نشریه علوم سبزی ها
سال پنجم شماره 1 (پیاپی 9، بهار و تابستان 1400)

Salinity is one of the most important environmental stresses that reduces the growth, development and production of plants around the world. Stevia is a perennial herbaceous plant of the Asteraceae family. Stevia has a strong sweetening effect due to stoviol glycosides. Since the germination of stevia is poor and the seedling growth rate is slow and slow in the early stages, its evaluation to salinity stress is of special importance. Due to the increasing demand for the use of cultivars with better relative tolerance to non-living environmental stresses is increasing day by day. Also, the desirable properties of stevia for the health of the community and its sweetening and antidiabetic properties were selected for study; Due to the different roles of melatonin in the plant, this study was used to investigate its effect on the growth, physiological, morphological and biochemical traits of stevia under salinity stress.

In order to investigate effects of Melatonin application on Growth and Physiology and Biochemical in salinity stress in Stevia herb, a pot factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications was conducted in the research greenhouse of Agriculture Faculty, Mohaghegh University of Ardebily. Treatments were consisted of salinity stress at three levels (0, 50 and 100 mM) as the first factor and the application Melatonin of at three levels (0, 75, 150Mm) as the second factor. In this experiment, morphological traits including stem length, plant dry weight, stem dry weight and physiological characteristics such as photosynthetic pigment concentration, proline, ion leakage, relative leaf moisture content, soluble sugar content, catalase, peroxidase and antioxidant activity were investigated

Vegetative traits such as Stem length, dry weight Plant and dry weight Stem, were significantly decreased with increasing salinity stress. Foliar spraying Melatonin at high levels of salinity stress improved these traits compared to control plants. Also, the highest chlorophyll a, Total chlorphyll and Carotenoids content was obtained in control plants (non-salinity stress) with Foliar spraying Melatonin 150Mm which were 6.64 and 7.46 and 6.24mg/g.FW, respectively. The highest antioxidant activity(2.80%), total peroxidaz 0.419Mg/pro/min) and proline (0.49 mg/g.DW) and Carbohidrat(92.65 mg/g.FW) was observed in 100 mM salinity stress treatment and application 150 Mm Melatonin. But Katalaz (9.57 Mg/pro/min) in 100 mM salinity stress treatment and application 75Mm Melatonin was obtained. The highest relative water content (RWC) was obtained under non salinity stress conditions (control) and application of 150 Mm Melatonin, Then salinity stress cause decrease this quality but application Melatonin cause improve this quality. Maximum level electrolyt leakage leaves also was observed in 100 mM salinity stress treatment and not application Melatonin. Decreased vegetative growth due to salinity treatment is probably due to reduced photosynthetic levels as well as reduced photosynthetic pigments such as chlorophyll a and b, net carbon uptake, stomatal conduction and pore closure due to salinity stress Salinity and melatonin stress significantly increased the antioxidant activity of stevia leaves. According to the results of this study, it can be said that stevia is a plant sensitive to salinity stress. As increasing salinity stress levels, a significant decrease in growth indices and photosynthetic pigments is seen. The use of melatonin improved these traits under salinity stress. Increasing the amount of melatonin compensated for the damage to the plant. As the biochemical and physiological properties of the plant such as antioxidant activity, the amount of proline, total carbohydrates improved and ultimately increased plant growth; Therefore, it can be stated that melatonin consumption can increase the morphological, physiological and biochemical traits of stevia under salinity stress. The results of this study showed that salinity reduces and impairs plant growth and the use of melatonin can reduce the destructive effects of salinity to some extent and increase plant tolerance to salinity.

In general, it could be concluded that using of Melatonin under salt stress conditions can increase plant growth and improve Stevia Physiology and biochemical traits.

Edible mushrooms are the largest and the most valuable natural resource for producing of protein foods from low-cost materials in a short time, which have placed at the special rank in the world. Mushrooms are produced on compost materials including straw, poultry manure, gypsum, and other additives which its preparation for mushroom production is costly. Therefore, producers are looking for ways to reduce production costs by increasing bio-efficiency and producing more crops than compost. On the other hand, induction of the phase change from the vegetative to the reproductive stage in Agaricus bisporus is done by reducing the temperature and concentration of carbon dioxide in the presence of some bacteria including Pseudomonas putida. The activity of these bacteria is increased by improving the quality of the culture media through enrichment with the organic matter with a high concentration of nitrogen and micronutrients, which can also affect the performance of button mushrooms. Therefore, the present study was performed to evaluate the effect of enrichment of cover soil with soy flour and Fe (Fe) supplements on the yield and quality of edible mushrooms inoculated with P. putida.

This study was conducted in a factorial randomized complete block design with four replications in the Baran company, Dezful, Khuzestan province in 2019. Experimental factors were including soy-flour at three levels (0, 1.5 and 3% fresh weight of compost), Fe at three levels (0, 250 and 500 mg l-1 of Fe-EDDHA containing 6% Fe), strain R156 of Pseudomonas putida was at two levels (85 ml kg-1 of compost and non- inoculation). To increase production efficiency and use the space, the experiment was performed by shelf method. The distance between the floors was 65 cm and the width of the floors was 140 cm. For mushroom cultivation, bag blocks were placed on the shelves (each bag was a rectangular cube measuring 40 x 60 cm and made of polyethylene, containing 17 kg of compost) and for each bag of compost, 170 g of seeds were considered. After distributing the compost on the shelves and cover soil (combined with Fe chelate and soy flour), with 4 cm diameter evenly was added and raffling operation was performed. At the time of Soiling, the compost temperature was 25 oC with pH = 7.5 and 70% relative humidity (RH) and cover soil had a pH=7.4 and 73% RH. After seeding until the induction the vegetative to the reproductive stage, RH of the culture room, and temperature were maintained at 90±5%, at 24 ±1 °C, respectively, and concentration of CO2 was about 6000-5000 ppm, under dark conditions. At the ripening stage, 1 m2 was harvested from the central part of each plot and the traits including dry weight, percentage of dry matter, cap diameter and height of the mushroom and yield were measured. Total carbohydrate was measured by Kochert method (1978), and nitrogen (N) concentration by Kjeldahl method and Fe by atomic absorption spectrometry determined. After recording the obtained results, the data were analyzed using SAS software version 9.2 and the mean comparison was done with the least significant difference (LSD) test at 5% level of probability.

The results of analysis of variance showed that the interaction of B × F × S on pinhead formation, emergence time of primordia، fruit emergency،, primordium formation, cap diameter, mushroom yield, yield, dry weight, Fe concentration and Fe uptake; F × S interaction on number of mushrooms, moisture, content, nitrogen concentration; B × S interaction on mushroom length and B × F interaction on carbohydrate content was significant. The results of mean comparison showed that the longest emergence time of primordia (4 days) was obtained under bacterial inoculation without Fe-chelate application and there was no significant difference among other treatments and bacterial inoculation without soil enrichment with supplements showed the longest time (10 days) for pinhead formation and the shortest time (6 days) to start pinhead formation belonged to bacterial inoculation + 500 mg l-1 Fe-chelate + 1.5% soy flour. While the longest time for fruit emergence with average 29 days and the shortest time with an average of 21 days were obtained in treatments of bacterial inoculation + 500 mg l-1 Fe chelate + 3% soy flour and bacterial inoculation + 1.5% soy flour without Fe-chelate. Bacterial inoculation increased the number of mushroom compared to the control, so that the highest number of fungi (1545) and maximum fresh mushroom yield (20.3 kg m-2) were observed in treatment of inoculation + 3% soy flour + without Fe chelate. In addition, soil enrichment with Fe-chelate and soy flour along with bacterial inoculation increased the yield of the mushroom, so that the highest yield in bacterial inoculation treatments and concurrent application of 250 mg l-1 Fe-chelate and 1.5% soy flour and bacterial inoculation + 500 mg l-1 of Fe-chelate + 1.5% of soy flour were obtained with an average of 20.73 and 20.77 kg m-2, respectively. The highest biological efficiency was in treatment of inoculation + 250 mg l-1 + Fe-chelate + 1.5% soy flour with an average of 96.99%. The highest amount of total carbohydrates was obtained in the control with average 22.1% and the highest concentration of Fe (88.03 mg kg-1) under inoculation + application of 3% soy flour + 500 mg l-1 of Fe-chelate and there was no significant difference with bacterial inoculation treatments and simultaneous application of 1.5% soy flour + 250 and 500 mg/l Fe chelate with an average of 85.96 and 87.93 and 88.03 mg kg-1, respectively.

The results of this study showed that the application of soy flour supplement at 1.5% compared to 3% had a more effective role in most of the measured mushroom traits, especially dry yield, wet yield, and biological efficiency. The positive effect of using 1.5% of soy flour increased by inoculation with P. putida so that their synergistic effect was clearly observed in most traits. However, the application of 500 mg l-1 Fe-chelate in most traits did not significant difference except total carbohydrates with the same treatments without the use of Fe. The maximum number of mushrooms, fresh yield, N concentration, and biological efficiency were obtained by inoculation of P. putida and simultaneous application of 1.5% soy flour. Therefore, to increase production and improve the quality traits of mushrooms, the use of soy flour at 1.5% with P. putida is recommended.

Embryogenesis is a technique in which bipolar structures are formed from somatic cells. During the cell differentiation process, the explant responds to endogenous stimuli and, as a result, directs the cell program. In the present study, the effect of osmotic conditions was investigated on embryo number, relative growth rate, photosynthetic pigments and proline of octoploid asparagus embryogenesis. B5 liquid medium containing 2 mgL-1 2,4-D was used For induction of embryogenesis. Sucrose with two concentrations of 40 and 60 gL-1, polyethylene glycol (PEG) with three concentrations of 30, 15 and 60 gL-1, abscisic acid (ABA) of 5 and 10 μM, 4 and 6dS of salinity using NaCl were used to apply osmotic stress to asparagus embryos. According to the results, the highest number of spherical embryos (3.16) was related to PEG60 g, which was not statistically significantly different from 6 dS NaCl (2.16). The highest number of bipolar embryos (13.16) was related to 6 dS NaCl. PEG 60 g with 6.16 showed the highest number of bipolar embryos. The highest relative growth rate was observed in PEG 15 g (11.37 mg/day) and 4 dS of NaCl (11.23 mg/day). The lowest relative growth rate was recorded in 10 μM ABA (3.47 mg/day). Based on the comparison results, the highest mean of chlorophyll a (0.077 mg/FW) was related to 60 g PEG and the lowest (0.028 mg/FW) was related to sucrose 60 g.

In order to study the effect of salinity and nitrogen on the competition between coriander and Torilis arvensis, a factorial experiment with three factors of competition (The absence and the presence of Torilis arvensis), nitrogen fertilizer (0, 30, 60 and 90 kg Ha-1) salinity stress (0, 50, 75 and 100 mM NaCl) was carried out in a completely randomized design with three replications in the research greenhouse of Faculty of Agriculture, Razi University in 2018. Nitrogen and salinity affected on coriander growth characteristics. With the increasing salinity level, plant height, leaf number, fresh and dry weight of plant and leaf, yield and leaf area decreased. But nitrogen had a positive effect on morphological characteristics studied. The interaction between salinity and nitrogen showed that in all three levels of salinity with increasing nitrogen concentration increased coriander growth characteristics. So that the highest plant height, fresh and dry weight of the plant and leaf dry weight were observed in treatment 0 mM NaCl with 60 and 90 kg Ha-1 nitrogen levels. The highest number of leaf (13.99) was in treatment 0 mM NaCl with 60 kg Ha-1 nitrogen. Under salinity stress conditions, application of nitrogen 90 kg Ha-1 could reduce the negative effects of salinity stress by increasing growth and finally improving the morphological characteristics of the plant, which can affect the competition between coriander and Torilis arvensis.

Drought stress is considered to be an important abiotic constraint, limiting plant growth and productivity worldwide. The aim of the present experiment was to investigate the effects of exogenous application of kaolin on growth, yield and physiological responses of sweet pepper plants under drought stress. The experiment was conducted in a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design in three replicates at the Faculty of Agriculture of Ilam University in 2019. The first factor included three concentrations of kaolin (0, 2.5 and 5%) and the second factor included three irrigation intervals (2, 4 and 6 days).The results showed that total yield, growth parameters and chlorophyll content decreased while proline, Malondialdehyde and antioxidant enzymes activities increased with increasing level of water stress. Kaolin treatment improved growth parameters, total yield and chlorophyll content of pepper plant subjected to drought stress and provided significant protection against drought stress. Moreover, kaolin decreased the malondialdehyde accumulation, which was correlated with the increased activities of antioxidant enzymes. In general, the results indicate that foliar application of kaolin (especially 2.5%), could be effectively used to protect pepper’s plants from the adverse effects of drought stress.

In order to evaluate the effect of plant spacing in the rows on the growth and yield of cucumber cultivars, a factorial experiment was conducted baesd on a randomized complete block design with three replications in 2018 and 2019 in Pakdasht city. The treatments included plant spacing (37, 42 and 47 cm) and five cultivars of greenhouse cucumber (Viola, Yazan, Kadir, Saturn, and Yekta). The Viola and Yazan are multiple-flowers cultivars, Kadir is medium-flowers cultivar (more than four flowers per node), Yekta is few-flowers cultivar (between two to three flowers per node) and Saturn is single-flower cultivar. The results showed that all traits except fruit hardness and number of stem nodes were affected by cultivar × plant distance interaction. By reducing the distance between plants from 47 to 37 cm, the average fruit weight increased by 11.4-34.8% and the total biomass weight per m-2 increased in all of the cultivars. In both years, the highest number of fruits was obtained in Saturn cultivar from a distance of 47 cm and in other cultivars from a distance of 42 cm. Also, the maximum yield of Saturn cultivar was obtained from 47 cm (217.38 t ha-1) and in other cultivars at a distance of 42 cm was produced (the average yield of Viola, Kadir, Yekta and Yazan cultivars was 270.03, 252.31, 238.83 and 216.03 t ha-1, respectively). Therefore, based on the results obtained, for single flower cultivars such as Saturn, the distance on the row is 47 cm,

In order to determine the effect of irrigation levels and planting date on savory, an experiment was conducted in Birjand in 2016-2017 as a split plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. Irrigation levels (100, 75, 50 and 25% evaporation) and planting dates (March 16, April 11 and May 15) were as the main plots and sub plots, respectively. The results showed that reducing the amount of irrigation water to 50% of evaporation from the pan, did not have any significant effect on the most studied traits, but in the treatment of 25% of evaporation from the pan, number of lateral branches, grain yield, biomass yield and harvest index decreased compared to 100% evaporation treatment from the pan. Planting dates in March and April were not significantly different in terms of the most studied traits, but delay in planting to May 15, reduced plant height, number of lateral branches, remobilization rate, remobilization efficiency and grain and biomass yield. The highest CGR was related to the treatment 75% evaporation and planting dates of April 21 and May 15. The highest dry weight of seed branches was related to treatment 100% evaporation and March 16. On the other hand, the highest remobilization contribution in grain yield was related to the treatment 25% evaporation from the pan and planting dates April 11. Totally, aimed to save water, irrigation levels of 50% evaporation from the pan at five-day irrigation intervals and planting on April 11 is recommended.

The present study was carried out in the form of split plots in a RCBD with three replications. Experimental treatments include drought stress at three levels of irrigation at moisture of field capacity, irrigation at 80% of field capacity and irrigation at 60% of field capacity as the main factor; And application of iron nano-chelate fertilizer at four levels of 0, 3.5, 7 and 10 kg.ha-1 as a sub-factor. The results showed that irrigation at field capacity and consumption of 10 kg.ha-1 resulted in the highest amounts of plant height, number of fruits per plant, fresh and dry fruit yield, biological yield, and mucilage and okra oil yield., no statistically significant difference was observed between the 10 and 7 kg.ha-1 fertilizer for the above traits., in stress conditions (moisture 80 and 60% of field capacity), the use of nano-fertilizers in comparison with the non-use of fertilizers led to the moderation of the effects of stress on the mentioned traits. So that only for the yield of fresh fruit, in treatment of moisture 80% of soil field capacity consuming 10 kg per hectare of fertilizer caused a 20.05% increase in yield compared to not using fertilizer. And this amount was 19.29% for moisture in 60% of soil field capacity. Also in the present study it was observed that the highest percentage of fruit mucilage was obtained from moisture treatment in 60% of field capacity and the highest percentage of fruit oil was obtained from irrigation treatment in soil field capacity moisture

In order to evaluate the compatibility and stability of the Iran eggplant lines, an experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications and for 2 years in five regions of the country including Karaj, Neishabour, Minab, Urmia and Varamin. In this project, 8 advanced eggplant lines of the country, including lines N12, N61, Y3, Y9, SH2, SH12, V44 and B29, Were located with three longpril controls, Long Varamin and Chahbaland Neishabour long well mass were evaluated in compatibility and stability tests. Combined data analysis showed that the effect of year, place and treatment was significant, as well as the interactions of year in place, place in variety, and year in place in variety at the level of 1% probability. The results showed that among the tested areas, Neishabour with the average yield of 60.56 tons per hectare had the highest yield. Among the studied lines, Y6 and SH2 lines had the highest yield with an average yield of 55.4 and 54.78 tons per hectare, respectively. According to the results of stability analysis by AMMI method, lines N12, N61, V44, SH12 and Y3 are recommended as lines with general stability and average suitable performance for all regions of the Iran.

Beans play an important role in the nutrition and health of the community due to their antioxidant properties. Recently, MYB family genes have been shown to be strongly associated with anthocyanin levels as gene-controlling seed coating. The physiological and molecular diversity of the genes involved in seed coat coating of 12 bean cultivars was conducted in the randomized complete block design. The results showed that there was a significant difference between different bean genotypes in terms of anthocyanin content, so that the highest amount of anthocyanin was observed in black beans. Molecular analysis of the MYB and AF genes showed that the this two genes were amplified in some samples, while the MYB gene was amplified in Vigna ungicolata 1, 2 and mutant and Phaseolus lunatus cultivars, while AF gene only amplification in V. ungicolata 1,2 and mutant culativars. Bioinformatics analyzes showed that the sequences from these two genes were very similar to those in the NCBI, with two new alleles being identified in the AF gene compared to the sequences used to control seed coatings in beans. Also, the phylogenetic diagram of the samples using the UPGMA method showed that the samples can be separated based on the color of the seed coat. The overall results showed that V.ungicolata mutant cultivar, due to their MYB and AF genes, as well as their high levels of anthocyanins and high performance compared to other cultivars, could be a good option for further study and introduction to farmers in the future.

In order to investigate the effect of mycorrhiza biofertilizer on physiological traits, nutrient uptake and economic yield of lettuce under drought stress conditions, a split plot layout based on a randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted at University of Hormozgan.Experimental factors were included water stress levels as the main factor in three levels including irrigation of lettuce plants based on providing 50, 75 and 100% of RAW, equal to mild and moderate deficit irrigation and control respectively, and mycorrhiza fertilizer, it consists of three species of Glumos intraradices, G. mosseae and G. fasciculatum, at 0, 5, 10 and 20 g.m-2 as sub factor. The studied traits included physiological traits (chlorophyll a, b and total, maximum photosystem II efficiency (Fv/Fm) and catalase activity, relative leaf water content) leaf P and K content and economical yield of lettuce. The results of this study showed that water stress and mycorrhiza fertilizer significantly affected physiological traits of lettuce. With increasing in water stress level, leaf chlorophyll a, b and total content, maximum photosystem II efficiency (Fv/Fm), leaf relative water content, P and K content and overall economical yield of lettuce were decreased, While catalase activity was significantly increased under this condition. Application of mycorrhiza fertilizer under water stress conditions could improve physiological traits and nutrient content, so that in moderate water stress condition, application of 20 gm-2 of mycorrhiza fertilizer significantly increases the activity of catalase, Fv/Fm, chlorophyll a and total content, relative leaf water content compared with no fertilizer application.

In order to investigate the effect of supplemental irrigations (at flowering, podding, flowering + podding and rainfed as check) and exogenous application of different growth hormones (3 indoleacetic acid [IAA], gibberellic acid [GA3], 6 benzylaminopurine [6 BAP] and distilled water as check), an experiment was conducted at Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran. The results showed that the interaction of supplemental irrigation and hormone was significant on green pod yield, biological yield, 100-grains weight, harvest index. The number of pods per plant and grains per pod were influenced by the effects of supplemental irrigation and hormones. The use of supplemental irrigation at two stages (flowering and podding) and the application of hormones (IAA and 6-BAP) led to produce the highest grain yield, biological yield and 100-grains weight. Exogenous application of 6-BAP increased the Fv/Fm (photochemical efficiency of photosystem II), performance index, soluble sugar, soluble protein and leaf relative water content. In general, the supplemental irrigation and exogenous application of growth hormones particularly IAA and 6-BAP, can be suitable to prevent exposure of pea to drought stress during critical stages of flowering and podding and thus increases its economic performance.