نشریه اندیشه معماری
پیاپی 9 (بهار و تابستان 1400)

Architecture aimed at the comfort and well-being of man is the product of his thinking and mind and will thus respond to his material needs. Therefore, with renewed attention to the persistent values and principles of Iranian architecture over the last few decades, the view of indigenous architecture has emerged as an entity that can have both a model and a model for contemporary architecture, as sustainable patterns of construction for the people of any land. And in every historical period it preserves its native and cultural values. On the other hand, in the present age, the tendency to design architecture with an emphasis on recognizing, continuing and inspiring patterns has a high status and prominent architects have experience in it. so; It seems that due to the lack of proper knowledge of the patterns and their nature to date, there is no clear demarcation between them in terms of their durability. Therefore, knowing the concepts related to the pattern can determine the designer's path to select sustainable design patterns and, consequently, create the desired quality and meaning in the architectural space. As Salingroes believes; Patterns are one of the foundations for connecting design solutions with humans. Thus, by emphasizing the permanence of patterns, it is tried to continue the conceptual layers in today's architecture that understanding the nature of these patterns from various dimensions is a necessity of the present study.

: The purpose of this study, while expressing the fundamental differences between equivalence concepts with pattern from the aspect of the nature of existence and the nature of its formation , are their adaptation to the characteristics and factors affecting on maintenance (from the perspective of Alexander) to extract maintenant patterns as well. The main question of the research is what are the concepts and essences of the patterns and what is the relationship between them and Alexander's principles of permanence for their permanence?

The present study was conducted using a quantitative approach Based on the scrolling method, it is descriptive – correlation , that in order to formulate the theoretical framework , using the documentary and library methodology , the literature and theoretical Foundations are discussed in detail , and then , by analyzing the existing concepts with emphasis on conceptual (mental) definitions, try to rationalize the arguments and, consequently, formulate a conceptual framework for research. Also , Pearson Correlation Coefficient was used to test the research hypotheses.

The results of this research show that there is a significant relationship between the patterns maintenance and type, Mode and Time of Acquisition of human needs indices (p < 0/05). On the other hand, the findings of the research indicate that among the needs of the Iranian people , between the sense of belonging and identity with the principles of sustainable and ancient individual patterns , flexibility and safety with the ancient collective patterns and feeling of personality , calm , sense of the realm and sense of security With skype, the paradigm (intellectual system) has a direct and positive correlation (p < 0/05).

As one of the most important pillars of the Islamic city, in the early days of Islam, the mosque, as the first social institution, had several functions. In addition to its most important function (worship), it also involved educational, military, and social activities. One of the aspects of live relations and dynamic interactions of the mosque is the spatial features of architecture and the type of spatial relations. , it also involved educational, military, and social activities. One of the aspects of live relations and dynamic interactions of the mosque is the spatial features of architecture and the type of spatial relations.The main research question, How the syntax, the spatial relationship and the structural coherence of each of the elements of the mosque, including the entrance, the courtyard, the naves, the porch and the dome, and the role of each on the social relations in the mosques. The purpose of this study is to identify the spatial relationships in four- Iwan mosques that can be influence by the components of spatial structure, structural continuity and some space syntax parameters such as selection, connection, depth and integration of the main spaces of the mosque. According to the theory of space syntax, the arrangement of spaces next to each other has a direct effect on how space is used and it can be the foundation of social relationships. The process of this study examined four examples of Four-Iwan mosques (Qazvin, Ardestan, Zavareh and Isfahan) and by using content analysis methods and logical reasoning strategies, it shows that some of the most important concepts related to the spatial features of architecture can be organized under a comprehensive concept called "spatial relations". In this regard, after explaining and structuring the desired concepts, using analytical tools, these concepts have been tested on examples of Grand mosques .The research findings indicate that the type and relationship of the chain of spaces that are formed in the connection and structural and visual coherence, In order to continue the series, they can access different parts of the building and have a coherent structure and functional divisions of space be effective in opening or limiting social relationships, on the other hand, the existence and arrangement of the elements of the courtyard, the porch(Iwan) and the proportions of spaces in the internal structure of Four-Iwan mosques and in the space organization, it has increased the spatial classification that the results of this indicator increase the selectivity, spatial communication, permeability and different areas and thresholds are being formed as a result, users will experience a more tangible range of spatial spaces, from privacy to collective space which achieves the desired level of usability of the space. spatial communication, permeability and different areas and thresholds are being formed as a result, users will experience a more tangible range of spatial spaces, from privacy to collective space which achieves the desired level of usability of the space.

During the period of Islamic history of Iran, magnificent buildings have been built for Imams, righteous and mystics. The architecture of mausoleums has been very important after the architecture of mosques. The study of different historical periods of Shushtar city shows that the people of this land always guarded the tombs of the pious, scholars and the righteous and built their tombs together with the architecture of that period. The importance and multiplicity of shrines and shrines in the city of Shushtar is such that this city has taken the title of the city of forty elders. The present study is based on the objectives of sorting and comparative comparison of historical monuments under study.

This study intends to classify them by examining the architectural body and structural elements of eight historical tombs, which often have Islamic architectural features and cultural heritage records, and the main research questions that examine the patterns and architectural changes of tombs in different historical periods. Answer.

Using historical sources, library studies and field studies, and using the analytical-historical method while examining the architecture of the tombs, the authors have typologically explained their commonalities and differences.

Identifying the characteristics of the physical elements of the holy shrines under study and their classification based on two physical and functional-social indicators can be considered as important achievements of this research. Also, from the findings of this research, we can mention the pattern similar to the plan, tiling in Shaljami domes, walls, ceilings, lack of interior decorations and the shape of the burial, and distinction in the form of domes, external decorations and functions.

The courtyard, in Iranian architecture from the past to the present, plays an important role in the configuration of architectural spaces. In the meantime, how to combine indoor spaces with open spaces is one of the important points in designing and constructing architectural spaces. The existence of a courtyard in Iranian architecture, especially in desert areas, is extremely important. In such a way that most of the architectural spaces of the desert area end in the central courtyard. The tomb of Shah Nematullah Vali is one of the most magnificent tomb architecture in Iran, which with its four courtyards (courtyards) has many similar spatial features and differences from this type of spatial organization, so that the tomb as a mass And the space is displayed in Iranian architecture. The pattern of spatial arrangement of the tomb of Shah Nematullah Vali is very unique in its kind.

What is the relationship between the spatial arrangement of the tomb of Shah Nematullah Vali and the courtyards of the complex? What effect does the yard play on the spatial configuration of the mausoleum? What effect does yard geometry have on visual insights in the tomb complex? Objectives of the research: The aim of this study is to investigate the role of yard in how to organize the space of tomb architecture using space synthesis technique so that with the help of this technique, how to create space for complex courtyards can be determined.

The present study is descriptive-analytical and in analyzing each of the tombs of the tomb, first to draw significant graphs from different parts of the yard and then using Depthmap software to analyze each of the indicators of space in the courtyards. The collection was paid for. Then, parameters such as depth, connection, interconnection and physical and visual access of the tomb in Depthmap software are examined.

The results of the present study showed that the yard will have a significant effect on improving the functional efficiency of the tomb spaces, but the geometry of the yard and its location to the interconnected tomb, The connection and depth of the yard have a great impact on the spatial configuration of the tomb, and the proper design of the yard to achieve different spatial areas, plays an effective role. The tomb of Shah Nematullah Vali, with its numerous open and closed spaces, has a valuable spatial layout pattern that most visitors do not understand. In this regard, the aim of the present study is to investigate the role of the yard in the formation of the spatial structure of the tomb of Shah Nematullah Vali and also to achieve the spatialization of spaces with the focus on the central courtyard and determining the field of view. . In this regard, we intend to determine with more accurate information than the formation of the courtyards of the complex and the connection with the interior space, what features have emerged under the influence of the pattern of placement of open spaces (courtyards) in the tomb of Shah Nematullah Vali. The present study seeks to answer the following questions: 1- What is the relationship between the spatial arrangement of the tomb of Shah Nematullah Vali and the courtyards of the complex? 2- What effect does the role of the yard have on the spatial configuration of the tomb building? 3- What effect does the geometry of the yard in the tomb complex have on the visual views?

Recognition of architectural works is considered a difficult task due to its complexity and expansion. Categorizations and classifications can be regarded in recognizing the architectural works, by considering the similarities between them to facilitate the recognition of architectural works by generalizing the characteristics of similar cases. But on the other hand, despite the similarities, the architectural works are not exactly the same. Each construction is entirely exclusive, having its own features and identity. It happens because specific aspects and characteristics of buildings are affected by several factors such as climate, style, culture, material, shape and color, methods, authorities, beliefs, tradition, function, etc. these factors cause every building have special aspects and its own features and identity. Thus, in recognizing the architectural works, we are faced on the one hand with the similarities of the works and on the other hand with their distinctions with each other.

Therefore, the questions arise as to what the nature of "similarity" and "distinction" and what the relation between them is, and what aspect is more original in recognizing the architectural works. The main purpose of this study is approaching to a comprehensive recognition of architectural works based on their similarities or differences.

The transcendental realm of architecture, i.e. the rational sciences that deal with the cognition of the universe in general has been used to explain the answer, since the considered questions are fundamental. So Islamic philosophical knowledge has been used and referred.

To answer the research question, some dualities are extracted. The resulsts showed that the dualities such as General and Partial, Being and Nature, Substance and Accident, Unity and Plurality, Appearance and hidden, Transcendence and Immanence are opposite and also related to each other. One side of these dualities which are discussed is more intelligible and the other side is more sensible. The first one leads to similarities and the second leads to distinctions. In these dualities the two sides are always together and study based on just one side is defective and causes defective recognition and results. Their relationship can be generalized by the deductive reasoning method and generalize to the two concepts of "similarity" and "distinction" in the phenomena, including the architectural works. The present study is "theoretical fundamental" in terms of purpose, while it has an analytical-philosophical nature in terms of nature and method. Finally, it will be proved that similarity and distinction are two features of works that are counteracting while complementary at the same time, and both aspects must be considered simultaneously in recognizing architectural works, since each of these aspects, on their own, provide an incomplete and reciprocal image from the reality. However, the aspect of similarity has more domination and originality, and the distinction that is maximized in the materialistic emergence of the works is considered as one of its subordinates.

Subject of architecture is image and subject of poetry is word. The most fundamental commonality of these two arts is imagination. Throughout history, this common foundation has led to a wonderful and interconnected relationship between literature and architecture. In this article, knowing that literature and architecture arts are semantically related, they have attempted to examine comparatively the cultural, social, and economic changes in the historical structure of Persian architecture and poetry. To identify the effectiveness and influence of art and architecture styles in that historical period and determine degree of similarity and commonality. Therefore, the Safavid era was chosen as historical period of research because it has become prominent in art of the Safavid era. The paper is result of an interdisciplinary research between two disciplines of literature and architecture that seeks to identify the subjective domains of the Safavid era by looking at the objective areas of both phenomena. Overall approach of the paper is qualitative and it has a descriptive-analytical approach, in which content analysis research method is used and the logical-analytical reasoning method is used in different stages. Strategy of the article is an interpretative-historical one, which deals with intellectual, social, and other currents of the Safavid era. The overall results suggest that in terms of stylistics, architecture and poetry of the Safavid era can be divided into two styles, one on a regular and evolutionary path and the culmination of Azeri or Iraqi style in relation to ideology of the Safavid era and return to Iranian identity. In the eyes of people, it was interpreted in the Isfahan style.

The need of pay attention to national identity and its various aspects was one of the critical concerns of some intellectuals of the Qajar period. By the second half of this period, the idea of honoring cultural figures who played a considerable role in preserving Iranian identity was revealed. In this historical context, Ferdowsi became a prominent figure and found a special place. While in the Qajar period, the importance of honoring historical-cultural figures and the Persian language was a significant concern among intellectuals, it was gradually transferred to the level of the political elite at the end of this period. It was reflected in different problems in Pahlavi I. One of these problems was the establishment of the National Relics Society (NRS). The establishment of this Society was the result of various factors, including efforts of some numbers of the political elite, and they paved the way for later developments. The NRS members' approach indicated that they were concerned about honoring Ferdowsi as a great Persian poet. The holding of the Ferdowsi Congress and the construction of his mausoleum as two significant events, were the results of attention to this distinguished poet. Meanwhile, the contribution of the political elite of the Pahlavi period, their attitudes and actions in the commemoration of Ferdowsi, have been so significant. Many scholars who paid attention to Ferdowsi mausoleum's construction focused on the construction dimension and did not appropriate adequate attention to other fields. By bearing this in mind, the present study addressed an aspect of the problem by focusing on the political elite's contribution.

The present study is based on three questions: What was the political elite's attitude towards the commemoration of Ferdowsi? How did this attitude lead to further actions? Moreover, what was the contribution of the NRS members in the process of building the mausoleum and in its architectural features? This study aims to identify the theoretical attitude and the behavior of the political elite in commemorating Ferdowsi and explain how this role occurs in the process of designing and setting up his mausoleum.

This study is based on historical research methods, and the data of it is provided by the content of memoirs, magazines, published books of the National Relics Society, parliamentary approvals, and documents of the National Archive of Iran. This research will be organized in two parts: First, the political elite's attitude on honoring Ferdowsi and their pragmatism in setting up the NRS, and second, the NRS' operational efforts to find Ferdowsi's grave, provide funding, design and building mausoleum.

The Research result shows that the importance of national identity and cultural figures in the post-constitutional era gradually attracted the attention of the political elite. Their attitude that reflected in the periodicals led to some activities like the establishment of the National Relics Society and construction a mausoleum for Ferdowsi. Just as Ferdowsi was considered to revive the history and language of Iran, the architecture of his mausoleum had a revivalistic style.

Sustainable communication among the three elements of man, nature and architecture is an issue that most architects and researchers have sought to realize since the emergence of environmental and cultural problems created by modern architecture. What is considered in this paper is the ability to communicate correctly and efficiently between these three elements using the creation of interconnection spaces. By connecting and detaching, mentally and objectively, the interconnection leads to the proper connection of the body components with the design context. This element helps to unify the texture while helping to understand each space separately, by defining the hierarchy. Forming this relationship properly and appropriately can help sustain an architectural work. This feature in interconnection doubles the importance of considering it in designing.

Howmuch can Interconnection spaces contribute to achieve sustainable architecture? Which design solutions can lead to sustainable architecture?

the method used in this paper is a descriptive-analytical way. Therefore, indicators of sustainable architecture and interconnection space are introduced to investigate the impact of interconnection spaces on the realization of sustainable architecture. In the present study, by identifying multi-dimensional features of interconnections and adapting them to sustainable architectural indicators, the effective communication of these two concepts have been discussed. Since Mosques are one of the prominent uses of Islamic monuments in Iranian architecture, which has always been regarded as the core of Islamic cities because of their sustainable connection to the context, in this study, the mosque is examined as an example of interconnecting spaces that has led to its comprehensive connection with the context. Hence spaces such as ‘Jolokhan’, porch (Eyvan), Hashti, Revagh, and yard which create the connection and detachment of the mosque with its context are introduced exactly and in a period of time can be a pattern for Iranian architecture.

Interconnection can play a role in all scales of design, from the micro to the macro, from structure to architecture, from voluminous concepts to details and decorations. Since one of the pillars of sustainability is the proper connection to the field - from various cultural, social, environmental, economic - aspects, with the correct design and proper alignment of the interconnections, this connection can be properly formed and ultimately have a lasting effect. In order to summarize the proposed contents, solutions have been provided that generally refer to the characteristic of the interconnection wall or the creation of interconnection space which can be defined and experienced, including the attention to open and semi-open spaces to communicate flexibility of design and to reach a wider range of audiences, employing past successful patterns in space design, using technological or local methods for wall design, considering the maximum use of spaces and avoiding energy wastage for proper communication between design components and context through the creation of interconnection space. These solutions can be implemented in different designs and in different forms and at different scales by comparing the design of sustainable mosques and the aforementioned solutions, we can say that due to the different aspects of sustainability in providing these solutions, considering them in the design process, sustainable architecture goals in other uses can be achieved to a great extent.

Home is not just a place to live but also the home of each person's body is his identity So that each person shows what he is or what he like to be in his home. So, the home has a meaning beyond the shelter. This place has a different meaning for different people and understanding this meaning could be laying the groundwork for creating a desirable place to live. There is so many researches in the desirability of home space and factors which made this desirability. It seems that the home desirability is dependent to its inhabitant’s satisfaction. So, the meaning that people percept of their own living environment effect on the satisfaction or non-satisfaction of the home environment. Therefore, it seems that by understanding the different meanings that people perceive of their own home environment, can be achieved optimal mental picture of desirable house. This study sought to examine the different meanings that different people percept from their living environment. So, two common settlement patterns in contemporary housing including apartments and independent pattern courtyard was chosen as case study and try to extract the different meaning in which its occupant perceive from them. It is obvious that the extraction of semantic differentiation in the settlement patterns can sometimes be the development of the quality of people's lives.

In this article, the two main questions are answered as follows: - What are the different meanings that people perceive in the home environment? - Which of these meanings is more appealing to apartment dwellers and which to homeowners?

In this study, thirteen meant for home is explained as the theoretical framework of the study that was extracted from the house meanings literature review, the elite and internal survey. In the next stage, the possibility of this meaning was measured for apartment and independent pattern courtyard settlements. The study population were 338 people from settlements of apartment and independent pattern courtyard who were lived in different district. The data collection tool was closed questionnaire and in-depth interviews with people. Data analyses in the quantity section was based on K-2 test and logistic regression and in the qualities, section was based on content analyses method.

The results showed that the change in the people life style and separation between people work place and their home, made their home as a place for relaxing from the bustle of urban life. Also, part of the meanings of houses is made by the social interactions between people and their family. So, this kind of meaning which is created due to social interaction between its occupants, is created in two kind of home in the same quantity. However, the meaning such as “Freedom”, “Belonging and rootedness”, “Difference”, “Continuity” and “Identity” are more evident in the independent pattern courtyard house. It seems that this is because of the different affordance which this type has than apartment patterns. Some of these affordances are independent courtyard, Ivan, the possibility of growing vegetation, more area level, more specific areas, a large reception hall and such these. However, in apartment style, because of affordances such as having a controllable iterance, dwelling in height, the presence of nearby neighbors and such these lead to creating Security sense for its occupants.

With the start of the postmodern period, the views, studies and most of the philosophies around the place, had a clear emphasis on the atmosphere and avoid quantitate look based on Cartesian thought to the place. The reason of this attention can be the following paragraph. as we see, the most of the built environment which we are aging in them changed to no soul skeleton that the only response to our functional needs and doesn’t have any connection with our spirit. Our bodies get used mainly for watching something. We forget the pleasure of bodily experience such as walking, hearing, smelling, and touching; we have been losing sensory meanings related to the world: the ground, the sky, the air and the world. Architecture is implicated in this loss, having become more focused on the instant images rather than either practicality or sincerity. As a result, most of contemporary architecture has been stuck in ocular centrism. Steven Hall, meanwhile, suggests Parallax, following the Merleau-Ponty and bodily Perception, and relates the quality of communication in today's spaces to parallax-based perception. Holl defines Parallax in his book: “Parallax- the change in the arrangement of surfaces that define space as a result of the change in the position of the viewer- is transformed when movement axes leave the horizontal dimension. Vertical or oblique movements through urban space multiply our experiences. Spatial definition is ordered by angles of perception. The historical idea of perspective as enclosed volumetric based on horizontal space gives way today to the vertical dimension. Architectural experience has been taken out of its historical closure. Vertical and oblique slippages are key to new spatial perceptions. In this study, we arrived at the root of Parallax, (the change in the arrangement of surfaces that define space as a result of the change in the position of the viewer), and we find it in space under two indicators of angle-of-sight and activation of the five senses. Aim of research: Our aim is to achieve the design elements of this component (parallax) and how to make it in space. In this regard, we chose the historic houses of Tabriz as a case study to achieve our goals. This selection is based on the essence of the research on the purposeful selection of the sample.

What is the relationship between the parallax component and the promotion of perception in the space of historical houses in Tabriz?

 The research methodology is both qualitative and quantitative, but often qualitative method based on the phenomenology paradigm, we obtained the data model with a research model and then the indices obtained from the research model were measured in case studies.

 The audience in these historic houses is always in a tangible fluidity in space, most of the major displacements in these spaces are associated with the break of the horizontal axis and movement in the vertical axes, which causes the spatial fluidity of the relationship between the subject and the object and also in the direction of this fluidity, the one-sensory perception of the audience from space becomes a multi-sensory perception. On the whole, the audience experiences a deep perception in these spaces.

Increasing trends in the design of architectural environments in the past, among art and architecture theorists, can be seen as the result of a change in the construction process from the past to the present. One of the methods that helps to read and understand architecture from the past to the present is spatial configuration. Spatial configuration emphasizes the formation of coherent spatial relationships in a set to meet the needs of users and their comfort and convenience. Therefore, using the concept of spatial configuration, we can see the changes that have taken place over time in housing, as well as the evolution of housing from traditional to contemporary in a region and region. To understand and explain spatial configuration, one must look for a suitable method that meets environmental characteristics. In order to quantify and make more tangible understanding of spatial configuration, the method of spatial arrangement is used. It is in this neighborhood over time the historical context of Boroujerd consists of four neighborhoods, including Dodangeh, Sufian, Qadqun, and Yakhchal. Due to its antiquity, Sufian neighborhood is the oldest neighborhood in the city and has the most historically qualified houses. For this purpose, ten houses in this historical context, which includes five Qajar period and the other five are contemporary, selected so that changes in the level of their spatial configuration can be recognized over time. The method of conducting this research is a combination and in fact it includes descriptive analytical methods and logical reasoning. In simple language, this research is divided into two main parts in terms of research method. The first part of the research, which has a qualitative approach, consists of two steps. The first step involves library and documentary studies. In this step, by referring to first-hand sources and documents, the concepts of housing, spatial configuration and spatial arrangement method, as well as the research platform, which is the city of Boroujerd and the Sufi neighborhood, are identified. The second step also includes observation and the harvest is field. In this step, according to the research topic, ten traditional and contemporary houses of Boroujerd Sufi neighborhood have been randomly selected, of which five are related to the Qajar period and five are the number of the period. Contemporary and recent years have been selected. The second part includes a quantitative approach. In this section, the maps of selected houses on different scales are analyzed by space configuration. This method is obtained after modeling the maps in Auto Cad software, and the maps are entered into the UCL Depth Map 10 software. This software calculates the space configuration variables for each part of the house. Slowly and ultimately, using logical reasoning, the results are expressed. The research findings show that in public housing, public and private spaces have interfered with each other and are no longer separable and valuable. The former multifunctional rooms have been converted into single-function rooms that are influenced by individualism and the type of objects and furniture. The entrances do not create privacy as before, and the limited view from the alley into the interior has become a kind of communication space without details. This means that there are many changes in the contemporary housing of the Sufian neighborhood over time.

From an architectural perspective, typology has a mixed nature of matter and meaning that is crystallized in the architect's mind. The mind map of empirical architects in the design of buildings in Iran until the late 40s was based on a mix of environment and culture, but has since begun to crystallize contemporary homes as a result of public housing policies. The purpose of this study was to determine the typology of housing in Qazvin with emphasis on housing policies and qualitative and survey method. In the first part, the basics of the concept of typology are summarized. In the following, seven types of housing have been identified in Qazvin city using the qualitative research strategy and documentary studies of the post-revolutionary government policy periods. For detailed study, the research area of ​​each species is also selected for detailed study. Finally, a comparative study of selected policy samples and indigenous species is provided and the documentation related to each is presented using the historical research approach through documentary study and interviews with key informants. Applying the typology strategy through documenting contemporary urban change can effectively reflect government housing policy in cities. What was highlighted in this study is the first step in zoning government housing policies in Qazvin and a detailed review of selected samples from each policy area. The findings of the study suggest that housing policies focused on supportive, quantitative, type-specific supportive policies rather than on individual city-specific studies. Since the most influential criterion in the field of housing is the 40-60 criterion in the North Front, the five types of housing that have been the result of post-revolutionary state policies are the same and similar in terms of altitude, despite their different temporal origin, The density of the unit is different. This species can be seen in other cities as well. Based on findings from documentary studies, field studies, and comparative studies of contemporary species, the result of government housing policies with historical-ancient varieties of Qazvin suggests that housing in historical-ancient context was not derived from civic planning and policy. Designed and Drafted Most of the buildings are built on a basement floor and the building stretches along the north-south axis. The buildings use a central courtyard with space built around it. Typically, one front (I), two fronts (L), three fronts (U) are built around the yard. The species examined in the historical context indicate the impact of activity, belonging, and convergence on housing construction. The housing surveyed was designed and constructed in accordance with government policies in an extravagant new and modern context and is typically high-end. Most buildings are 4-6 storeys high and the tower is built. The elongation of the building is along the north-south axis. Collection was made in the form of apartment blocks and high-rise building in this context in accordance with the policy of bulking. The apartments were built as an organizational home by the Housing and Urban Development Agency to house government employees and workers.  Therefore, what should be taken into account is the regionalization and localization of government housing policies to formulate and develop local housing regulations and regulations, depending on the cultural and indigenous conditions of each area, and can effectively promote The quality of housing is a step up.

One of the topics in modern societies that is actually an inevitable part of people's lives is the issue of stress. The presence of people in social environments such as educational spaces is accompanied by an understanding of levels of stress. University educational spaces are also among the environments in which people experience a level of stress, while the main goal in these spaces is the growth and prosperity of people and the existence of stress is in contrast to these goals.

The questions of the present study are in order to identify and extract environmental-physical stressors and the extent and percentage of importance of each factor and to examine the acceptability and challenge of the extracted factors.

The main purpose of this research is an effort to reduce stress and increase spatial relaxation for users in university educational spaces.

The research has been done by survey method and in the form of Delphi technique and in it the attitude of experts and professors has been studied. Then, the analysis of information was performed by Shannon content analysis method. After studying and reviewing library resources, open-ended interviews have been conducted at various times with twelve psychiatrists, psychologists and expert architects in this field, then content analysis and effective components on user stress in educational spaces. University has been extracted according to the weighting of the coefficients of importance and their acceptability.

 The factors extracted by five professors specializing in the field of architectural design are divided into four separate categories. The results indicate that among all the extracted factors, four main factors include: 1- Environmental comfort (39.20%), 2- Physical and physical factors (32.80%), 3- Psycho-social factors (20 19% and 4- Perceptual factors (8.00%) have an effective role on the level of stress in educational spaces. The challenge is related to factors that are stressful from the perspective of experts, and in contrast, people fully agree on factors that are not stressful; Therefore, there is the most disagreement about the factors that have gained the highest percentage of acceptance, and the issue of examining the factors will be challenging.

Designing is a creative activity that entails creating something new and useful that never existed before. Design is one of the most complex types of problem-solving that involves different aspects and components. In general, design training should be innovative, dynamic, and advanced. In architectural education, it can be realized that sometimes students are unable to convert theoretical knowledge and theory into practical and objective exercises, due to inadequate training and the lack of students'' awareness of educational goals. One of the primary goals of architectural education is to train competent, creative, and critical-thinking designers. The design studio is a major concern in architectural education, and designers spend most of their time in design studios discussing design and study techniques. Basic training courses, including the courses for designing architecture, are very important for students to acquaint students with architectural design components. One of the keywords that architecture students should be familiar with the design process is the concept. In architecture, the concepts are how physical needs, environmental conditions, and beliefs come together to form an important part of the architectural design process. One of the main concerns of architecture novices in these lessons is how to choose a concept and an idea that is appropriate to their specific design subject. The second semester of Preliminary Architectural Design education is one of the basic lessons that the concept is educated in Iranian schools of architecture. The main attempt was to gain the conceptual design hierarchy in the course of introduction to Architectural design and the dominant conceptual design approaches in students’ work.

What is the conceptual design hierarchy in the second preliminary architectural design? What are the predominant approaches to conceptual design in students'' projects in the second preliminary architectural design?

The principal objective of this research is the analysis of the concept and idea and how to educate the concept in architectural design studios.

This study is based on quantitative and qualitative research. The statistical population in this research is the students of the Second Preliminary Architectural Design of the Universities of Urmia. Data collection was done through studying library resources and observing the works of students and interviewing with the faculty members of the architecture. In this course, the exercises performed in one semester, and then the students’ designs have been analysed qualitatively. Afterward, the interviews carried out with professors of architecture, as well as reviewing the background of similar searches in library resources.

Idea to represent the concept will be possible in different ways, including the use of line concepts and space modeling. The results express that the dominant tendency of architecture novices is formal, functional, analytical, space-oriented, or a combination of them, which can be called dynamic design, in which the purpose is to create designs with meanings and to answer the requirements of problems. To create conceptual designs, it is necessary to study the subject and extract the concepts for design. In the next step, it is necessary to select an appropriate method for designing and finding a suitable solution for demonstrating the concept in design.

In the society, people's creative vitality leads to Improve the quality of Individual and social life, and clearly Pay attention to this issue and its solutions is very important. So School educational spaces as a suitable Platform that is related to young people, Plays an important role in promoting the land of students' creative vitality. Research literature reviwe indicates that space and natural and human made environment in creating creative vitality and the growth quality of school students has been effective. And also promote and enrich this spaces can be effective in personal development, education, social interaction and children's performance. Identity at the present time With the growing development of big and small cities, Architectural arrangements In order to influence this important matter that consist of important part of the time and environment living of the daily life of the country's youth, grow fades. The following article discussion the effects of spatial space attributes of school educational environments on students' creative vitality. Therefore, in the following according to the effect of the environment on students' creative vitality, the factors effecting the perspective of experts have been studied. In fact some environmental factors are independently effective in increasing the process of promoting creative vitality. Vitality and creativity overlap and in fact they are necessary for each other. Recent studies on creativity and vitality have shown that if children do not face environmental barriers at the age of 7 -11, they can direct their energy toward creative activities. Based on the content, Success in primary school is generally closely related to students' creative vitality. Accordingly the purpose of the present study is to provide criteria for promoting student’s creative vitality in elementry schools. The main question of the research is to determine the criteria for promoting creative vitality in primary schools.

What are the key factors of primary school environment that influence creative vitality? What is the relationships between the physical concepts of educational spaces in primary school and it’s components of promoting creative vitality?

In the study, research was conducted based on qualitative-quantitative methods, and using Delphi in the primer part. First step of the research were open interviewed of professional in the field of creative vitality. Then, with the techniques of open and axial coding the content table was created, and the questionnaire was organized in two stages. The population of this study was architectures, urban planners and psychologists. Network sampling method (snowball) on the sample size of 20 professionals is used. Snowball and the theoretical saturation was used to determine the sample size. The data were analyzed using “Q” factor analysis. Finally, the most affecting factors are identified on the creative vitality of each spatial attributes.

The results of this study indicate that physical-environmental, perceptual-expermental, psychological-mental, functional and social dimensionsof the environment were infuential on educational spaces in elementry schools, and the components to each of these concepts have been based on the opinions of the experts.

A group consists of a series of people with diverse abilities that potentially enhances the capabilities of the group. In the architectural profession, collective and group activities are an important issue and affect the success of architectural design. It seems that the environmental factors governing the group are necessary to improve or weaken the group. Working in groups in various fields, especially in architecture and its education, have been associated with weaknesses, and unfortunately today, with the slight expansion of architecture schools, attention to the qualitative dimension of these spaces has been forgotten. Therefore, considering the optimal learning environments for group activities in architecture education, considering its direct impact on the future of students' careers, it seems necessary.

How is the physical body of the studio, effective in encouraging architectural students to do group work? What physical components in the architectural studios motivate students to engage in group activities?

The aim of this study was to achieve the effect of the physical body of the classroom on encouraging architecture students to do group work and identify physical variables affecting the promotion of interactions and their participation in architectural studios.

The research method in this research is the qualitative method of grounded theory. Gathering information of the present study, by survey method and through semi-open interviews, among fifteen fourth year undergraduate students in the field of architecture of the University of Mazandaran, who have four years of student experience and attending various architectural studios with features They had a different body, it took place. The obtained answers were analyzed by grounded theory and after encoding the data in three stages of open coding, axial coding and selective coding, the final theory of the research entitled "The Personalization of the Group space" has been obtained.

The results indicate that the physical structure of the class is effective in encouraging architecture students to do group work. The theory of "group space personalization" shows what physical components in the architecture classroom motivate students to engage in group activities.

Schools are one of the most important spaces for children's education and attention to physical features and spatial relationships and achieving optimal design patterns in contemporary schools are among the important issues in the quality of children's education and learning. Which can pave the way for the development of children's personality, education and upbringing in the future. According The importance of spatial relationships in schools and Its impact on student learning And also due to the diminishing components of the spatial configuration of the past architecture in modern buildings, In this study spce syntax has been used to analyze spatial relationships and how spatial configuration. In this regard, Dar ul-Funun school of Qajar Period was selected as the first successful modern-style school in the contemporary era for analysis.

The main question of this research is that what is the relationship between how the spatial organization is organized and the index of integration, depth, connectivity, visual connectivity (Transparency), Intelligibility in the form pattern of Dar ul-Funun school plan? A hypothesis that answers the main question of the research we are trying to test is that there seems to be a significant relationship between spatial organization and the degree of integration, depth, connectivity, transparency (visual connectivity), Intelligibility in the form pattern of Dar ul-Funun school plan and type of space syntax and arrangement is effective on the mentioned indexes in Dar al fonoon school.

The aim of this study was to analyze the characteristics of spatial configuration and identify spatial and social relationships in the past educational spaces to achieve the desired spatial syntax and modeling for the construction of new schools.

The research method used in the research is descriptive-analytical in the case sample and, ultimately, logical reasoning to prove the hypotheses. The tool used in research include library studies, field observation, and finally The simulation using The software Space Syntax(deph map). In the process of doing research first the theoretical foundations using library studies and first-hand references and documents, were collected and edited. Then, field observation was made from the selected sample and after simulating the case sample using specialized space syntax software (Deph map), the maps were analyzed and evaluated and finally by analyzing the selected sample using the logical reasoning method, the findings were discussed and finally conclusions were discussed.

The findings of the study showed that there is significant relationship between the type of spatial organization and the degree of integration, depth, connectivity, visual connectivity (transparency) and Intelligibility in the Dar ul-Funun school And central organization is positively correlated with integration,connectivity, visual connectivity (transparency) indices and Intelligibility and negatively correlated with depth indic. and given that the organization pattern and spatial arrangement in the Dar ul-Funun school is as a central courtyard, this space (central courtyard) has maximum integration, connection and visual connectivity (transparency) with numeric value 28.82, 7461 and 3967 and minimum depth of 1.37 in the Dar al fonoon school. Also the central syntax of the Dar al fonoon school plan creates high resolution with the numerical value of 0.91 in the Dar al fonoon school. Therefore, the use of a central model in school s plan has been one of the important factors in creating spatial cohesion and integration among the school spaces. And the use of central layout in the school space is one way to create spatial cohesion and integration among school components

Sustainable development of coastal tourism in the coral reefs requires environmental considerations, cost reductions in energy supplies, and comfort for tourists. The expansion of coastal tourism in the coral islands without environmental considerations has caused coral reefs to be destroyed in the islands. Since the design of tourism buildings plays a pivotal role in the physical development of tourist beaches, providing appropriate solutions to assist this goal is essential. It is obvious that planning and design processes in coastal areas and islands - which are essentially facing functional and bio-indigenous complexities. This process is not like cities and regions without sensitive ecosystems but requires an integrated and environmentalist approach.

How can effective steps such as form, location and location of the building, installation of awnings, color of the building, material of the surrounding walls and how to zoning the interior spaces, an effective step in adapting to the environment, increase energy efficiency, and reduce inappropriate effects? Remove fossil fuels?

Because of the physical development of tourist beaches, buildings are the most energy consumed, as well as waste, sewage and environmental pollutants, it is necessary to provide appropriate strategies for correcting consumption pattern and reducing pollution.. In this research, by analyzing the ecosystem of the coral island of Honduran and considering its climatic and environmental parameters, an optimal model for designing residential and public buildings with an approach to reducing energy consumption and pollutants has been presented.

The research methodology was based on bioclimatic and energy analysis on the relationship between building and environment through field study and simulation. Construction components, architectural form and landscaping have been interfering variables in this research. By using the Design Builder,a modelling software and registered release in non-dynamic conditions, the amount of energy needs was evaluated internally and externally.

The result of this study showed that passive methods can reduce an important part of the amount of energy required by interacting with the supply medium or its amounts. Also, using vertical and horizontal combination shaders, creating ventilation shutters, porches continuously, lightweight, homogeneous and polymeric insulators, utilising the atrium, and rotation to the coastal winds it can reduce the cost of generating energy by up to 75 KWh/ym2 and the cooling load significantly to be reduced. In the results of the research, the implementation of the proposed strategies indirectly leads to a reduction of greenhouse gas emissions of up to 126 tons per year for the simulated sample. In the end, by presenting an integrated design model for tourism collections through the adaptability table that is the resultant and inseparable inference of the three layers of human information, environmental factors and environmental factors, designers will be able to maximize coordination in All significant and significant areas to achieve the necessary results for the best physical and functional conditions, taking into account human needs, adaptation to environmental conditions in terms of aesthetics, and reducing energy consumption and environmental pollution with a reduction in pollutants.

One of the opportunities of architecture is that, through the design of form, space and materiality, it can order our relationships with each other and our environment by creating interactive settings for life. It can do this in such a way as to provide opportunities to improve our sense of well-being, enrich our lives, make our lives healthier and more pleasurable. The shaft of sunlight in a recessed window seat that creates a moment of warmth and calm, combined with a glimpse of nature, soft and acoustically absorbent seat materials, and the tactile delight of the smooth grip to adjust a wooden shutter. Well-being is intimately linked with moments of delight. To an extent, such stimuli happen all the time, often without being recognized or designed, but when they are orchestrated throughout a building the effect is cumulative. A poor building has few such moments and leaves our lives impoverished, whereas a successful piece of architecture is one where there is an accumulation of many moments of delight that support the five ways of well-being. Depression is a prevalent and impairing psychiatric disorder that affects how we feel and how we think about ourselves and the world around us. Cognitive theories of depression have long posited that various thought processes are involved in the development, maintenance, and recurrence of depressive episodes. Depression often coexist but sometimes are difficult to distinguish. An essential part of an indoor environment design is to deliver both the visual task needed as well as a healthy lighting system. In this article, healthy residential environment is discussed as an architectural field of light. Eyesight is one of the most important human senses to interact with the physical environment، plays a major role in conveying emotion environment to the brain. Light of is very important in this transmission. Light deficiency impairs the chemical composition of brain neurotransmitters، especially serotonin. Serotonin quantity is one of the causes of depression. In this article، the authors tried to investigate on daylight as an important factor in the house design and creating a favorable environment for improving the quality of human life. The aim of this study is the effect of natural light in residential environment due to human physical and mental influence at housewives.

What is the effect of the type and amount of light in residential complexes on the rate of depression in housewives?

To address the review questions, an electronic search was conducted of magiran, sciencedirect, sid.ir, PsychINFO, PubMed, MEDLINE, and Google Scholar for relevant English-language peer reviewed journals published between 1990 and 2013. An initial list of publications was generated via a database search using the keyword terms “gender,” treatment,” “Depression”, “therapy,” “psychotherapy,” and “treatment.” A secondary search was conducted by manually reviewing reference sections of works returned from the initial database search. The study based on Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) and based on the assumption to define the relationship between housewives living in its residential environment with depression, on 60 women (in two groups of 30 people). The results of T-test statistical method assume that the accuracy is acceptable. It can be assumed that there is a significant relationship between the amount of house sunshinability and housewives’ depression amount. Housewives have been selected from among the women living in the maskan-e-mehr. The reason for choosing this complex is its size and population. Also in this complex, some units do not have proper lighting. People living in these housing units have the same economic and social conditions. The architectural features of the houses in these complexes such as the color of the walls, the texture, the architectural plan, the height of the houses, etc. are the same.

The results show that in these case studies (maskan-e-Mehr Khorramabad) due to the variables of space depth, distance between buildings and its orientation, the amount of daylight and its effect has been neglected. The results obtained from Student's T-distribution show that the research hypothesis is correct. It is also inferred that there is a significant relationship between the amount and type of light in a residential house and the depression of housewives living in them in maskan-e-Mehr Khorramabad.

High energy consumption in human settlements has increased environmental pollution. More than 40% ofthe country's energy is consumed in buildings, most of which is spent on heating, cooling and lighting of indoor spaces. This process can be reduced by taking measures such as optimizing the thermal insulation of the exterior shell of the building. This is especially important in cold climate residential buildings, which have the highest temperature fluctuations.

What effect does the use of polystyrene in the shell have on reducing energy consumption in the cooling and heating sections of residential buildings in cold climates?

Eleven residential units in the city of Hamadan were selected as a sample and the thermal insulation information of their outer shell, which was based on the use of polystyrene layers, was recorded. The samples were observed for one year in the operation period in terms of the actual amount of energy consumption. Then, a model of each sample was constructed in Design Builder software and energy consumption analysis of each was performed. The results obtained from the software outputs were compared with the actual energy consumption of the samples and the deviation of the software reports from the real state was determined. Then, in the software models, changes were made in the physical shell and by removing polystyrene, the usual materials without thermal insulation were replaced and the energy consumption of the samples was simulated again in the latter case. After applying the deviation due to actual consumption error and simulation to the outputs of the new model, the energy consumption of each sample in the state without thermal insulation was normalized and compared with the consumption in the state with thermal insulation.

The results showed that the use of polystyrene in the outer shell of the building leads to a 43% increase in cooling load and a 27% decrease in heating load based on the conditions of each sample during different months of the year. The combined effect of cooling and heating loads in total indicates a decrease in the thermal load of the building in general during one year. This decrease is 25.9% equal to 34802.9 kWh for the first sample units and 32.6% equal to 30648.3.3 kWh for the second sample units during one year.