نشریه تاریخ شفاهی
سال سیزدهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 10، بهار و تابستان 1400)

As a specialized resource in oral history discourse, “The Oral History Reader” has been published by Routledge in 1998, simultaneously in England, USA and Canada, then republished in 2003 and 2015. Being authored by specialist researchers, the articles included in this book discuss some issues in oral history such as: oral history development, methods of interview, position of oral history in contemporary historiography as well as stand for oral history projects. This article, the 6th from the whole 39 ones in the book, presents some important new researches in oral history discourse, precious enough to be translated. The article practices comparative analyses between oral and traditional methods of historiography from different points of view including: quality and quantity of the resources, objectivity in reproducing the events, and target issues. The comparison aims to clarify the distinction between the two methods in order to gain a better understanding of oral history.

The aim of this study is investigated the harms on the production of science with the approach of oral history from the perspective of experts in the field of oral history.

 The present study was conducted using Delphi method using a researcher-made questionnaire. The statistical population includes 30 experts in the field of oral history who were selected by snowball sampling method, but only 17 people agreed to cooperate.

The analysis of the obtained data indicates that the lack of an academic position in the field of oral history in society, the lack of a purposeful principle on how to ask questions for information on oral history, the involvement of personal reasoning in interviews, the cost and time consuming nature of this process are among the most important challenges in producing science with an oral history approach from the point of view of experts in this field. These challenges and disadvantages cause damage in this area, such as the lack of uniformity in the work of oral historians, which leads to the loss of national capital, manpower time. Losing the opportunity to collect information from subjects due to old age; collecting incomplete or distorted data

Oral history, as a new approach, plays an important role in gathering tacit knowledge based on the experience of individuals in organizations and institutions. The information gathered through oral history interviews increases learning capacities in the community. Through interviews, information can be extracted from the human mind. This knowledge will then be compiled and documented as explicit knowledge and will be the subject of future research as a first-hand historical source. Tacit knowledge becomes explicit knowledge by observing certain conditions and points, and one of the best ways to record and document tacit knowledge is to use the oral history research method. The purpose of the present article is to study the recording, and explanation of tacit knowledge and to become explicit. and explicit knowledge through the implementation of oral history projects.

Sacred Defense (1980-1988 A.D) is one of the main topics in the contemporary oral history of Iran; Especially since the conditions of the country's defense and the importance and speed of decisions have led to the fact that what happened is not fully recorded, also a very small part of the decisions and circumstances that led to the decisions are recorded and the rest were in the memory of people involved or witnesses. Not in official documents, on the other hand, the significant statistics of the productions of the oral history of the Holy Defense require that we critique and analyze the published works and strengthen the strengths and eliminate the weaknesses. The book "Mr. Doctor" is one of these books that in this article we have reviewed it from the perspective of oral history and we have answered the question of what strengths the book has and in what areas it needs more reflection.

Utilizing library and interview data.

Mr. Doctor's book is one of the oral history books that deals with the subject of health and treatment in the 14th Imam Hussein (AS) Division items also faces a lack of active interview methodology.

Research and study on the flow and way of life in the structure of historic neighborhoods is a way to achieve important historical and cultural elements in the whole structure of historic cities from which many documents are not available. It is also helpful in reading and interpreting existing documents. Hakim neighborhood is also one of the historical neighborhoods of Isfahan and due to the existence of Hakim Mosque and the entrance of Jorjir, its remnants date back to the Saljugy period. This neighborhood is located next to Imam Square and the Grand Bazaar of Isfahan, so that the bazaar rastes, such as the Qalandar Garden raste and the Bazaarche No, pass through the neighborhood. Residents of the neighborhood lived in a rich religious, cultural and economic environment due to the neighborhood's antiquity and the existence of special places such as seminaries, numerous mosques, bazaars, Timches, Caravanserais that have been formed. These cases have made this historical neighborhood more durable and lively than other neighborhoods in the city. In the meantime, oral sources, due to the preservation of the structure of the neighborhood and even its economic and religious prosperity, are a helpful reference in order to retrieve important information about the way of life of the inhabitants of historical neighborhoods in the past centuries. As based on interviews with people who were more familiar with the structure of the neighborhood and with the interpretive-historical method, valuable information about the structure of social interactions in the neighborhood.

Oral history, as one of the new methods of collecting information, has gone through a path full of ups and downs to establish itself as a research tool for historical studies. This research method has a narrative feature and recounts events based on the insights and hearings of observers of historical periods. In the meantime, documenting, verifying and interpreting the texts obtained from the interviews is very important. The purpose of this paper is to emphasize the need to use practical information processing tools such as text mining and discover semantic relationships in order to complete the sources of oral history. The need to use modern information processing tools in the process of oral history has been explained and analyzed with reference to library resources and methods of using it. The use of these technologies makes it easier to supplement the data and improve the content of the interview and ultimately turn it into a research-based and citationable work and brings the interview closer to its goals.

the memory-based personal lifewriting has been a historical- literary genre consists of writings with realistic narratives of the past, in recent decades. some researchers, have turned to research on this writings goals, types, structures and methods, to understand what and how they are. but these efforts have not been successful in achieving a clear and desirable result. one of the factors of this defect seems to be the multiplicity of semantic implications and ambiguity in recognizing the common and basic concepts in the the memory-based personal mifewriting' square. The multiplicity of semantic implications about basic concepts personal mifewriting is so that even includes three basic and common concepts of "Khatere", "Khatere- newisi" and "Khaterat" . So, we can not find same statements of the researchers and even from the one. understanding of "Khatere" as an originally subjective being, a creature with an objective construction, a kind of writing, a writing based on personal narratives, in the sense of the verb, meaning an event, a slice of life and a range of human knowledge, shows that this concept has multiple meanings. "Khatere- newisi" also has many ambiguous connotations, including the act of writing memories, one of the types of writing, and the general meaning of recording the events of an individual's life. Also, "Khaterat" is not very definite. So that expresses various concepts in the collection of memories, a account of life, as well as a genere of . It seems that only through the recognizing the memory-based personal lifewriting, we can take steps to remove the existing ambiguities and clarify the implications of the concepts of this field of modern knowledge.

During Pahlavi period, modern scientific and practical trainings developed aiming at achieving development. In this period, both governmental and private scientific centers were formed in order to gain development. Some of governmental organizations like imperial Social Services organization were responsible of these duties. In the 1930s, this organization took a step in this direction with the establishment of the first school in Tehran, and after that, it developed vocational schools in the country. Graduates in vocational schools entered the job market as technicians and specialists with the necessary skills and abilities. The Isfahan Vocational School was also one of the affiliated institutions, which, with the cooperation of the Austrian government, was established in the late 1940s and has been training volunteers since the early 1950s. This study tries to examine the formation of the school and its performance in this period by examining the actions of this school in Isfahan (1374-1347 AH). Considering the library studies, archival documents and field studies and oral history in the form of closed-ended questions and descriptive-analytical method, it seems that Isfahan Vocational School, like other schools affiliated with the organization, has succeeded in providing a part of various and progressive measures. The technical and specialized forces of the country to work in the fields of production and industry.

Oral history is one of the tools for collecting, organizing and informing knowledge and documenting organizational history in the world, and many organizations and institutions undertake oral history projects.in this article, in addition to dealing with oral history and its functions, memory and organizational history and its components are also defined. The most important research questions are organizational memory and what is organizational history? What are the functions of oral history in documenting organizational history and memory? And what are the disadvantages of research done in Iran in the field of memory and organizational history? the research method is library and an attempt has been made to use external and internal research in writing the article. Research findings show that the use of oral history in recent years has been seriously used in documenting organizational history However, in the methodology of using oral history in projects related to organizational history and memory, certain standards have not been observed, and at the same time, the components related to these two, such as organizational knowledge and organizational culture, have not been properly defined. And it is necessary to act methodically while observing the general standards of oral history, especially in these fields.

Oral history is one of the formats and methods that nowadays have been successful in transmitting historical information. But oral history books are popular with the general audience when they have literary and artistic aspects and are narrated in a fictional way. Of course, this does not mean the inclusion of the element of imagination. This article seeks to answer the question, what role do the editor's writing skills play in illustrating the sources of the Holy Defense oral history? How can you create an attractive, lasting, and documentary work in this way? The research method is analytical-descriptive, and for writing this article, library sources, the author's experience in compiling the oral history book, as well as the review of fiction literature in the field of oral history have been used. By writing skills, we mean great writing skills in order to illustrate the sources of oral history. The result of the research is that describing the details, visualization, and image of the environment and conditions, as well as turning the content of the photos into text, is one of the writing skills to illustrate the sources of the Holy Defense oral history and related fields.