نشریه مطالعات تاریخی جهان اسلام
پیاپی 18 (تابستان 1400)

In sociology, civic institutions are one of the most important sets of organizations and communities in society, which is located between the masses of citizens and the government, and as a result of the process of interaction between the government and independent social institutions are formed. . The Safavid government, based on the logic of the "Reactive sequences" model, by moving a chain of reactionary events, led to the formation of a special institutional heritage in Tabriz, the first Safavid capital, which finally came to fruition in Qazvin and Isfahan with political concentration. However, this centralism placed many ups and downs on the institutions, the study of which can help to better understand the traditional institutions in the Safavid era. Inspired by the theoretical model of historical institutionalism and historical research method and descriptive-analytical method based on first-hand sources and reliable sources, while considering the need to use sociological approaches in the analysis of historical phenomena is looking for a suitable answer to this question "According to the approach of historical institutionalism, to what extent has the Safavid government been able to achieve the formation of a relatively stable institutional balance between the clergy and the central government?" The results show that the formation of the traditional institutional balance of the Safavid period was based on a complex network of interrelationships between the two main institutions, namely the central government and the clergy, which resulted in a relatively stable institutional balance between these institutions. This institutional balance was not due to the domination of one institution over other institutions, but was the product of a balance of power based on the mutual needs of these institutions, which was rooted in the conditions and formation of the Safavid government based on a combination of socio-political forces and ideological power.

studying the factors affecting the development of jobs during the caliphate of Harun Rashid Abbasi has a great importance. Harun, the most powerful Abbasid king, in addition to foreign conquests and the development of Islamic lands, paid serious attention to the Islamic State, especially Baghdad as its capital. The political -economic security of Baghdad made the Abbasid caliph to continue his conquests seriously. One of the important issues in social history today is the change of jobs and the factors affecting it in this period. This study tries to answer the question using descriptive and analytical methods that what are the factors affecting the development of jobs during the caliphate of Harun Abbasi? The results show that several factors have played the role including: economic and regulatory policies of the Abbasid government, the formation of trade movement, agricultural factors, new conquests, urbanization, elite attraction and influence of other civilizations, and political and military factors.

The Abbasid caliphate was the beginning of a new era in scientific and cultural developments. During this period, with the support of the first Abbasid caliphs (232-132 AH), many works of different nations and ethnic groups were translated Diverse opinions were provided through debate.The caliphs sought to strengthen the legitimacy of their caliphate through debate. In this study, which is interdisciplinary in history and political science and based on library sources and descriptive-analytical approach, it was tried to ask the question, what effect did the debate have on gaining legitimacy of the first Abbasid caliphs? To be answered.The findings of the research indicate that the caliphs of the first Abbasid era, for political reasons, tended to hold discussions and debates with the Alawites, Shiite Imams (AS) and scholars of religions and sects and used it as a source of legitimacy.

After the arrival of the colonizers in Egypt and India, along with the collapse of the Ottoman Caliphate and the emergence of personalities such as Maududi, Sayyid Qutb, Hassan al-Banna and others in various places, Salafi insurgencies and movements arose in some Islamic countries. The formation of these movements caused incompatibilities between them and the governments of the Islamic lands. Most of these insurgencies were formed under the influence of foreign invasion for the Islamic lands as well as the growth of extremist ideas in the form of takfir in Islamic thought. These movements led to armed insurgencies against foreigners as well as similar rulers in Islamic lands and later in all parts of the world. The question is how these movements, which, according to the explicit claims of their leaders, have taken their principles from the Qur'an and Sunnah and have declared their policy to refer to the Qur'an and their predecessors, have been formed historically and what are their principles of behavior and common bases? In response, the history of their formation and the Salafi movements influencing their growth in the three main points of Egypt, the Indian subcontinent and the Arabian Peninsula were examined and their types are referred to base on their view about Takfir, which includes moderate, extremist and jihadist movements. Their common principles and bases are also referred, which include the takfir of Muslims and rulers of Islamic countries, the development of the concept of defensive jihad and its globalization, the permission to kill civilians, and suicidal operations.

This article examines the role of four prominent women of the Ottoman court named Khorram Sultan, Nourbano, Mah Peykar (Cosm Sultan) and Ume Doriori of France and tries to explain the role of these women in political developments. They were able to play a role in important political developments. Mentioning her children to succeed the sultans, appointing and dismissing ministers and rulers, persuading the sultans to establish good relations or inciting them to attack neighboring countries, and finally selling government positions in exchange for bribes and corruption are among the most important political activities of women in the Ottoman court. Has been. With the enactment of the law of fratricide by the order of Muhammad the Conqueror and the approval of Shaykh al-Islam, every king who came to the throne after his father had to kill all his brothers. As a result, each of the sultans' wives sought to infiltrate the court at any cost in order to save their child. The content is provided in a descriptive-analytical manner.

Safavid fall which was followed by Afghans sovereignty on Iran led to the migration of Shia Ulama from Iran to Holy Shrines in Iraq. Along with the coming of the Qajar government and the need to gain legitimacy on the one hand from the scholars on the one hand and the Ottoman government to resolve its differences with Iran and implement the policy of Pan-Islamism on the other, these scholars will be of great importance for the reasons mentioned. They were enjoyed in Ottoman-Iranian relations. The purpose of this study is to investigate the status of Iranian scholars of the Supreme Religions in Iranian-Ottoman relations from the beginning of the Qajar period to the end of the Nasserian era (1210-1312 AH) - (1795-1896) by answering the question of what causes and causes the formation of the power of Iranian scholars  What was the role of these scholars in the relations between Iran and the Ottomans and what consequences this vital role had in the mentioned period. To do this, by referring to historical and religious references and new researches, the author has investigated these questions in an analytical-descriptive method.

The Alawites of Tabarestan were always involved in the harmful phenomenon of "internal disputes" which eventually led to their downfall. In this study, an attempt has been made to answer the question of what role the internal differences of the Alawites of Tabarestan played in the fall of their government. The discussion of the dimensions of the Alawite government is important because they were the first group to spread Islam in Tabarestan and their government was the first Shiite government in Iran. The hypothesis is that the Alawites' differences left negative impacts on the two dimensions of the internal affairs of the government, such as the political affairs of the rulers and the public opinion of the people of Tabarestan, and external issues such as the policies of the rulers of other regions and the affairs of the people of neighboring regions. According to the findings, among the multiple factors of the fall of the Alawite government of Tabarestan, this internal factor that had emerged from the beginning of the government played the greatest role in the decay of the foundations of the government. This research is based on ancient historical texts and based on library sources.