patients with UC collected and each sample examined using direct wet mounting with normal saline and iodine and sedimentation tests such as formol‑ethyl acetate concentration and trichrome‑staining methods.

From 655 patients, 185 (28.2%) infected with Giardia lamblia followed by Blastocystis hominis (27.3%), Endolimax nana (14.4%), Entamoeba coli (11.5%), Iodamoba butschlii (4.7%), Entamoeba histolytica (1.4%), and Chilomastix mesnili (0.6%).

This study revealed a high prevalence of infection with at least one or six non‑pathogenic and pathogenic intestinal protozoa in UC patients in the Isfahan region. Intestinal protozoa are a challenging public health problem wherever health care is limited in the area. The emergence of UC in the world results in the need to study etiologic factors. In order to obtain further information about the etiology of disease, we investigated the prevalence of intestinal protozoan infection in patients with UC in Isfahan, Iran.

Postoperative frozen shoulder (FS) or adhesive capsulitis is a relatively frequent complication (5‑20%), even after simple arthroscopic shoulder surgeries. The pathophysiology is still unclear, but psychological factors may play a pivotal role. From clinical experience, we hypothesized that patients, who are reluctant to take medications, particularly “pain‑killers,” have an increased incidence of postoperative FS.

We identified twenty patients who underwent limited arthroscopic operations of the shoulder and developed postoperative FS. Twenty patients with matching type of surgery, age, and gender served as control group (n = 20). All patients were at least one year postoperative and asymptomatic at the time of examination. Demographic data, the patient’s adherence to self‑medication (including self‑medicating scale, SMS), development the Quality of life (QoL), and depression scale (PHQ‑4‑questionnaire) were assessed.

Patients with FS had a 2‑fold longer rehabilitation and 3‑fold longer work inability compared to the patients without FS (P < 0.009 and P < 0.003, respectively). Subjective shoulder value SSV (P = 0.075) and post‑operative improvement of QoL (P = 0.292) did not differ among the groups. There was a trend—but not significant—toward less coherence to self‑medication in the FS‑group (26.50 vs. 29.50; P = 0.094). Patients with postoperative FS significantly more often stated not to have “taken pain‑killers as prescribed” (P = 0.003).

Patients reporting unwillingness to take the prescribed pain medications had a significantly higher incidence of postoperative FS. It remains unclear whether the increased risk of developing FS is due to reduced postoperative analgesia or a critical attitude toward taking medication. However, patients who are reluctant to take painkillers should strongly be encouraged to take medications as prescribed.

As a rising epidemic in developing countries, childhood obesity and overweight need particular attention.

The sample (n = 2432) was randomly selected among children aged 24–59 months living in West Azerbaijan Province whose information was recorded in SIB software. The survey questionnaire is derived from the Demographic and Health Survey and the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey questionnaires designed by the WHO 2017 and UNICEF 2017, respectively.

The prevalence of obesity defined as BMIz (body mass index z‑score)> +2 was 1.4% among children. Dietary diversity score (DDS) was high in 59.3% of children, moderate in 36.1%, and low in 4.6%. Socio‑economic status (SES) of children families was high, moderate, and low in 34%, 28.9%, and 37.1% of families, respectively. Physical activity hours were over 3 in 85.9% of children. The girls were more likely to be obese than the boys (OR = 0.43, P = 0.016). Those with high and moderate DDS were less likely to be obese than those with low DDS (OR = 0.250 and OR = 0.180, respectively). The likelihood of obesity among children with high and moderate SES were 2.6 and 1.6 times more compared to children with low SES, respectively.

According to the results, DDS and physical activity levels are related to obesity in children aged 24–59 months. Therefore, establishing proper nutritional behavior and promoting a healthy lifestyle are essential for preventing obesity and non‑communicable diseases in this age group.

It seems that 14–25% of the women retain at least 5 kg weight from 6 to 12 months after delivery and gestational weight gain is the most important reason of weight retention. Thus, we assessed the effect of prenatal nutrition education program on the retained weights at 8, 26, and 52 weeks after delivery in primiparous women.

This randomized controlled trial was implemented among 192 primiparous pregnant women in five hospitals, fifteen community health centers, and fifteen private offices. Self-developed questionnaire was used to collect the participants’ characteristics. A 72-hr dietary recall was applied to evaluate the food intakes before and after intervention. The pregnancy physical activity questionnaire determined the physical activity score. The participants’ weights at 8, 26, and 52 weeks after delivery were measured by a digital beam.

The means of postpartum weight decreased in both groups, but nutrition education was significantly effective on reducing postpartum weight in intervention group (β = -3.112, SE = .7384, P < 0.001). Also, the women in intervention group had less retained weight compared to control during the follow-up (β = -3.35, SE = 0.75, p < 0.001). The proportion of pregnant women in intervention group who reached to their pre-gravid weight was more than control during the follow-up (OR = 2.86, 95% CI: 1.62, 5.07).

Nutrition education considering an individualized calorie-appropriate diet for each pregnant woman and based on the national guideline is effective on postpartum weight retention and reaching to pre-gravid weight.

The aim of this study was to estimate the effect of smoking on metabolic syndrome (MS) and its components applying inverse probability‑of‑treatment weighting (IPTW) and propensity score (PS) matching.

Using data from Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study, 4857 participants aged over 20 years with information on smoking and confounders in the third phase (2005–2008) were included, and the MS was assessed in the fifth phase (2011–2014). IPTW and PS matching were used to adjust for confounders.

Based on average treatment effect (ATE) estimates, smoking decreased the risk of hypertension (RR: 0.62; 95% CI: 0.43, 0.88), but increased the risk of low HDL cholesterol (1.20; 0.98, 1.48). Similarly, the average treatment effect in the treated (ATT) estimates using IPTW and PS matching suggested that smoking decreased the risk of hypertension (0.63; 0.52, 0.76, and 0.68; 0.54, 0.85), and increased the risk of low HDL cholesterol (1.24; 1.07, 1.43, and 1.28; 1.06, 1.54), respectively.

Smoking seems to increase the risk of low HDL cholesterol but decreases the risk of hypertension.

Work‑related musculoskeletal disorder (WMSD) is the most important public health challenge among dental staff. The objective of this study is to ascertain the prevalence and associated risk factors, which related to WMSD among dental staff in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia.

It is a cross‑sectional study and 130 dental staff were selected through simple random sampling from in Armed Forced Hospital with at least 1 year of working experience. The self‑administered validated and structured Standardized Nordic questionnaire was used. Logistic regression analysis was done to determine the association of risk factors with WMSD.

The results of the present study revealed that there was a high incidence of MSDs in the neck, shoulder, and lower back pain among dental personnel (72.6%). The common risk factors that contributed to WMSD were more than 5 years of experience (AOR 1.19 (1.03–2.82)), Saudi nationality (AOR 4.88 (1.27–18.72)), working more than 12 h (AOR 3.115 (1.258–7.578)) and resident doctors (AOR 1.14 (1.02–1.94)).

The study concludes that WMSDs were a common and high rate of incidence among dental staff. There is a need to make a policy that will reduce the burden of WMSD among dental staff.

Diabetes self‑management questionnaire (DSMQ) is among the relatively new tools with comprehensive structure measuring various dimensions of self‑care behaviors in diabetic patients. This study was carried out to evaluate psychometric properties of Persian version of DSMQ.

A cross‑sectional study was carried out from January to March 2017 among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) referred to urban health centers, in Kerman, southeastern Iran. Data were collected from 589 patients using DSMQ. The DSMQ was translated into Persian by forward and backward translation method. Cronbach’s alpha method and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were used to measure internal consistency and test‑retest reliability, respectively. In addition, construct validity was assessed by confirmatory factor analysis and exploratory factor analysis (EFA).

The sum‑scale Cronbach’s α of DSMQ was equal to 0.82 for 30 participants. The mean inter‑item correlation and mean item‑total correlation of “Sum Scale” (SS) were equal to 0.21 (standard deviation (SD) = 0.22) and 0.53 (SD = 0.19), respectively. All items had item‑total correlations higher than 0.30 except items 7, 11, and 15. For “SS,” ICC was obtained as 0.93. EFA revealed a four‑factor model accounting for 62.5% of the total variance. All indices were acceptable for the modified DSMQ with four factors (χ2 = 134.33, degrees of freedom = 89, P = 0.001, comparative fit index = 0.97, root mean square error of approximation = 0.044, Tucker‑Lewis index = 0.96, and normal fit index = 0.92).

The Persian version of DSMQ was found to have acceptable reliability and validity for assessing self‑management among patients with T2DM.

White Blood Cells (WBC) can be a useful marker to predict diabetes. In this study, we aimed to investigate the association between WBC count with type 2 diabetes in a large‑scaled population‑based cohort study.

In the present study we used a subset of data collected in enrolment phase of Tabari cohort study. Participants with fasting blood glucose ≥126 or those who report as having diabetes or taking glucose‑lowering medications were selected as case group (1765 participants) and control group included participants who did not report as having diabetes (1765 participants) and they randomly selected from the baseline population. Hematology indices were measured for all participants using Celltac Alpha MEK‑6510 K. Chi‑squared and independent t‑test were used to compare categorical and continuous variables, respectively.

The mean of WBC in diabetic patients and control group was 6.89 ± 1.67 and 6.37 ± 1.49 respectively (P ≤ 0.001). The odds of diabetes based on WBC count in crud model was 1.23 [CI 95% 1.181.28] and after adjustment for all possible confounding factor was 1.17 [CI 95% 1.111.23].

Results of the present study showed a significant association between WBC count and diabetes. This association remained significant after adjustment for all possible confounders.

Screening for eating disorders via reliable instruments is of high importance for clinical and preventive purposes. Examining the psychometric properties of tools in societies with differing dynamics can help with their external validity. This research specifically aimed at standardization and validation of the eating attitude test (EAT‑16) in Iran.

The Persian version of the EAT‑16 was produced through forward translation, reconciliation, and back translation. The current research design was descriptive cross‑sectional (factor analysis). A total of 302 nonclinical students were selected through the convenience sampling method and completed a set of questionnaires. The questionnaires included, the EAT‑16, eating beliefs questionnaire‑18 (EBQ‑18), difficulties in emotion regulation scale‑16 (DERS‑16), weight efficacy lifestyle questionnaire‑short form, self‑esteem scale, and self‑compassion scale short‑form. The construct validity of the EAT‑16 was assessed using confirmatory factor analysis and divergent and convergent validity. Internal consistency and test–retest reliability (2 weeks’ interval) were used to evaluate the reliability. Data analysis was conducted using LISREL (version 8.8) and SSPS (version 22) software.

EAT‑16 and subscales were found to be valid and reliable, with good internal consistency and good, test–retest reliability in a non‑clinical sample. In terms of convergent validity, EAT‑16 and subscales showed a positive correlation with the selfreport measures of EBQ‑18 and DERS‑16. EAT‑16 and subscales showed a negative correlation with self‑compassion, self‑esteem and eating self‑efficacy., Therefore, it demonstrated divergent validity with these constructs. The results of this study support the EAT‑16 four‑factor model.

The EAT‑16 showed good validity and reliability and could be useful in assessing eating disorders in Iranian populations. The EAT‑16 is an efficient instrument that is suitable for screening purposes in the nonclinical samples.

Congenital hypothyroidism is one of the most common endocrine disorders in infants and children. Thyroid hormone effects the function of most organs of the body. In premature neonates, thyroid abnormalities are very common but transient. There is a significant difference between the appropriate time for screening in premature and term neonates and there are different viewpoints in treating hypothyroidism in prematurity. According to the probable exceptions in this issue, there is no definite guideline. Therefore, regarding this confusion, this guideline aimed to help clinicians for rapid on-time decision making.

Higher rates of Smoking among university students have been reported in various studies. On the other hand, health literacy (HL) can improve health behaviors. In fact, identifying factors affecting the adoption of smoking preventive behaviors such as HL can help prevent and reduce the prevalence of smoking among people. The aim of this study was to identify the relationship between different levels of HL and adoption of smoking preventive behaviors among university student in 2016.

This was a cross‑sectional descriptive study. Three hundred and forty‑seven dormitory students of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences in Iran were selected through single‑stage cluster sampling for the study. Data were collected using a measure of HL (the HL inventory for adults‑HELIA) and a designed questionnaire to assess the adoption of smoking preventive behaviors. The data were analyzed using SPSS software version. 16 and descriptive statistical and Logistic regression test.

The mean (SD) of the score for adoption of smoking preventive behaviors and HL were 45.91 (12.99) and 70.52 (14.12) out of 100, respectively. The results showed that the adoption of smoking preventive behaviors had significant relationship with variables such as HL, gender, father’s education and not smoking (P < 0.05).

Less adoption of smoking preventive behaviors was seen in students with lower levels of HL, female students, students with illiterate fathers and smokers. Therefore, it seems essential to take these factors into consideration in designing preventive programs for smoking in target groups.

One of the concerns of cell phone users is prolonged exposure to harmful and potentially carcinogenic waves. This study was aimed to investigate the correlation between amount of cell phone use and related factors with percentage of micronucleus containing cells.

This descriptive study was conducted on selected patients referring to Islamic Azad University Faculty of Dentistry using cell phones regarding related inclusion and exclusion criteria. Papanicolaou staining method was approached for mucosal smears of samples and frequency of micronucleus containing cells and also, frequency of micronucleus in each cell were recorded for each sample; then, correlation of these findings with amount of daily cell phone usage was statistically analyzed using the calculation of Pearson correlation coefficient and preparation of regression analysis (backward) with significant level of lower than 0.05.

Of 100 samples, the frequency of micronucleus containing cells was 2.94% ± 1.89% and the frequency of micronucleus in each cell was 1.02% ± 1.68%. The amount of cell phone usage was significantly correlated with the frequency of micronucleus containing cells (r = 0.70, P = 0.0001) and also with the frequency of micronucleus in each cell (r = 0.57, P = 0.0001). Also, age and sex were not significantly correlated with the frequency of micronucleus containing cells (P = 0.47 and 0.32) and also with the frequency of micronucleus in each cell, respectively (P = 0.16 and 0.27).

The present study showed that the increased amount of cell phone usage had a strong and significant correlation with the higher frequency of the micronucleus containing cells and the higher frequency of micronucleus in each cell in the buccal mucosa. Also, the related factors as age and sex were not significantly correlated with the frequency of micronucleus containing buccal mucosa cells.

Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a relatively common chronic autoimmune disease. In the present study, we tried to correlate the histopathological criteria of WHO and modified WHO (mod.WHO) classification systems using two methods, namely, intraobserver and interobserver observations in these samples.

This cross‑sectional study was performed on 64 microscopic slides with the diagnosis of the OLP lesions, based on both clinical and histopathological features. At first, each pathologist individually (as intraobserver) examined microscopic slides based on both histopathologic diagnostic criteria. Later, three pathologists in a group (as interobserver) reevaluated microscopic slides 2 months later in the second phase of the study, based on both systems. Eventually, the findings were statistically analyzed with Cohen’s kappa coefficient (κ) and reported.

According to the results, the lichen planus was detected in 8 cases using the WHO method, and in 41 cases using the Mod.WHO method. Intrarater Kappa coefficients were κ = 0.114, P = 0.299; κ = 0.181, P = 0.012; and κ = 0.062, P = 0.424 for three pathologists, respectively. The findings showed no reproducibility (κ = 0.148, P = 0.024) and there was no correlation between the two systems. Statistical analysis revealed that the histopathological criteria of the WHO classification for detecting the lichen planus microscopy were more sensitive but the Mod.WHO classification criteria were more specific for detecting the lichen planus.

Due to the higher specificity of the histopathological criteria of Mod.WHO classification rather than WHO classification, it seems that Mod.WHO classification has more important and useful criteria for histopathological diagnosis. Finally, we can conclude that the use histopathologic criteria of the Mod.WHO classification is more useful in the diagnosis of lichen planus, although it should be in combination with clinical information.

The World Health Organization has identified COVID‑19 as a public health emergency and is urging governments to stop the virus transmission by adopting appropriate policies. In this regard, authorities have taken different approaches to cutting the chain or controlling the spread of the disease. The aim of this study was to determine the approaches to biological epidemics and related prevention tools with emphasis on COVID‑19 disease.

The present study was a systematize study of publications related to the prevention strategies for Covid‑19 disease. The study was carried out based on the PRISMA guidelines, CASP and AACODS. The data resources included ISI/WOS, PubMed, Scopus, science direct, Ovid and ProQuest. WHO website, published reports of countries, as well as the Worldometer website were evaluated. The time‑frame of the study was from 1 December 2019 to 30 May 2020.

The study findings showed that in order to confronting the COVID‑19 epidemic, in general, there are three approaches of “mitigation”, “active control”, and “suppression” and four strategies of “quarantine”, “isolation”, “social distance”, and “lockdown” in both individual and social dimensions to deal with epidemics. Selection and implementation of each approach requires specific strategies and has different effects when it comes to controlling and inhibiting the disease.

One possible approach to control the disease is to change individual behavior and lifestyle. In addition to prevention strategies, use of masks, observance of personal hygiene principles such as regular hand washing and non‑contact of contaminated hands with the face, as well as observance of public health principles such as sneezing and coughing etiquettes, safe extermination of personal protective equipment must be strictly observed. The use of the previous experiences in the world, along with the current experiences of countries, can be very helpful in choosing the accurate approach for each country in accordance with the characteristics of that country and lead to the reduction of possible costs at the national and international levels.