فصلنامه اندازه گیری تربیتی
پیاپی 42 (زمستان 1399)

In the Iranian educational system, it is the duty of school counselors to students' education guidance in order to improve their academic/career readiness and achieve success. The aim of this study was to Phenomenology the lived experiences of 10 school counselors in Tehran in the academic year 2019-2020 by available sampling method. The themes were analyzed and the interviews were coded by Colaizzis' method and the result was 160 theme, 54 sub-categories and 24 main-categories. The main categories in four sections under the headings; 1-Necessities and requirements of the academic guidance program, 2-Competencies required by students, 3-Factors related to school and family, and 4-Existing academic guidance challenges were formulated. Two sections; The necessities and requirements of the program, and the competencies required, are in alignment with similar foreign research, but in relation to Internal research, these two areas are innovative. Sections 3 and 4, which deal with related factors and challenges, align with internal and foreign research.

The present study examined psychometric properties of a 20-item Spiritual/Religious Perfectionism Scale (SRPS-20) in adult students. The aim of the study was developmental-applied and the method of gathering data was field research. The statistical population of the study 1 consisted of adult students, both under graduated and graduated, from the University of Tehran in the academic year of 2018-2019. The statistical population of the study 2 consisted of adults from general population living in Tehran in the years of 2018 and 2019. Factor structure of the SRPS-20 investigated using exploratory factor analyses in study 1 (368 university students) as well as using confirmatory factor analyses in study 2 (384 community adults). Convergent and discriminant validity of the SRPS-20 were examined through its correlations with measures of ego strength, mental health, and positive/negative affects in the 2 studies based on Ego Strength Scale (Besharat, 2016), Mental Health Inventory (Veit & Ware, 1983), and Positive and Negative Affects Schedule (Watson, Clarke & Tellegen, 1988), respectively. Internal consistency and test-retest reliability of the SRPS-20 were also investigated in the 2 studies. The results of both exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses supported a general factor structure for the SRPS-20. The convergent and discriminant validity of the SRPS-20 were supported by an expected pattern of correlations between the scale and the measures of ego strength, psychological well-being, psychological distress, and positive and negative affects. Based on the preliminary evidence provided by the present study it can be concluded that the SRPS-20 is a reliable and valid scale to measure spiritual/religious perfectionism.

The aim of this study was to investigate the position of research-oriented approach in the sixth grade elementary school thinking and research book using Shannon entropy technique. Descriptive research is a type of content analysis using Shannon entropy method. The statistical population includes all text, images, self-examination and activities of the sixth grade elementary school thinking and research book. The statistical sample is a total number. The research tool was a content analysis checklist that was based on the components of central research compiled by Ardakani, Maleki, Sadeghi and Dartaj (1396) and included 14 components, which include; Research, collaboration, problem solving, creativity, communication skills, critical thinking, cooperation, independent learning, metacognition, curiosity, responsibility, flexibility, independence and open-mindedness. The results showed that in the sixth grade elementary school thinking and research book, the most attention has been paid to the research component and the least attention has been paid to the Sa'eh Sadr component, and the other components of importance include; Collaboration and problem solving are creativity, communication skills, critical thinking, cooperation and collaboration, independent learning, metacognition, curiosity, responsibility, flexibility, independence. In between, the two components of curiosity and responsibility have been equally considered.

 Curiosity is the most important intrinsic asset of children that is used in search of knowledge and acquisition of knowledge. The purpose of this study was to investigate the psychometric properties of the Children’s Interest/Deprivation Epistemic Curiosity Scale among 5 to 9 years old children living in Tehran who were studying in schools or kindergartens in the academic year 1398-1399. The study was descriptive cross-sectional survey research and, 985 children were selected by multi-stage stratified-cluster sampling. Initially, the Persian version of the Children’s Interest/Deprivation Epistemic Curiosity Scale is achieved by translating “Children’s Interest/Deprivation Epistemic Curiosity Scale (Piotrowski et al., 2014)”. This Scale is in the form of a parental report and has two types of interest and deprivation. The analysis of scale items based on the calculation of Cronbach's alpha coefficient for interest type, deprivation type, and epistemic curiosity was 0.708, 0.795, and 0.734, respectively, which indicated its good internal consistency. The results of the test-retest reliability test also showed the stability of the scale. Also, the results of confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the good and appropriate fit of the two-factor model of the scale with data. In general, the results of the research indicate that the Persian version of the Children’s Interest/Deprivation Epistemic Curiosity Scale has appropriate psychometric properties in a sample of Iranian children aged 5-9 years.

The present study was conducted to investigate the psychometric properties of the Sense of agency Questionnaire in virtual education. The statistical population included all students of the University of Isfahan in 2020-2021 (16,500 people). Based on Cochran's formula, a sample of 367 people was selected based on a multi-stage random method. Data collection tools included Tapal et al.'s sense of agency (2017) and Diener and Biswas flourishing (2008) questionnaire. Pearson correlation coeficient and confirmatory factor analysis were used to analysis of the data. Reliability of the questionnaire based on Cronbach's alpha for the total scale and its dimensions was confirmed. The content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed based on the views of psychologists and its criterion validity was confirmed based on a positive correlation with flourishing. Confirmatory factor analysis showed that all questions of the sense of agency questionnaire had a proper and significant factor and consists of two factors: positive sense and negative sense of agency. Fitness indicators showed that the measurement model of the sense of agency questionnaire has a good fitness. The results showed that the Tapal et al sense of agency (2017) questionnaire, by measuring both positive and negative dimensions, is a valid tool for determining the extent to which individuals have this empowering feature.

Resilience as a process of positive adjustment in front of significant sources of stress, has some types. One of the types that has recently been considered is cognitive resilience. The main purpose of the present study was to investigate the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Cognitive Resilience Scale (CRS) in a sample of Iranian society. First, the translation and re-translation of the English version of CRS was done and the Persian version of it was prepared. A total of 300 Iranian subjects completed the CRS, Cognitive Flexibility Inventory (CFI), and the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). The results showed that the content validity of the CRS was reviewed and confirmed based on the opinions of 10 psychologists. Evaluation of psychometric properties of CRS questionnaire using confirmatory and explanatory factor analysis method showed that the questionnaire has appropriate psychometric properties. Convergent validity was examined by calculating the Pearson correlation coefficient of CRS with CFI and CD-RISC, and indicated a significant positive correlation between them. Reliability was also obtained by Cronbach's alpha and retest. The Persian form of CRS in the Iranian sample has sufficient validity and reliability.